住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

I___tocallonyou,butwaspreventedfromdoingso.

問題1選項

A.meant

B.hasmeant

C.wasmeaning

D.hadmeant

【答案】D

【解析】考查時態(tài)。根據(jù)but之后的動詞waspreventedfrom為過去時態(tài)，而meantocallonyou發(fā)生waspreventedfrom之前，過去的過去，則時態(tài)為過去完成時。在句意：我本想拜訪你，但被阻止了。因此D選項正確。

2.單選題

Ⅷ.(ForensicAppraisal)

ForensicevidencehasplayedaroleinmanyCanadianwrongfulconvictions.In2007,theSupremeCourtheldina4:3decisionthatpost-hypnosis(催眠后)identificationsshouldnotbeadmittedbecauseoftheirunknownreliabilityandtheriskofwrongfulconvictions.ThisdecisionpresentsapotentialforCanadiancourtstoplacestricterreliability-basedrestrictionsontheadmissibilityofexpertevidenceincludingunreliableforensicevidenceofferedbythestate.Atthesametime,variousinquirieshavemademanyimportantrecommendationsaboutreformingthepracticeoftheforensicsciences.Manyoftheserecommendationshavebeenimplemented,thoughthetendencyhasbeentodosoonadiscipline-by-disciplineandjurisdiction-by-jurisdictionbasis.

AnumberofwrongfulconvictionsinCanadahavebeencausedbyfaultyforensicevidence.Therearetwomainwaystorespondtosuchdangers.Oneisbyreformingtheproductionofthestate’sforensicevidence.Theotherisforthecourtstoplacereliabilitybasedrestrictionsontheadmissibilityorcontentofforensicevidenceofferedbythestate.TheCommissionofInquiryintoProceedingsAgainstGuyPaulMorininits1998reportfoundthatOntario’sForensicCentreforForensicSciencehadmadenumerousmistakesintheproductionofhairandfibreevidencethatpurportedtolinkMr.MorintothemurderbeforehisDNAexoneration.ThisinquiryheardtestimonythatCrownprosecutorshadassumedthattheCentrewasinfallibledespitefindingproblemsincontaminationofevidenceandthemisuseofpublishedresearch.ManyreformswereintroducedatthatcentralcrimelaboratoryinOntariointhewakeofthehighlypublicizedinquiry.Adecadelater,asimilarinquirywasheldintheneighbouringprovinceofManitobawhenhaircomparisonevidencewasagainrefutedbyDNAtesting.TheManitobainquiryheardthattheRoyalCanadianMountedPolicelabshadstoppedconductinghaircomparisonevidenceinlightofmoreadvancedDNAtesting,butstoppedshortofrecommendingthatsuchhaircomparisonevidencebeinadmissible.Italsodidnotrecommendthatthecrimelaboratoriesbeseparatedfromthepolice.Finally,itsuggestedthatitdidnothavejurisdictiontoorderanationalauditofcasesthatreliedonhaircomparisonevidence,eventhoughtheprovinceofManitobahadconductedsuchaninquiry.

ManyofthesamethemesfoundintheMorininquirywhichfocusedonhairandfibrecomparisonevidencere-emergedadecadelaterwhentheOntarioCommissionofInquiryintoForensicPediatricPathology(theGoudgeInquiry)recommendedsimilarreformstothepracticeofforensicpathology.

79.AftertheSupremeCourtdecisionin2007,theadmissibilityofforensicevidencebecame___.

80.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthewaytorespondtothedangersofwrongfulconviction?

81.OnefindingincommonintheinquiryoftheprovincesofOntarioandManitobaisthat___.

82.Theunderlinedword“theme”canbereplacedbythefollowingwordinthecontext___.

問題1選項

A.stricter

B.morereliable

C.morereliabilitybased

D.moreexpertise

問題2選項

A.Haircomparisonevidenceisinadmissible.

B.Thestate’sforensicevidenceproductionshouldbereformed.

C.Variousinquiriesshouldbeearnedouttomakerecommendationsaboutreformingthepracticeoftheforensicsciences.

D.Thecourtsshouldimposereliabilitybasedrestrictionsontheadmissibilityorcontentofforensicevidenceofferedbythestate.

