UNIT1HowtobeHappy(P2)TextReadthetext.AnswerthegivenquestionsandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesorparagraphsintoChinese.Inthepastlw。weekswehavelookedatthehappinessformuladefinedbypositivepsychologistMartinSeligman,whereH(happiness)二S(yourbiologicalsetpoiniforfeelinghappy)+C(theconditionsofyourlife)+V(thevoluntarychoicesyoumake).Thisweekwelookattheconditionsinlifethatcanimproveourhappinessquotient.Step1：PeaceandquietJonathonHaidtinhisexcellentbook.TheHappinessHypothesis,notesthatresearchshowsthatwecannevercompletelyadapttoneworchronicnoisepollution.Loudnoisestriggeroneofourmostprimitivefearresponses(theotheristhefearoffalling)andwecanneverfullyrelaxifwearesurroundedbyintrusivenoise.Itisessentialtohavesomepeaceandquieteveryday.Ifyouareunfortunateenoughtolivesomewherenoisy,persistwithcomplainingtoyourlocalcouncil.Additionally,trywearingwaxearplugstohavesomerespite.IfyouneedyourTV,radioormusicuploud,wearingheadphonesdemonstratesaltruismtoyourneighbours,whichwillmakeyouandthemfeelgood.Step2：RelationshipsThisisthemostimportantofalltheexternalconditionsthatcanimproveyourhappinessquotient.Oftenourdeepestsourcesofunhappinessarefoundinpoorrelationshipswithothers.Acruellyconflictualrelationshipwithapartnerorloverleavesusfeelingbetrayedandabandoned.Arelationshipwithourparentsorchildrenwhichisnotbasedoncompassionate,unconditionalregardcreatesisolationandmisery.Whenfacedwithsuchrelationships,themostpositivethingwecandoistoeithermendtherelationshipbyconfrontingwhatisgoingwrongorlearntomoveon.Step3：ShareIfyouhavediscoveredconditionsorchoicesinlifethathavesignificantlyimprovedyourwellbeing,remembertosharethemwithfriends.Passingonwhatworksisessentialtoimprovethewellbeingofourownandothers.【課文參考譯文】P178過去兩周我們研究了一項幸福公式,這是由樂觀心理學(xué)家馬丁?塞利格曼定義的。在這個公式中,H(幸福)=S(個人生理幸福感受的固定指數(shù))+C(個人生活狀態(tài))+V(個人主觀選擇)。本周我們將著眼于能提升幸福指數(shù)的生活狀態(tài)。第一步:平和寧靜喬納森?海迪在他的優(yōu)秀著作《幸福假說》當(dāng)中提到,研究調(diào)查顯示,我們不可能完全適應(yīng)噪音污染,無論是新近的還是長期的。巨大噪聲會引發(fā)我們面對恐懼的某種本能反應(yīng)(另ー種是對于墜落的恐懼)，如果周遭噪音喧鬧，我們不可能完全放松。每日保持平和與寧靜事關(guān)重要。如果你不幸生活在比較嘈雜吵的環(huán)境中，請一定要堅持去居委會投訴。另外，嘗試使用耳塞，可能會緩解噪聲。如果你需要用大音量看電視、聽收音機(jī)或放音樂的話,記得戴上耳機(jī)，別影響鄰里，這樣可以使雙方都感到舒適。第二步:人際關(guān)系這是增加幸福指數(shù)的一條至關(guān)重要的外部條件。我們感到不快樂的最深層原因,往往就是大際關(guān)系欠佳。與搭檔或者愛人的關(guān)系陷入激烈的沖突中，會讓我們產(chǎn)生遭到背叛和遺棄的感覺。父母和孩子之間如果缺乏同情心和無私關(guān)懷，會產(chǎn)生隔閡與痛苦。當(dāng)我們面臨這類問題時,最好的辦法就是真面難題，修復(fù)關(guān)系，或者學(xué)著繼續(xù)前行。第三步:分享如果你發(fā)覺生活狀態(tài)或者做的某項決定對幸福生活有重大幫助的話,記得與你的朋友們分享。將有用的發(fā)現(xiàn)與更多大分享，這對增進(jìn)自己的幸福和他大的幸福都有枳極作用。.What'sthehappinessformulaaccordingtothepassage?.TheformulareferstoH(happiness)=S(yourbiologicalsetpointforfeelinghappy)+C(theconditionsofyourlife)+V(thevoluntarychoicesyoumake)..Whycanwenevercompletelyadapttoneworchronicnoisepollution?.Loudnoisestriggeroneofourmostprimitivefearresponsesandwecanneverfullyrelaxifwearesurroundedbyintrusivenoise..Howcouldwemakebothourselvesandtheneighborsfeelgood?fweneedourTV,radioormusicuploud,wearingheadphonesdemonstratesourkindnessandconsiderationtoourneighbors..Wheredoestheunhappinesscomefrom?4.Ourunhappinessoftencomesfrompoorrelationshipswithothers..Whatisthepositivewaytofacewiththecruellyconflictualrelationship?.Whatyoucandoistoeithermendtherelationshipbyconfrontingwhatisgoingwrongorlearntomoveon.A.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.