BirdsongWords&Phrasesgenes(hereditaryinformation)andenvironmentbothhaveacrucialroletoplayinthebehavioraldevelopmentofanimals：基因(遺傳信息)和環(huán)境在動物的行為發(fā)展中都有重要作用crucial：adj.重要的=critical=fundamental=essential=importanthand-rearedchicks一手養(yǎng)大的小鳥rear：v.養(yǎng)育=raiseTheyarethusabletostoreamemoryofthesoundwithintheirbrainandthenmatchtheirownoutputtotheirrecollectionofitwhentheymature.Within：prep.在…內(nèi)部二所Match…to…把?…和?…匹配Recollection：n.回憶Mature：v.成熟；adj.成熟的Theseconstraintsmaybeintheirbrain'scircuititheyoungbirdhatchingwitharoughideaofthesoundsthatitshouldcopy.brain'scircuitr次月曲的回路hatch：v.孵化roughidea大致粗略的想法Thecrudesongofabirdrearedinisolationgivessomecluesastowhatthisroughideamaybeabirdrearedinisolation：被孤立養(yǎng)大的鳥asto：關(guān)于=about=concerningInothercasesthemainlearningperiodiswhentheysetuptheirterritoriesandinteractwithneighborsforthefirsttime,enablingthemtomatchtheirneighbor'ssongsandsocounteringwiththem.setuptheirterritories：成立它們的領地counter：v.對抗二resistcounterexample反例；counterargument反對觀點Therearesomespecieswhichproducenormalsoundsevenifdeaf,sothattheycannotheartheirownefforts,muchlesscopythoseofothers.Deaf:adj.聾的muchless更不用提=letaloneSyntax1.Thus,inanumberofspecies,ithasbeenfoundthattheywillnotcopyfromrecordings,butwilldosofromalivetutor.doso代替前文出現(xiàn)的copyfromrecordings整句話意思是：因此，在許多物種中，發(fā)現(xiàn)它們不會從錄音中模仿發(fā)聲，但會從一個鮮活的導師那里模仿發(fā)聲。Abstract一ConcreteIngeneral,however,theconstraintsonlearningwhichbirdshaveensurethattheyonlylearnsongsappropriatetothespeciestowhichtheythemselvesbelong.Constraints這個抽象概念指的是那些具體的限制，下文是如何展開的？整句話的中文意思是：然而整體來看，對“學習哪些鳥叫聲”的限制確保了它們只學自己所屬于的物種的鳥的恰當?shù)慕新?。ensurev.確保，保證appropriate：adj.恰當?shù)?，合適的=suitableHowever,notallbirdsshowthesamelearningpatternasdochaffinches.下文中提到的鳥類還有什么不同于 chafinches的聲音學習模式？TheRoleofDiapauseWords&PhrasesTheroleofdiapauses:滯育的作用Diapausesn.滯育，發(fā)育停止，間歇期Ifconditionswithinanorganism'senvironmentoccasionallyorregularlybecomeharsh,itmaybeadvantageousforanorganismtohavearesistantstagebuiltintothelifecycle.within：prep.=in,在??內(nèi)部harsh：adj.（氣候或條件）又艮苦的，惡劣的Harshclimatesorconditionsareverydifficultforpeople,animals,andplantstolivein.aresistantstage:一個抵抗階段withdifferentlevelsofsuppressionofphysiologicalactivities伴隨著不同程度的生理活動的壓制thetemperateandpolarregions溫帶和極地地區(qū)manyseedsrequireaperiodofstratification,exposuretolowtemperaturesforsomeminimumperiod,beforetheywillgerminateaperiodofstratification:層化期exposuretolowtemperatures暴露于低溫minimumperiod:最短的時間germinate：v.發(fā)芽followingthewinterconditionsratherthanimmediatelypriortotheironset在冬天之后而不是緊挨著冬天開始之前Incontrast:相反，不同的是Contrast是對比，找不同點Compare是類比，找相同點當然有時候不嚴格區(qū)分，compare也可以泛指比較poseconsiderableproblemsfororganisms給生物構(gòu)成大量的問題theseverityoftheunfavorableperiod不利時期的嚴重性sevehty=seriousnes*重，性（考過詞?