問題3選項

A.theforensiccentersmadenumerousmistakesintheproductionofhairandfibreevidence

B.theevidencehadbeencontaminated

C.thetwoprovincesareconductedhaircomparison

D.thehaircomparisonevidencedoesnotmatchtheDNAevidence

問題4選項

A.subject

B.subjectmatter

C.topic

D.issue

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】79.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段ThisdecisionpresentsapotentialforCanadiancourtstoplacestricterreliability-basedrestrictionsontheadmissibilityofexpertevidenceincludingunreliableforensicevidenceofferedbythestate.（這一決定意味著加拿大法院有可能對專家證據(jù)的可采性，包括國家提供的不可靠的法醫(yī)證據(jù)，施加更嚴格的基于可靠性的限制）可知，法庭證據(jù)的可采性會基于更多的可靠性而不是使得法院證據(jù)的可采性變得更可靠，選C選項“基于更多的可靠性”，同時可知B選項“更可靠”錯誤；A選項“嚴格”以及D選項“更多的專業(yè)知識”和原文不符。因此C選項正確。

80.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文根據(jù)第二段TheManitobainquiryheardthattheRoyalCanadianMountedPolicelabshadstoppedconductinghaircomparisonevidenceinlightofmoreadvancedDNAtesting,butstoppedshortofrecommendingthatsuchhaircomparisonevidencebeinadmissible.（曼尼托巴省的調查人員聽說，由于更先進的DNA測試，加拿大皇家騎警實驗室已經停止了毛發(fā)比較證據(jù)的研究，但并沒有建議不采納這種毛發(fā)比較證據(jù)）可知A選項“毛發(fā)比較證據(jù)不被采納”不符合原文，不是應對錯誤定罪危險的方法；第二段Therearetwomainwaystorespondtosuchdangers.Oneisbyreformingtheproductionofthestate’sforensicevidence.Theotherisforthecourtstoplacereliabilitybasedrestrictionsontheadmissibilityorcontentofforensicevidenceofferedbythestate.（應對這些危險主要有兩種方法。一是改革國家法醫(yī)證據(jù)的制作。另一種是法院對國家提供的法醫(yī)證據(jù)的可采性或內容進行基于可靠性的限制）可知B選項“國家的法醫(yī)證據(jù)制作應該改革”和D選項“法院應該對國家提供的法醫(yī)證據(jù)的可采性或內容施加基于可靠性的限制”符合原文；根據(jù)第三段whentheOntarioCommissionofInquiryintoForensicPediatricPathology(theGoudgeInquiry)recommendedsimilarreformstothepracticeofforensicpathology.（當安大略兒童法醫(yī)病理學調查委員會建議對法醫(yī)病理學的實踐進行類似的改革時，這些主題再次出現(xiàn)）可知C選項“應開展各種調查，提出改革法醫(yī)學實踐的建議”符合原文。因此A選項符合題意。

81.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關鍵字“theprovincesofOntarioandManitoba”定位到原文…foundthatOntario’sForensicCentreforForensicSciencehadmadenumerousmistakesintheproductionofhairandfibreevidencethatpurportedtolinkMr.MorintothemurderbeforehisDNAexoneration.（對蓋伊?保羅?莫林訴訟程序的調查委員會在其1998年的報告中發(fā)現(xiàn)，安大略省法醫(yī)科學法醫(yī)中心在提供頭發(fā)和纖維證據(jù)方面犯了許多錯誤，這些證據(jù)據(jù)稱是在莫林先生的DNA免責之前將他與謀殺案聯(lián)系起來的）以及Adecadelater,asimilarinquirywasheldintheneighbouringprovinceofManitobawhenhaircomparisonevidencewasagainrefutedbyDNAtesting.（十年后，在鄰近的馬尼托巴省進行了一次類似的調查，當時頭發(fā)比對的證據(jù)再次被DNA測試所駁倒）可知選D選項“頭發(fā)對比證據(jù)與DNA證據(jù)不匹配”；A選項“法醫(yī)中心在制作頭發(fā)和纖維證據(jù)時犯了許多錯誤”以及C選項“兩省進行頭發(fā)比較”并不是共同的發(fā)現(xiàn)；B選項“證據(jù)被污染了”和原文不符。因此D選項正確。