吵鬧的鄰居的確對我們家庭不和(domesticupset)有很大影響。1.Noisyneighborsareoneofthemajorcausesofdomesticupset.2,在職場上,如果ー個同事對我們表示威嚇的話,會造成難以言表的抑郁情緒(un-wretchedness)。2AcolleagueatworkwhobulliesordismissesUScreatesuntoldwretchedness.我們不可能適應(yīng)這種敵對關(guān)系,這種不良的人際關(guān)系會損害身心健康。Wecanneverfullyadapttohostilerelationships,whichinevitablydamageourwellbeing.如果這種壞情緒長時間留在人們的心里,會讓人陷入無法解決的惡性心理困境。Ifthisbadmoodstaysinsideourmind,itwillleadUStoanunresolveddestructivedepression.5.我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)回避這些問題,而是要正確面對它們。Weshouldnotavoidtheseproblemsbutfacetheminstead.B.ReadthetextandtranslateitintoChinese.Therearemanybenefitstobeinghappy.Happierpeopletendtobehealthier,livelongerandearnmore.Theyalsotendtovolunteermore,bebetteratrelationshipsandsmilemoreofwhatpsychologistscall“Duchenne“orgenuinesmiles.Whatislesswellunderstoodiswhyhappinessiscontagious.AccordingtoJamesFowlerandNicholasChristakis,authorsoftheinternationalbestsellerConnected,peoplesurroundedbymanyhappyfriends,familymembersandneighbourswhoarecentraltotheirsocialnetworkbecomesignificantlyhappierinthefuture.Morespecifically,theysaywewillbecome25percenthappierwithourlifeifafriendwholiveswithinamileofusbecomessignificantlyhappierwithhisorherlife.Similareffectsareseeninco-residentspouses(8percenthappier);siblingswholivewithinamileofeachother(14percent);andnext-doorneighbours(34percent).Whatthisimpliesisthatthemagnitudeofhappinessspreadseemstodependmoreonfrequentsocialcontact(duetophysicalproximity)thanondeepsocialconnections.Alas,forsomereasonthisdoesn'ttranslatetotheworkplace.So,whyishappinesscontagious?Onereasonmaybethathappypeoplesharetheirgoodfortunewiththeirfriendsandfamily(forexample,bybeingpragmaticallyhelpfulorfinanciallygenerous).Anotherreasoncouldbethathappypeopletendtochangetheirbehaviourforthebetterbybeingnicerorlesshostiletothoseclosetothem.Oritcouldjustbethatpositiveemotionsarehighlycontagious.幸福有許多好處。越幸福的人往往越健康、越長壽、掙的錢越多。他們通常也會從事更多的志愿工作、更善于處理人際關(guān)系、發(fā)出更多心理學(xué)家所說的“杜興微笑”,即真誠的微笑。我們了解不深的是,為什么幸?？梢詡魅?。全球暢銷書《關(guān)聯(lián)》的作者詹姆斯?福勒和尼古拉斯?克里斯塔基斯發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果你身邊那些重要的人際網(wǎng)絡(luò)中有許多幸福的朋友、家人與鄰居,那么你將也會很幸福。他們表示，更準(zhǔn)確地說，如果居住在離你1英里內(nèi)的ー個朋友生活幸福感得到顯著提升,你的生活幸福感就會增加25%。具有同樣效果的還有同居配偶(幸福感提升8%)、居住在1英里之內(nèi)的兄弟姐妹(14%)和鄰居(34%)。這意味著，幸福傳播的強(qiáng)度似乎更取決于交往的頻繁度(與地域鄰近相關(guān)),而不是社會關(guān)系的深度?？上в捎谀撤N原因，這并不適用于工作場ムロ〇那么,為什么幸福能夠傳染?一個原因或許是,幸福的人會與親朋好友分享好運(yùn)氣(例如,提供實際的幫助,或在經(jīng)濟(jì)上慷慨解囊)。另ー個原因可能是,幸福的人往往會改善自己的行為,會對周圍的人更加友好,或減少敵意。又或許只是因為正面情緒具有高度傳染性。UNIT2CityDesign(P6)TextReadthetext.AnswerthegivenquestionsandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesorparagraphsintoChinese.WhenI'mbeingdriventhroughacityfromourholeltoaconferencecenter,Icouldn'thelpbutnoteth。overwhelmingpresenceofcarsandparkinglots.Theworld'scitiesareintrouble.Inhundredsofcities,thelifeofdailyliieisdeteriorating.BreamingtheairinsomeciuesisequivalcnllosmokingIwopacksofcigareltesperday.Thenumberofhourscommutersspendgoingnowheresillinginiraffic-congesledstreetsandhighwaysclimbshighereachyear,raisingfruslrationlevels.Inresponsetotheseconditions,weareseeingiheemergencyofanewurbanism.Injustafewyears,manycitiesbannedtheparkingofcarsonsidewalks,createdorrenovatedmoreDarks,introducedahighlysuccessfulbus-baserapidtransitsystem,builthundredsofkilometersofbicyclepathsandpedestrianstreetsreducedrushhourtraffic,plantedmoretreesandinvolvedlocalcitizensdirectlyiniheimprovemenlofiheirneighborhoods.Thequalilyofurbanlifeinthesecitieshasbeengreatlyenhancedwilhthevisionofacitydesignedforpeople.Nowgovernmentplannerseverywhereareexperimenting,seekingwaystodesigncitiesforpeoplenotcars.Carspromisemobility.Butinanurbanizingworldthereisaninherentconflictbetweentheautomobileandthecity.Afterapoint,astheirnumbersmultiply,automobilesprovidenotmobilitybutimmobility.Basedonthisperspective,somecitiesinindustrialanddevelopingcountriesalikewilldramaticallyincreaseurbanmobilitybymovingawayfromthecar.Letmeremindyouoncemore,citiesarebuiltforpeople,notforcars.Acityfullofcarsislikewhatthehorrifyingsci-fidepicted-allmechanismandnohuman.Inordertoavoidthisdisaster,we'dbetterstartdesigningsustainablecities.當(dāng)我從旅館乘車穿行城市前往會議屮心時,映入眼簾的是無處不在的汽車和停車場。全世界的城市都陷入『困境,數(shù)以百計的城市日常生活的質(zhì)量正在不斷下降。在一些城市,每天呼吸空氣等于抽兩包香煙。每天上班族驅(qū)車時因街道和道路堵塞而寸步難行，耽擱的時間逐年升高,郁悶也隨之加深。針對上述情況,我們可以看到ー種新城市主義的理念正在興起。在短短的幾年內(nèi),許多城市的人行道上不再允許停車,新建和改造了更多的停車場,建立了?套以公共汽車為基礎(chǔ)的極為成功的快速運(yùn)行系統(tǒng),興建了數(shù)門公里的門行車道和步行街,高峰時段的交通擁擠得以減緩,種植了更多的樹木,并吸收當(dāng)?shù)厥忻裰苯訁⑴c社區(qū)的改善工作。城市設(shè)計以人為本的理念使這些城市的生活質(zhì)量有了很大的提高。現(xiàn)在,各地政府的規(guī)劃者們都在嘗試尋找為了人而不是為汽車設(shè)計城市的方法。汽車應(yīng)帶給人們活動的便捷。但是在ー個不斷城市化的世界里,存在著ー個根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽車與城市之問的矛盾。超過ー個臨界點(diǎn)之后,隨著汽車數(shù)量的累加，汽車提供的不再是便捷，而是停滯。基于這個觀點(diǎn),無論在發(fā)達(dá)的工業(yè)國家還是發(fā)展中國家，ー些城市將會通過遠(yuǎn)離汽車來極大增加市區(qū)的通暢。讓我再次提醒你,城市是為了人，不是為了汽車而建設(shè)的。擠滿汽車的城市就像恐怖的科幻小說里描繪的——全是機(jī)械，沒有人性。為了避免這場災(zāi)難，我們最好開始設(shè)計可持續(xù)發(fā)展的城市。Whatmeansoftransportationdoestheauthortaketotheconferencecenter?(Hetakes)abus.Accordingtothefirstparagraphwhatishappeningincitieswheretherearemorecars?Carsnotonlydoharmtopeople'shealthbutalsocauseheavytrafficjam.Whatdoesthelastsentence“thevisionofacitydesignedforpeoplewinparagraph2mean?Designcitiesforpeoplenot(for)cars.Whyisthereaninherentconflictbetweentheautomobileandthecityinurbanareas?Becausepeopledependlargelyoncars.Howwouldacitylooklikeifcarswereeverywhere?Therewouldbeal1cars(mechanism)nohuman.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish..隨著大量市民被迫遷到遙遠(yuǎn)的郊外,汽車的需求量正在飛漲。l.Thedemandforcarsissoaringasgrowingnumbersofcitizensarepushedintodistantsuburbs..生態(tài)城市(eco?city)將把傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計要素同最先進(jìn)的綠色技術(shù)相結(jié)合。.Theeco-citywillcombineelementsoftraditionaldesignwiththelatestgreentechnologies..預(yù)計到2010年將有一千輛燃料電池車(fuel-cellvehicles)投入使用,而到2012年將增至ー萬輛。.Onethousandfuel-cellvehicleswillbeestimatedtoputtouseby2010andincreaseto10,000by2012..如今，各地方政府幾乎無ー不在探討有關(guān)生態(tài)農(nóng)村、生態(tài)城鎮(zhèn)或生態(tài)城市計劃的話題。.Thesedays,thereishardlyalocalgovernmentthatdoesnottalkaboutplansforaneco-village,townorevencity..全世界大約一半的人口居住在城市、所以研究能緩解城市對環(huán)境影響的途徑勢在必行。