匚題）awaitsfavorablecond幣ons等著有禾的條件（的到來）ThismarsupialinhabitsthedesertsofcentralAustralia這種有袋動物居住在中部澳大利亞的沙漠里plantproductivityissufficienttosupportheroffspring:植物生產(chǎn)力足以去供養(yǎng)她的后代 offspring=descendant=posterity#B是后代的意思（考過詞匯題）embryonicdiapauseduringgestation懷孕期間胚胎的滯育embryonic:adj.胚胎的；embryo：n.胚胎gestation：n.懷孕，懷孕期間（了解即可）thefemalegivesbirthtoatinyhelplessyoungtypicalofmarsupialsgivesbirthto：生出，產(chǎn)出typicalof：是…的特征,是…的典型marsupials：有袋動物crawlsintothemotherpouchandattachestoateat爬進媽媽的袋子并且附到乳頭上teat：n.乳頭（了解即可）freezethedevelopmentofanembryoduringtimesofdroughtandfoodshortage凍結(jié)胚胎在干旱和食物短缺期間的發(fā)育accelerateddevelopment力口快發(fā)育amphibian：n.兩棲動物 reptile：爬行動物；mammal:哺乳動物Adultsofthisspeciesburrowdeeplyintothesubstratewhereitiscoolerandperhapsmoremoist.burrow：n.洞穴；v.挖洞substraten.基底層，底土層sub（T面）+strate（層尸substrate底層）stratum：n.層，巖層stratify:v.使分層，層化stratification：n.（社會）分層moist：adj.潮濕的Whenitrains,theadultsemergeandcongregatetomateattemporaryponds.emergev.冒出，出現(xiàn)congregatev.聚集mate:v.交酉己；n.酉己偶eg.classmate,teammate,roommatetemporaryponds臨時的池塘Developmentisgreatlyaccelerated:theeggshatchwithin48hours,andthetadpoleschangeintotoadsat16-18days.發(fā)育被大大加快：蛋在48小時之內(nèi)孵化，并且16-18天內(nèi)蝌蚪變成蟾蛛。Restingstagesthuscompriseaseriesofadaptations因此休息階段由一系列的適應性組成comprise:v.包括，由…組成SyntaxThisgeneticallydeterminedrestingstage,characterizedbythecessationofdevelopmentandproteinsynthesisandsuppressionofthemetabolicrate,iscalleddiapause.1）主語后面加逗號，馬上反應是對主語的補充修飾，修飾結(jié)束后，返回句子主干（謂語）；2）and并列對象的確定，這兩個and并列的級別不一樣，最終看句子意思。整句話順譯為：這個由基因決定的休息階段， （以“發(fā)育和蛋白質(zhì)合成”中止以及新陳代謝速率的壓制為特點），被稱為滯育。括號里的內(nèi)容向前修飾“由基因決定的休息階段”。geneticallydeterminedrestingstage基因決定的休息階段characterizedby以?…為特征cessationofdevelopment發(fā)育的中止cessationn.停止ceasev.停止proteinsynthesis蛋白質(zhì)的合成suppressionofthemetabolicrate新陳代謝速度的壓制Inonecase,seedsofthearcticlupine,amemberofthepeafamilyrecoveredfromancientlemmingburrowsintheArctic,germinatedinthreedayseventhoughtheywerecarbon-datedatmorethan10,000yearsold!主語后面加逗號，馬上反應是對主語的補充修飾，修飾結(jié)束后，返回句子主干（謂語）；所以這個句子最大的主干是“seedsofthearcticlupinegerminatedinthreedays（北極乳扇豆的種子在三天后發(fā)芽了） ”Inonecase在——種情況下Incase:以防…情況出現(xiàn)Arctic:adj.北極的Antarctic:adj.南極的lemmingburrows：旅鼠洞，lemming（旅鼠，了解即可，不用記），burrow（洞穴）要記住germinate：v.發(fā)芽germ:n.芽，區(qū)別：gem：寶石，gum：口香糖，樹膠carbon-dated碳測時的radioactive-carbondating放射性碳測時間的Thefertilizedeggentersa204-dayperiodofembryonicdiapauseduringwhichitremainsintheuterusbutdoesnotattach.介詞后面+which,which指代介詞前面的名詞，所以“duringwhich”中的which指前文的“a204-dayperiodofembryonicdiapause204天的胚胎滯育）”fertilizedegg：受精卵uterus：n.子宮（了解即可）attach：v.此處指受精卵在子宮的附著/著床Abstract一Concrete1.Unfavorableconditionsthatarerelativelypredictableprobablyposeasimplerproblemfororganismsthandounpredictableconditions.可預測的不利條件，原文具體指什么？不可預測的不利條件，原文又具體指什么？