82.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】詞義推測題。根據(jù)題干關鍵字定位到原文最后一段ManyofthesamethemesfoundintheMorininquirywhichfocusedonhairandfibrecomparisonevidencere-emergedadecadelaterwhentheOntarioCommissionofInquiryintoForensicPediatricPathology(theGoudgeInquiry)recommendedsimilarreformstothepracticeofforensicpathology.（10年后，安大略省兒科法醫(yī)病理學調查委員會(Goudgeinquiry)建議對法醫(yī)病理學的實踐進行類似的改革，Morin調查聚焦于頭發(fā)和纖維的比較證據(jù)，許多同樣的主題再次出現(xiàn)。）可知本句中themes表示“主題”，多指文學、藝術作品的主題，或論文、演說的主題，原文中指對在頭發(fā)和纖維的比較證據(jù)這方面研究/討論所出現(xiàn)的主題；四個選項都有“主題”的含義，A選項subject指書籍、文章、演講、討論等中所隱含的、暗示的，需要由讀者或聽眾推斷的主題或中心話題；B選項subjectmatter指供討論、思考或研究時考慮的東西；C選項topic可指文章、講話的題目，談話的內容，又可指提綱中的標題甚至段落的主題或中心思想，普通用詞，含義廣泛，但其范疇小于subject；D選項issue指有爭論、議論，急需討論研究的熱點話題；本題B選項更符合題意，表示對在頭發(fā)和纖維的比較證據(jù)這方面研究/討論所出現(xiàn)的主題。因此B選項符合題意。

3.單選題

Weweregreatlysurprisedbytheway___thingsweredonehere.

問題1選項

A.what

B.inwhich

C.as

D.which

【答案】B

【解析】考查定語從句。本句主語是we，謂語為詞組weresurprisedby，賓語theway；thingsweredonehere屬于完整的句子，根據(jù)句意可知修飾theway；結合四個選項可知空格處要填入從句關系詞。判斷出此處考查theway+從句的固定用法：theway后引導定語從句的關系詞有三種：1.that；2.inwhich；3.省略。句意：我們對這里的做法感到非常驚訝。因此B選項正確。

4.單選題

Ⅲ.ConstitutionalandAdministrativeLaw

RobertPostnotesthatthreeinterestshavetraditionallybeenadvancedtojustifycampaignfinancereform:equality,anti-distortion,andtheeliminationofcorruption.Eachofthesethreeinterestsisfundamentalwithinasystemofrepresentativegovernment.Eachconstituentisentitledtoequalinfluenceintheselectionofherrepresentative;electionresultsshouldtransparentlyrepresent,withoutdistortion,theviewsofthepeople;andelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirappropriateroles,withoutcorruption.

Noneofthesethreeinterests,however,makessensewithinthediscursivedemocracyestablishedandprotectedbyFirstAmendmentrights.Indiscursivedemocracy,asdistinctfromdirectdemocracy,publicopinionisalwaysevolving;itdoesnotmakedecisionswithrespecttowhichcitizenscanexerciseanequalinfluence.Indiscursivedemocracy,publicopinionisneverrepresented,sothatthereisnobaselinefromwhichdistortionscanbemeasured.Andthestate’sinterestinpreservingtherolemoralityofrepresentativesfromcorruptioncanatmostcountasaconstitutionalinteresttobeweighedagainstFirstAmendmentinterestsinpreservingtheintegrityofself-governmentthroughdiscursivedemocracy.ItisnowonderthattheconstitutionaljurisprudenceofcampaignfinancereformhasbeenamuddlesincethedaysofBuckleyv.Valeo.

CitizensUnitedconcludesthatneitherequality,nordistortion,noreliminatingcorruption,cancountasconstitutionallycompellinginterestscapableofjustifyinglegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.Butinleapingtothisconclusion,CitizensUnitedfailstoengageinasufficientlydeepanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.FirstAmendmentrightsprotectfreedomofspeechinordertopreservethepossibilityofself-government.TheFirstAmendmentassumesthatpersonsshouldbefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinionandthatthegovernmentwillberesponsivetopublicopinion.Weassumethatelectionswillensurethatgovernmentisresponsivetopublicopinion.Ifelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion,however,thelinkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmentwilldisappear.Ifwedenominatethecapacityofelectionstoselectrepresentativeswhoareresponsivetopublicopinionaselectoralintegrity,legislationaimingtopreserveelectoralintegrityservesacompellingconstitutionalinterestforpurposesofFirstAmendmentanalysis.CitizensUnitedfailedtoaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationitwasconsideringservedthepurposeofmaintainingelectoralintegrity.

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaninteresttojustifycampaignfinancereform,accordingtoRobotPost?