tisfairlynecessarytosearchforwaystoreducetheenvironmentalimpactofcitiesbecausearoundhalfoftheworld'spopulationisnowcity-dwellers(isnowlivingincities).ReadthetextandtranslateitintoChinese.Onceatasupermarket,Ireadathought-provokingsignatthecheck-outcounter.Itsaidthestorewasusingonlyplasticbags.Thesupermarketclaimedthattheenergyandexhaustfumesexpelledtoproduceandtransportthesamenumberofpaperbagsoutweighedthefactthatplasticwasn'tbiodegradable.Paperbagstakeupmorespaceandrequiremoretrucksfortransport,sothestorebelieveditwaslesseningitscarbonfootprintbyusingplastic.Itgotmethinkingfurther.Whynotaskforplasticandbringyourusedplasticbagseachtimeyouvisitthegrocerystore?Ifyouusethemfiveorsixtimes,oruntiltheystartfallingapart,youhavereallydoneagoodthing.Youcanalsousethemtolineyoursmallwastebaskets,insteadofpurchasingplastictrashbags.有一次在一家超后的收銀處,我看到廣則發(fā)人深思的廣告,上面寫著:本店只用塑料袋。超市聲稱:事’実上生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸同量紙袋所消耗的能源和所排放的廢氣的危害大大超過塑料袋不能進(jìn)行生物降解的危害。而且紙袋占用的空間更大,需要更多的卡車運(yùn)送。因此,超市認(rèn)為使用塑料袋可以減少碳足跡。該告示促使我作了進(jìn)ー步的思考。為什么使用了塑料袋后,不能每次再去雜貨店時帶上重復(fù)使用呢?如果能用上五六次,或者用到破了為止,你豈不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋鋪在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾,而不用再買垃圾專用塑料袋。UNIT3Population(P9)TextReadthetext.AnswerthegivenquestionsandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesorparagraphsintoChinese.Averyimportantworldproblemistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationiiitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate.Sowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplace?Itisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownas“DeathControl”.Youhavenodoubtheardoftheterm"BirthControl"."DeathControl"issomethingratherdifierent.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewho,notverylongago,wouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthat"includefarmingmethodsandthecontrolofdeadlydiseases,wehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie.However,thissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind.Ifweexaminetheamountoflandavailableforthisever-increasingpopulation,webegaintoseetheproblem.Ifeveryontheplanethadanequalshareofland,Wewouldeachhaveabout50,000squaremeters.Thisfigureseemstobequiteencouragingunulweexaninetheamountofusablelandweactuallyhave.Morethanthree-fifthuoftheworld'slandcannotproducefood.Obviously,withsolittlelandtosupportus.weshouldbetakinggreatcarenottoreduceitfurther.Butwearenot!Instead,weareconsumingits"capital',一itsnonrenewablefossilfuelsandothermineraldepositsthattookmillionsofyearstoformbutwhicharenowbeingdestroyedindecades.Wearealsodoingthesamewithothervitalresourcesnotusuallythoughtofasbeingnonrenewable,suchasfertilesoils,groundwaterandthemillionsofotherspeciesthatsharetheearthwithus.在我們這個星球上居住的人越來越多,是?個很重要的全球問題。如果繼續(xù)按照現(xiàn)有的增長率發(fā)展下去,那么有限的土地及土地資源很快不能養(yǎng)活這么巨大的人口。那么為什么會出現(xiàn)人口的大量增長呢?這的確是因為知識的廣泛傳播和眾所周知的“死亡控制”的結(jié)果。毫無疑問,你肯定聽到過“生育控制”這個術(shù)語?！八劳隹刂啤笔谴蟛幌嗤摹Ｋ姓J(rèn)了醫(yī)生和科學(xué)家的工作,現(xiàn)在他們能夠留住那些患有各種各樣絕癥的病人的生命。而這些絕癥在不久之前還是不可治愈的。通過大范圍的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,其中包括耕作方法和對絕癥的控制,我們已經(jīng)找到降低死亡率的方法。然而,正是這項成功給人類帶來最大的威脅。如果計算?卜維持不斷增長的人口所需的上地量，我們就能意識到這個問題。如果這個星球上的每個人都平均分?塊土地,我們每個人會擁有五萬平方米。這個數(shù)字看似相當(dāng)振奮人心,而當(dāng)我們計算ー下每個人的實際可用耕地之后,就知道情況不太樂觀了。因為世界上超過3/5的工地都不能生產(chǎn)糧食。顯然，能夠養(yǎng)活我們的耕地如此之少，我們就應(yīng)該想療設(shè)法不要讓耕地繼續(xù)減少下去。但是，我們并沒有這樣做!反而我們正在消耗它的“本錢”——其不可再生的化石燃料與其它礦藏,它們是在幾百萬年的時間里オ形成的,然而現(xiàn)在，幾十年內(nèi)就會被消耗殆盡。我們對待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的的重要自然資源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百萬與我們共同居住在地球上的物種。