可預測的不利條件具體包含：季節(jié)性的冬天降溫不可預測的不利條件具體包含：沙漠地區(qū)的降水Poseaproblem:構(gòu)成一個問題ThePlowandtheHorseinMedievalEuropeWords&PhrasesdrivingEurope'slowemergencefromtheeconomicstagnationoftheMiddleAges驅(qū)動歐洲從中世紀的經(jīng)濟停滯中興起Emergencen.冒出；出現(xiàn)；我們更常見的一個名詞是emergency（突發(fā)的緊急事件）Emerge：v.從水中冒出，出現(xiàn)，崛起反義詞：immerse：v.浸沒，沉于…當中區(qū)別：merge：v.融合，混合，合并=combine（考過詞匯題）anewplowwithacurvedattachmenttoturnoversoils伴隨有一個彎曲的附件去翻土的新犁ashallow,straightfurrow：淺的直直的犁溝區(qū)別：burrow：n./v.洞/挖洞hollow：adj.中空的，空洞的mildwinters:柔和的冬天theash-enrichedsoilyieldedgoodcrops富含灰燼的泥土產(chǎn)出豐盛的莊稼sustainedculturaloreconomiclife持久的文化經(jīng)濟生活Thishadthesamesortsofimplicationsthatcapitalizationalwayshas-itfavoredtheconcentrationofwealthandcontrolimplications:暗示的結(jié)果Theimplicationsofsomethingarethethingsthatarelikelytohappenasaresult.=consequence考過詞?匚題）capitalization：n.資本化capital：n.資本theconcentrationofwealthandcontrol貝才富和控制力的集中hadahostofimplications;：有很多暗示的結(jié)果horsescannotbesupportedexclusivelyonhayandpasturage馬不能只靠干草和牧草供養(yǎng)exclusively=solely（只，僅僅）考過詞匯題pasturen.牧場；v.吃草，放牧pasturagen.牧草humannourishment人類的滋養(yǎng)品/營養(yǎng)品SyntaxButinthewetterterrainnorthandwestoftheDanubeandtheAlps,suchaplowleftmuchtobedesired注意英文中的一些地道表達，“l(fā)eavemuchtobedesired”：留下很多人們想要的東西，表明沒有滿足/達成人們的愿望。例如TheeducationofChinaleavesmuchtobedesired.terrain:n.地形地勢oxenbegantogivewayincertainpartsofWesternEurope,tohorses固定的搭配被分隔，分隔之后后面一定會出現(xiàn) to的，讀到“giveway”就要期待后面“to”的出現(xiàn)givewayto=yieldto讓步于?一；屈服于?一；被后面的?一取代InsteadoftheoldharnessusedbytheancientGreeksandRomans,thereappearedfromCentralAsiatherigid,paddedhorsecollar.完全倒裝，真正的主語在句子最后，正常語序為： InsteadoftheoldharnessusedbytheancientGreeksandRomans,theretherigid,paddedhorsecollarappearedfromCentralAsiaTheurbandevelopmentthatwastotransformtheEuropeaneconomicandsociallandscapeaftertheeleventhcenturywaspropelledinlargepartbythesenewhorse-centeredtransportcapabilities“be+todo”表將來，所以原文的“thatwastotransformtheEuropeaneconomicandsociallandscape"的意思是“都市發(fā)展將改變歐洲的經(jīng)濟和社會風貌”。2）主語后面有大量的修飾語，很遠的地方才出現(xiàn)謂語，注意對謂語的期待，所以這句話的最大主干 （主謂）是“Theurbandevelopmentwaspropelled”（都市發(fā)展被推動了）。Horsesrequire,particularlyinnorthernclimateswherepasturingseasonsareshort,croppedfood,suchasoatsandalfalfa.及物動詞require后面加逗號，被分隔，分隔之后，賓語終于出現(xiàn)應該是“Horsesrequirecroppedfood”馬需要莊稼食物。Theimportanceofhorsesinaworldthatusuallylivedatthemarginsofsufficientdietishardtooverstate.注意英文中的一些地道表達，“hardtooverstate"：很難夸大，并沒有夸大。overstatev.夸大understatev.有意識地少說，輕描淡寫atthemarginsof處在…的邊緣整句話的意思是：馬在這個“通常處在剛好夠吃的邊緣的”世界的重要性并沒有夸大。Theincreasedresourcesthatwentintomakingthehorsecentraltoboththemedievaleconomyand,inaseparatebutrelateddevelopment,medievalwarfare,arethesurestsignsofthegreatutilitytheanimalnowassumed.Theincreasedresources that展開修飾，在很遠的地方謂語“arethesurestsigns”才出現(xiàn)；2）并列對象的尋找