2.Whatisthemajordifferencebetweendiscursivedemocracyanddirectdemocracy?

3.WhatcausesthelinkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmenttodisappear?

4.WhatwasthemajorfailureofCitizensUnitedaccordingtotheauthor?

問題1選項

A.Eachpersonhasanequalopportunitytoberepresented.

B.Theelectionresultshouldbepublished.

C.People’sviewshouldbepresentedwithoutalteration.

D.Theelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirroleswith“cleanhands”.

問題2選項

A.Peopledonotvotedirectly.

B.Itdoesnotmatterwhetherarepresentativecorrupts.

C.Thereisnobenchmarktomeasurewhetherpublicopinionisdistorted.

D.TheFirstAmendmentinterestsaremoreimportant.

問題3選項

A.Whenelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion.

B.Agovernmentisresponsivetopublicopinion.

C.Legislationprohibitscorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.

D.Whenpersonsarefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinion.

問題4選項

A.Itsconclusionthatnoneofthethreeinterestsjustifiesthelegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpenditures.

B.ItmadenoanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.

C.Itdidnotaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationwascorrect.

D.Itjumpedtoitsconclusionwithoutanalyzingthelegislativepurpose.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段Eachconstituentisentitledtoequalinfluenceintheselectionofherrepresentative;electionresultsshouldtransparentlyrepresent,withoutdistortion,theviewsofthepeople;andelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirappropriateroles,withoutcorruption.（每一位選民有權在選舉其代表方面具有同等的影響力；選舉結果應透明、不扭曲人民的意見；選舉產生的代表應該發(fā)揮適當?shù)淖饔茫荒苡懈瘮。┛芍狝選項“每個人都有平等的機會被代表”，B選項“選舉結果應該公布”，C選項“人們的觀點應該不加改變地提出”原文都有提及；D選項“當選的代表應該以‘清白的雙手’履行他們的職責”原文未涉及。因此D選項符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。定位到原文第二段Indiscursivedemocracy,asdistinctfromdirectdemocracy,publicopinionisalwaysevolving;itdoesnotmakedecisionswithrespecttowhichcitizenscanexerciseanequalinfluence.（在話語民主中，與直接民主不同，輿論總是在演變；它沒有做出公民可以對其施加平等影響的決定）以及對比第一段Eachconstituentisentitledtoequalinfluenceintheselectionofherrepresentative;electionresultsshouldtransparentlyrepresent,withoutdistortion,theviewsofthepeople;andelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirappropriateroles,withoutcorruption.（每一位選民有權在選舉其代表方面具有同等的影響力；選舉結果應透明、不扭曲人民的意見；選舉產生的代表應該發(fā)揮適當?shù)淖饔茫荒苡懈瘮。┛芍窨梢詫ζ涫┘悠降扔绊懸馕吨衲軌蛑苯油镀保约斑@兩者之間的區(qū)別在于是否直接投票，選A選項“人們不直接投票”；根據(jù)第二段Indiscursivedemocracy,publicopinionisneverrepresented,sothatthereisnobaselinefromwhichdistortionscanbemeasured.（在話語民主中，公眾輿論從來沒有代表性，因此沒有衡量扭曲的基準）可知先是公眾輿論從來沒有代表性，導致沒有衡量扭曲的基準，公眾輿論從來沒有代表性是主要原因，C選項“沒有基準來衡量民意是否被扭曲”邏輯關系錯誤；根據(jù)原文Andthestate’sinterestinpreservingtherolemoralityofrepresentativesfromcorruptioncanatmostcountasaconstitutionalinteresttobeweighedagainstFirstAmendmentinterestsinpreservingtheintegrityofself-governmentthroughdiscursivedemocracy.（而國家保護代表角色道德不受腐敗侵害的利益最多可以算作憲法利益，與第一修正案通過話語民主保護自治完整性的利益相權衡）可知B選項“代表是否腐敗并不重要”，C選項“第一修正案的利益更重要”和原文相悖。因此A選項正確。