Whatcanbelearntaboutthepopulationgrowthatpresent?Itcontinuestoincrease/growatitspresentrate.Accordingtothearticle,whatcontributestothepopulationincrease?DeathControlWhatisthedoctors'jobaccordingtoparagraph2?Theykeeppeoplewhosufferfromincurablediseasesalive.Whyisn'tthereenoughlandtosupporthumanbeings?Becausetheworld'slandhasalreadybeentakenup/occupiedbytheever-increasingpopulation.Inparagraph4thefertilesoilsareconsideredas.nonrenewableA.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish..亞洲大陸面積占世界陸地面積的29%。Asiamakesuptwenty-ninepercentoftheworld'slandarea..人口的增加使土地必須生產(chǎn)更多的糧食。Theincreasingpopulationmakesitnecessaryfortheearthtoproducemoregrain.3.我們應(yīng)該先進(jìn)行抽樣調(diào)查再寫報告。Weshouldconductasamplinginvestigationbeforewewritethereport.4.我承認(rèn)我在工作中因缺乏經(jīng)驗犯過這樣那樣的錯誤。IadmitthatduetolackofexperienceIhavemademistakesofallkinds.5.中國的現(xiàn)代化工業(yè)和商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,促進(jìn)了職業(yè)流動和人口流動。ThedevelopmentofmodernindustryandcommodityeconomyinChinahaspromotedoccupational(mobility)andpopulationmobility,B.ReadthetextandtranslateitintoChinese.Areport,basedonUnitedNationsprojectionsshowingslow,steadygrowthofeconomiesandpopulations,suggeststhatbymid-century,humanity'sdemandonnaturewillbetwicethebiosphere'sproductivecapacity.Atthislevelofecologicaldeficit,exhaustionofecologicalassetsandlarge-scaleecosystemcollapsewillbecomereal.Movingtowardssustainabilitydependsonsignificantactionnow.Populationsizechangesslowly,andhuman-madecapital一homes,cars,roads,factories,orpowerplants-canlastformanydecades.Thisimpliesthatpo1icyandinvestmentdecisionsmadetodaywillcontinuetodetermineresourcedemandthroughoutmuchofthe21stcentury.ー份以聯(lián)合國所作的經(jīng)濟(jì)和人口緩慢增長的預(yù)期為基礎(chǔ)的報告顯示,到本世紀(jì)中葉,人類對自然界的需求將達(dá)到生態(tài)圈自身生產(chǎn)能力的兩倍。在這樣的生態(tài)“赤字”水平下，生態(tài)資源的枯竭和大規(guī)模的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)崩潰將會成為事實。向可持續(xù)發(fā)展的轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)Q于現(xiàn)在所采取的重大行動。人口數(shù)量變化緩慢,而人類創(chuàng)造的資本,如住宅、汽車、道路、工廠或發(fā)電站等會持續(xù)幾十年。這意味著，今天所作的政策和投資決策將決定我們在21世紀(jì)的大部分時間里對資源的持續(xù)需求。UNIT4Earthquake(P12)TextReadthetext.AnswerthegivenquestionsandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesorparagraphsintoChinese.Earthquakesmayberankedasoneofihemostdevastalingforceknownlomen;sincerecordsbeganeobewrittendown,ilhasbeenestimatedthatearthquake-relatedfatalitieshavenumberedinmillionsandthatearthquake-relateddestructionhasbeenbeyondcalculation.Thegrealcrpartofsuchdamageandlossoflifehasbeenduelocollapseofbuildingsandeffectsofrockslides,floods,fire,diseaseandotherphenomenaresultingfromearthquakes,ratherthanfromthequakesthemselves.Thegreatmajorityofallearthquakesoccurintwospecificgeographicareas.OnesuchareaencompassesthePacificOceananditscontiguouslandmasses.TheotherextendsfromtheEastIndianstotheAtlasMountains,includingtheHimalayas,Iran,TurkeyandtheAlpineregions.Theymayhappenanywhereatanytime.Tniselementoftheunknownhasforcenturiesaddedgreatlytothedreadandhorrorsurroundingearthquakes,butinrecenttimestherehavebeenindicationsthatearthquakepredictionmaybepossible.Byanalyzingchangesinanimalbehavior,patternsofmovementsintheearth'scrust,variationsintheforceofgravityandtheearth'smagneticfieldandthefrequencywithwhichminorearthtremorsareobserved,scientistshaveshownincreasingsuccessinanucipatingwhenandwhereearthquakeswillstriKe.Asaresult,worldwideeathquakewarningnetworkisalreadyinoperationandhashelpedtopreDareforthevastdestructionthatmightotherwisehavebeentotallyunexpected.Itisdoubtfulthatmanwilleverbeabletocontrolearthquakesandeliminatetheirdestructivenessaltogether,butashowandwhyearthquakeshappenbecomebetterunderstood,manwillbecomemoreandmoreabletodealwiththeirpotentialdevastationbeforeitoccurs.地震是人類所知的最具有破壞力的自然災(zāi)害之一。自從有記載以來,估計由地震造成的死亡達(dá)數(shù)百萬以上,地震造成的破壞更是不計其數(shù)。地震造成的破壞如此之大,死I':如此之多,主耍是由于地焦引發(fā)的建筑物倒塌、巖イi崩落、洪水、火災(zāi)、疾病等現(xiàn)象造成的,而不是由于地震本身。大多數(shù)地震發(fā)生作兩個獨(dú)特的地理位置。ー個是環(huán)太平洋地區(qū)及相鄰的大陸架,另ー個是從印度東部延伸到阿特拉斯山脈，其中包括喜馬拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿爾卑斯地區(qū)。那里隨時隨地都可能發(fā)生地震。兒個世紀(jì)以來,這種對于地震的未知性更大大地增加了地震的可怕和恐懼性。但近兒年來已有跡象衣明地震預(yù)測是可能的。通過分析動物行為的變化,地殼運(yùn)動的方式,地球磁場和地心引力的變化以及監(jiān)測到的輕微地震的頻率,科學(xué)家在預(yù)測地震發(fā)牛?的時間和地點(diǎn)上已取得了不斷的成功。因此,世界性地震預(yù)警網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),而且已經(jīng)幫助人們對大范圍的破壞做好準(zhǔn)備,而這些破壞也可能是完全不能預(yù)料的。人類是否能完全控制地震并消除它的破壞カ還未可知。但是,隨著我們對地震發(fā)生的方式和原因有了更多的了解,在地震發(fā)生之前,我們就能更好地應(yīng)對可能造成的破壞。Whatarethecausesofthegreatpartofthedamageandlossoflife?Collapseofbuildingsandtheeffectsofrockslides,floods,fire,diseaseandotherphenomenafromearthquakes.Wherearethetwomostactiveearthquakebeltsintheworld?TheareaencompassesthePacificOceananditscontiguouslandmasses,EastIndianstotheAtlasMountains.Whatfactdoes"elementoftheunknown“inparagraph3referto?Itreferstothefacttheearthquakescanhappenanywhereatanytime.Whatfourwaysareusedtoanticipateearthquakeactivity?a)analyzingchangesinanimalbehavior.patternsofmovementsintheearth'scrust.variationsintheforceofgravityandtheearth'smagneticfield.observationofthefrequencyofminorearthtremors.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardthepossibilityofearthquakepredictions?Earthquakepredictionisbeconaingmoreandmorepossible.A.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish..會議的準(zhǔn)備工作正在順利地進(jìn)行著。Preparationsforthemeetingareproceedingsmoothly.科技發(fā)展在解決老問題的同時也帶來ー些新問題。Astechnologicaladvancementsolvesoldproblems,italsocreatesnewones.1976年唐山大地震是歷史上最嚴(yán)重的自然災(zāi)害之ー。The1976earthquakeinTangshanwasoneofthegreatestnaturaldisastersinhistory.近幾年來,中國、日本和美國對地震發(fā)生的時間、地點(diǎn)的預(yù)測取得了一定的進(jìn)步。Inrecentyears,China,JapanandtheU.Shavemadecertainprogressinforecastingwhenandwhereearthquakeswilloccur.5.地震能造成慘重的人員傷亡,毀壞建筑物,如大樓、橋梁、大壩等設(shè)施。Earthquakescauseseverecasualtiesanddestroyconstructionslikebuildings,damsandbridges.B.ReadthetextandtranslateitintoChinese.Ourweathersurelyisgettingstrange.Thereseemtobemoretornadoesthaninlivingmemory,longerdroughts,biggerdownpoursandrecordfloods.Unprecedentedfiresareburninginsomeareas.Scientiststellusthatforeveryonedegreeincreaseintemperature,lightningstrikeswillgoupanother10%.Anditislightning,afteralLthatisprincipallyresponsibleforlignitingtheconflagrationinsomeareastoday.天氣的確越來越反常。在人們記憶中,龍卷風(fēng)似乎更加頻繁、旱災(zāi)持續(xù)更久、暴雨更大、洪災(zāi)也創(chuàng)下紀(jì)錄、在ー些地區(qū)火災(zāi)史無前例?？茖W(xué)家告知我們,氣溫每升高ー度,閃電數(shù)量就會增加10%?畢竟，在ー些地區(qū)閃電至今仍然是引起特大火災(zāi)的主要原因。