3.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文最后一段Ifelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion,however,thelinkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmentwilldisappear.（然而，如果選舉不選出關注公眾意見的代表，那么第一修正案的權利和自治價值之間的聯(lián)系就會消失）可知選A選項“當選舉不選擇關注公眾意見的代表時”；根據(jù)最后一段TheFirstAmendmentassumesthatpersonsshouldbefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinionandthatthegovernmentwillberesponsivetopublicopinion.Weassumethatelectionswillensurethatgovernmentisresponsivetopublicopinion.（《第一修正案》假定，個人應自由影響公眾輿論的內容，政府將對公眾輿論做出反應。我們認為，選舉將確保政府對公眾輿論做出反應。）可知B選項“政府對公眾輿論做出反應”和D選項“當人們可以自由地影響公眾輿論的內容時”能確?！兜谝恍拚浮窓嗬妥灾蝺r值之間的聯(lián)系；定位到最后一段開頭CitizensUnitedconcludesthatneitherequality,nordistortion,noreliminatingcorruption,cancountasconstitutionallycompellinginterestscapableofjustifyinglegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.（“聯(lián)合公民”得出的結論是，無論是平等、扭曲還是消除腐敗，都不能被視為具有憲法強制性的利益，足以證明立法禁止公司從其公司財務中直接進行獨立競選支出是正當?shù)模┛芍狢選項“立法禁止公司直接從他們的公司財務中進行獨立的競選支出”不符合題意。因此A選項正確。

4.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文最后一段Butinleapingtothisconclusion,CitizensUnitedfailstoengageinasufficientlydeepanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.（但是，“聯(lián)合公民”在得出這一結論時，未能對《第一修正案》的相關權利進行足夠深入的分析）可知選B選項“它沒有分析相關的第一修正案權利”，同時可知D選項“它沒有分析立法目的就妄下結論”過度推斷，干擾項；根據(jù)最后一段最后一句CitizensUnitedfailedtoaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationitwasconsideringservedthepurposeofmaintainingelectoralintegrity.（“聯(lián)合公民”沒有詢問它正在考慮的競選資金立法是否有助于維持選舉的完整性）可知C選項“它沒有問競選財務法案是否正確”錯誤，是否正確和是否有助于維持選舉的完整性是有區(qū)別的；CitizensUnitedconcludesthatneitherequality,nordistortion,noreliminatingcorruption,cancountasconstitutionallycompellinginterestscapableofjustifyinglegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.（“聯(lián)合公民”得出的結論是，無論是平等、扭曲還是消除腐敗，都不能被視為具有憲法強制性的利益，足以證明立法禁止公司從其公司財務中直接進行獨立競選支出是正當?shù)模┛芍狝選項“它的結論是，這三種利益中沒有一種能證明禁止公司進行獨立競選支出的立法是正當?shù)摹焙驮南嚆！Ｒ虼薆選項正確。

5.單選題

V.CivilandCommercialLaw

Theabsenceofprivityofcontractprecludedapersonfromrecoveringagainstanegligentactorwhocausedthatpersonharm,whereverthenegligentactconstitutedabreachofcontractwithsomeoneelse.TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.InreachingthisconclusiontheCourtexaminedthespecifickindsofdutieswhichthelawhadimposedinavarietyofsituationsandderivedtherefromageneralprincipleforthelawofnegligence.

InthewordsofLordAtkin:AtpresentIcontentmyselfwithpointingoutthatinEnglishlawtheremustbe,andis,somegeneralconceptionofrelationsgivingrisetoadutyofcare,ofwhichtheparticularcasesfoundinthebooksarebutinstances.Theliabilityfornegligence,whetheryoustyleitsuchortreatitasinothersystemsasaspeciesof“culpa”,isnodoubtbaseduponageneralpublicsentimentofmoralwrongdoingforwhichtheoffendermustpay.Butactsoromissionswhichanymoralcodewouldcensurecannotinapracticalworldbetreatedsoastogivearighttoeverypersoninjuredbythemtodemandrelief.Inthiswayrulesoflawarisewhichlimittherangeofcomplainantsandtheextentoftheirremedy.Therulethatyouaretoloveyourneighborbecomesinlaw,youmustnotinjureyourneighbor;andthelawyer’squestion,whoismyneighbor?receivesarestrictedreply.Youmusttakereasonablecaretoavoidactsoromissionswhichyoucanreasonablyforeseewouldbelikelytoinjureyourneighbor.Who,then,inlawismyneighbor?TheanswerseemstobepersonswhoaresocloselyanddirectlyaffectedbymyactthatIoughtreasonablytohavethemincontemplationasbeingsoaffectedwhenIamdirectingmymindtotheactsoromissionswhicharecalledinquestion.TheunderlyingstructureofthereasoningofLordAtkin’sjudgmentmaybestatedasfollows:(1)Thereareasetofcaseswherecourtshavefoundliabilityforfailingtotakecare.(2)Inthesecasesthecourtsestablishedastandardofcare.(3)Inthesesituationswecaninferfromthefactthatthelawimposesaduty(standardofcare)totakecare.Thelawofnegligenceextendstothiskindofactivity.