UNIT5TheAftermathofBPGulfOilSpill(P15)TextReadthetext.AnswerthegivenquestionsandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesorparagraphsintoChinese.IniheaflermalhoflheBPoilspill,PresidenlObamavoicedtheconcernsofcounllessscientists,environmrnialists,andGulfCoastresidentswhenhedeclared,"We'redealingwithamassiveandpotentiallyunprecedentedenvironmentaldisaste匚''ThesheersizeofIhcoilspill-210,000gallonsadayconlaminalingIheGulfofMexico-hasmanypeopleworriedaboulIheshorlandlong-termenvironmentalharmitiscausing.Theoilspillcouldseverelydamagefragileecosyslemsforyears,possiblydecades.Beachesfouledbyoilspillsareverydifficulttocleanup.Tomakemattersworse,thespillthreatensbeachesjustasshorebirdsarenestingandseaturtlesarecomingashorelolayIheireggs.Evenworseistheeffecttheoilspillcouldhaveonsensitivesaltmarshesandmangrovecoastlines,whichwouldbepracticallyimpossibletocleanandthatsomefearmightbepermanentlydestroyed.Thesewetlandsareconsideredthenurseriesforthefishingandseafoodindustryandareavitalhabitatandbreedinggroundformanyspeciesofwildlife.Becausetheycovermuchmorelandareathanbeaches,theriskoftheirexposuretodamageisgreatlyincreased.Fully98percentofthefishandshellfishharvestedintheGulfofMexicodependonestuaries,whicharecoastalwaterswherefreshwaterfromriversandstreamsmixwithseawater.Estuariesaredependantonwetlandsfortheirwaterqualityandtoprovideabasisforaquaticfoodchains.Manyspeciesdependonwetlandsforfood,shelterandbreeding.ThewatersoftheGulfofMexicoarehomestohundredsofspeciesofaquaticlife.Thelongertheoilfoulsthewater,themorepollutedthefoodchainbecomes,whichcouldresultinlargefishkillsandseafoodtoocontaminatedforconsumption.英國石油公司原油泄漏事件之后,奧巴馬總統(tǒng)的?次公開講話表達(dá)惘了無數(shù)科學(xué)家、環(huán)保.主義者以及潔西哥灣居民的心聲。他在講話中提到,“我們正在應(yīng)對的是一場巨大的、史無前例的環(huán)境災(zāi)難”。每天足足有21萬加侖的原油泄漏并污染著，喝西哥灣,這使得很多人為這次事件對環(huán)境所造成的短期和長期的危害感到擔(dān)憂。這次原油泄漏事件對脆弱的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)帶來的嚴(yán)重破壞會持續(xù)很多年,甚至數(shù)卜年。被石油污染的海灘很難被清理卜凈。更糟糕的是,泄漏的石油對海灘造成污染的時間正是海鳥筑巢和海龜游到岸上孵蛋的季由。還有更糟的事情,石油污染還可能影響敏感的濕地和紅樹林海岸,而這將是幾乎不可能被清理干凈的,有些人甚至擔(dān)心這將是永久性的毀壞。這些濕地是捕魚業(yè)和水產(chǎn)品工業(yè)的搖籃，也是多種野生動物的棲息地和繁殖地。由于這些濕地面積遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于海灘的面枳，所以它們面臨破壞的風(fēng)險就大大增加了。在墨西哥灣捕獲的魚類和貝類中足有98%依靠河口生存，這些河口就是江河與海水匯合的地方。而河口又依賴于濕地保證其水的質(zhì)量并為水產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈提供基礎(chǔ)。濕地是很多物種覓食、棲息和繁殖的場所。，?弦哥灣水域也是成髭上千種水棲動物的家園。石油對海水造成污染的時間越長,水產(chǎn)品食物鏈被污染的程度就會越大,這最終會造成大量的魚類死こ以及水產(chǎn)品被嚴(yán)重污染而無法食用。Inthefirstsentence“PresidentObamavoicedtheconcernsofcountlessscientists../'whatdoestheword“voice"mean?Voiceheremeans“toexpressanideaofHowlongcouldthedamagetotheecosystemlast?Thedamagetotheecosystemcouldlastdecades.Howimportantarethewetlandstothewildlife?Thewetlandsareavitalhabitatandbreedinggroundformanyspeciesofwildlife.Whyareestuariesdependentonwetlands?Estuariesaredependantonwetlandsfortheirwaterqualityandtoprovideabasisforaquaticfoodchains.HowwilltheoilspillaffecttheseafoodintheGulfofMexico?Manyfishwilldieandtheseafoodwillbetoocontaminatedforconsumption.A.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish..如何盡快處理墨西哥灣的原油泄漏是BP公司最為關(guān)注的問題。HowtourgentlydealwiththeoilspillattheGulfofMexicoremainsthebiggestconcernforBP.這起事故使環(huán)保大士對生態(tài)環(huán)境有了不小的擔(dān)憂。Thisaccidenthasmanyenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutthedamageitdoestotheecosystem.3.原油泄漏不僅會污染海洋環(huán)境,更糟糕的是它還會給多種海洋生物帶來很大的威脅。