1.Accordingtothefirstsentence,apersoninjuredmaynotbeabletorecoveragainstanegligentactorwhocausedtheharmbecause___.

2.LordAtkinthinksthat___.

3.Inthesenseoftortlaw,aneighborisonewho___.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasoningforthelawofnegligence___.

問題1選項

A.therelacksarelationofcontractbetweenthetwo

B.theydonotknoweachother

C.theactorisnegligent

D.manufacturersdonotoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumer

問題2選項

A.Englishlawdoesnothaveageneralconceptionofdutyofcare

B.theliabilityfornegligenceshouldbestyledasaspeciesof“culpa”

C.theliabilityfornegligenceisbaseduponapublicunderstandingthatoffendersmustpayfortheirwrongdoing

D.everypersoninjuredshouldbegivenarighttodemandrelief

問題3選項

A.livesnextdoortoyou

B.youoweadutyofcare

C.shouldbetakengoodcareof

D.hasfriendlyrelationshipwithyou

問題4選項

A.Thereisadutytotakecareimposedbylaw

B.Thedoerfailedtotakecare

C.Thefailurecauseddamagesorinjurytoothers

D.Thedoerhasforeseentheresult

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】1.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段第一句Theabsenceofprivityofcontractprecludedapersonfromrecoveringagainstanegligentactorwhocausedthatpersonharm,whereverthenegligentactconstitutedabreachofcontractwithsomeoneelse.（合同相對性的缺失使一個人無法對給自己造成傷害的過失行為人獲得賠償，無論該過失行為是否構成了對他人的違約）可知選A選項“兩者之間缺乏契約關系”；B選項“他們彼此不認識”，C選項“行為人疏忽”第一段未提及；根據(jù)第一段第二句TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.（英國上議院在Donoghuev.Stevenson案中裁定，制造商確實對最終消費者負有注意義務，不應在制造過程中造成傷害風險）可知D選項“制造商對最終消費者不負有注意義務”和原文相悖。因此A選項正確。

2.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Theliabilityfornegligence,whetheryoustyleitsuchortreatitasinothersystemsasaspeciesof“culpa”,isnodoubtbaseduponageneralpublicsentimentofmoralwrongdoingforwhichtheoffendermustpay.（過失責任，無論你將其視為“罪犯”的一種，或將其視為其他制度中的一種，無疑是基于公眾普遍的道德錯誤情緒，而犯罪者必須為此付出代價）可知C選項“過失責任的基礎是公眾認識到違法者必須為他們的過錯付出代價”正確；根據(jù)第二段開頭InthewordsofLordAtkin:AtpresentIcontentmyselfwithpointingoutthatinEnglishlawtheremustbe,andis,somegeneralconceptionofrelationsgivingrisetoadutyofcare,ofwhichtheparticularcasesfoundinthebooksarebutinstances.（用阿特金勛爵的話說：目前我滿足于指出，在英國法律中，必須而且是一些關系的一般概念，產生了一種謹慎的義務，書中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的特殊情況只是實例）可知A選項“英國法沒有注意義務的一般概念”和原文相悖；B選項“過失責任應該被定義為一種‘過失’”原文沒有直接說明；第二段Butactsoromissionswhichanymoralcodewouldcensurecannotinapracticalworldbetreatedsoastogivearighttoeverypersoninjuredbythemtodemandrelief.（但是，在現(xiàn)實世界中，任何道德準則都不會責難的作為或不作為都不能被視為給予每一個受其傷害的人要求救濟的權利）可知D選項“每個受傷的人都應該被賦予要求救濟的權利”不符合原文。因此C選項正確。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段Who,then,inlawismyneighbor?TheanswerseemstobepersonswhoaresocloselyanddirectlyaffectedbymyactthatIoughtreasonablytohavethemincontemplationasbeingsoaffectedwhenIamdirectingmymindtotheactsoromissionswhicharecalledinquestion.（這樣，誰是我的鄰舍呢？答案似乎是——那些受到我的行為密切而直接影響的人，當我將我的思想導向被質疑的作為或不作為時，我應該合理地考慮他們是如何受到影響的）可知在侵權法的意義上，鄰居是會受到“我”行為密切影響的人，“我”需要考慮他們是如何受到影響，選B選項“你應負注意義務”；A選項“住在你隔壁”，D選項“與你有友好的關系”原文未提及；原文只是說“我”的行為會密切和直接影響鄰居，沒有要求必須好好照顧鄰居，C選項“應該被好好照顧”錯誤。因此B選項正確。