Oilspillsdonotjustpollutetheocean,tomakethingsworse,theyposegreatthreattomanyspeciesofaquaticlifeaswell.所有小動物都要依靠媽媽給它們提供食物和保護(hù)。Allbabyanimalsaredependentontheirmothersforfoodandprotection.5.南極洲是多種企鵝的家。Antarcticaisthenaturalhabitatformanyspeciesofpenguins.B.ReadthetextandtranslateitintoChinese.Anoilspillistheaccidentalpetroleumreleaseintotheenvironment,onland,oilspillsareusuallylocalizedandthustheirimpactcanbeeliminated.Relativelyeasily.Incontrast,marineoilspillsmayresultinoilpollutionoverlargeareasandpresentseriousenvironmentalhazards.Theprimarysourceofaccidentaloilinputintoseasisassociatedwithoiltransportationbytankersandpipelines(about70%),whereasthecontributionofoffshoredrillingandproductionactivitiesisminimal(lessthanI%).Largeandcatastrophicspillsreleasingmorethan30,000tonsofoilarerelativelyrareeventsandtheirfrequencyinrecentdecadeshasdecreasedperceptibly.Yet,suchepisodeshavethepotentialtocausethemostseriousecologicalrisk(primarilyforseabirdsandmammals)andresultinlong-termenvironmentaldisturbances(mainlyincoastalzones)andeconomicimpactoncoastalactivities(especiallyonfisheriesandmariculture海洋生物養(yǎng)殖).Publicconcernovermarineoilspillshasbeenclearlyaugmentedsince1967.Morerecently,thehighlypublicized1989spilloftheExxonValdezinPrinceWilliamSound,AlaskacausedunprecedenteddamagetothefragileArcticsystem.Sincethen,impressivetechnical,politicalandlegalexperienceinmanagingtheproblemhasbeengainedinmanycountriesandattheinternationallevel,mainlythroughanumberofConventionsinitiatedbytheInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO).原油泄漏是指由于事故導(dǎo)致石油泄漏到環(huán)境中的事件。在陸地上,由于原油泄漏發(fā)生在局部地區(qū),因此其造成的影響相對來說容易清理。相比之下，海上原油泄漏會造成大范圍的石油污染并帶來嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境危害。約有70%的海上原油泄漏事故的主要原因與油輪和原油運(yùn)輸管道有關(guān),而海上鉆井和采油活動引發(fā)的原油泄漏事件則占很小的比例(在1%以下)。泄漏三萬噸以上的重大災(zāi)難性原油泄漏事故并不多見，而且近幾十年來這些重大事故也在逐步減少。盡管如此，這類事故的發(fā)生依然會對生態(tài)系統(tǒng),尤其是海鳥和哺乳動物,造成最嚴(yán)重的危害,并且導(dǎo)致海岸地區(qū)長期環(huán)境失調(diào),對海岸商業(yè)活動(如捕魚業(yè)和海洋生物養(yǎng)殖業(yè))帶來經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。公眾對于海上原油泄漏事件的關(guān)注從1967年開始明顯上升。較近的一次原油泄漏事故，即眾所周知的1989年?？松尽巴郀枏运埂碧栍洼喸诎⒗辜又萃ㄗ訛硵R淺事件。這次事故對脆弱的北冰洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)造成了有史以來最為嚴(yán)重的破壞。從那之后,國際海事組織召開了眾多會議，幫助很多國家以及國際社會在處理這ー問題上獲得了很好的技術(shù)、政治和法律上的經(jīng)驗。UNIT6GreenComputers(P18)TextReadthetext,AnswerthegivenquestionsandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesorparagraphsintoChinese.Computermanufacturers,chipmakersandsoftwarecompaniesaredeveloping"greener0productsforenvironmentallyconsciousconsumers.Whilesometechcompaniesaredevelopingmoreenergy-efficientproductlines,othersarereleasingsoftwaretomakeexistingcomputersconsumeless.Andelectronicsmanufacturersareexpandingwaystomakenewcomputersoutofrecycledmaterials,aswellasencouragecustomerstorecycleoldmachines.Consumersmaypayaslightpremiumforsomeeco?friendlyelectronics,butmanypriceswillbecomparablewithiraaitionalofferings.Severalfactorsarepushingcompaniestobegreener.Manywanttostayaheadofenvironmentallegislationandlogamerfavorwithgreeninvestors.Andwithenergypriceshigh,theyaretryingtoappealtopeoplewhoarelookingforwaystochipawayatexpenses.Thecomputerindustryhasbeenworkingonimprovingenergyconsumptionforyears.Thenewerfocushasbeenontoxinsandrecycling.Forexample,LenovoGroupLtd.uses10%to25%recycled