4.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段末TheunderlyingstructureofthereasoningofLordAtkin’sjudgmentmaybestatedasfollows:(1)Thereareasetofcaseswherecourtshavefoundliabilityforfailingtotakecare.(2)Inthesecasesthecourtsestablishedastandardofcare.(3)Inthesesituationswecaninferfromthefactthatthelawimposesaduty(standardofcare)totakecare.Thelawofnegligenceextendstothiskindofactivity.（阿特金勛爵的判決推理的基本結構可以說如下：（1）在一系列案件中，法院發(fā)現(xiàn)了因疏忽而應承擔的責任。（2）在這些案件中，法院確立了謹慎的標準。（3）在這些情況下，我們可以從法律規(guī)定的注意義務（注意標準）中推斷出來。過失法也適用于這種行為）可知A選項“法律規(guī)定有謹慎的義務”，B選項“行事者沒有注意”符合原文，同時可知D選項“行為者已經預見了結果”和原文相悖，原文明確提出在一系列案件中，法院發(fā)現(xiàn)了因疏忽而應承擔的責任；根據(jù)第一段TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.（英國上議院在Donoghuev.Stevenson案中裁定，制造商確實對最終消費者負有注意義務，不應在制造過程中造成傷害風險）可知造成傷害風險的話是需要承擔義務，則為C選項“該故障對他人造成損害或傷害”也屬于過失法的理由。因此D選項符合題意。

6.單選題

Theyhadtheattemptto___Andersontothepresidency.

問題1選項

A.evolve

B.elevate

C.evoke

D.evince

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項evolve“發(fā)展；進化；使逐步形成；推斷出”；B選項elevate“提升；舉起；振奮情緒等；提升……的職位”；C選項evoke“引起，喚起；博得”；D選項evince“表明，表示”。句意：他們試圖___安德森當上總統(tǒng)。本句表示“試圖提升安德森當總統(tǒng)”。因此B選項正確。

7.單選題

Itisstrictly___thataccesstoconfidentialdocumentsisdeniedtoallbutafew.

問題1選項

A.secured

B.forbidden

C.regulated

D.determined

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項secured“固定，系牢；鎖上；保護，使安全；（經過努力）獲得；做擔?！?；B選項forbidden“禁止；妨礙；不準（某人）做某事；禁止……進入；阻止”；C選項regulated“調節(jié)；規(guī)定；控制；校準；有系統(tǒng)地管理”；D選項determined“（使）下決心，（使）做出決定”。句意：嚴格___，除少數(shù)人外，所有人不得接觸機密文件。本句表達“嚴格規(guī)定”，因此C選項正確。

8.單選題

He___athiswatchbeforehelefttheoffice.

問題1選項

A.glanced

B.glimpsed

C.glared

D.scribbled

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項glanced“瞥閃，瞥見，掃視，匆匆一看（強調主動的加以注意瞥了一眼）；瀏覽；斜擊某物后斜彈開來；反光；輕擦（球）；（板球）斜擊”；B選項glimpsed“瞥見（強調被動的，比如某個東西在眼前閃了一下，不是主動去看）”；C選項glared“怒目而視，瞪眼看；發(fā)出刺眼的光”；D選項scribbled“亂畫；潦草地書寫；寫作（非正式）；粗疏（羊毛）”。句意：他離開辦公室前___手表。本句表達“主動地瞥了一眼手表”。因此A選項正確。

9.單選題

VI.(Jurisprudence)

AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).TheRealistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.

ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture—thedominantoneintheWesternworldfromthemid-19thcenturythroughatleastthemiddleofthelastcentury—wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge,andthoughtallotherdisciplines(fromsocialsciencetolegalstudy)shouldemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.Chiefamongthelatterwasthemethodofempiricaltesting:hypotheseshadtobetestedagainstobservationsoftheworld.ThustheRealistsfrequentlyclaimedthatexistingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot,infact,“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.AlsoinfluentialonsomeRealistswasbehaviorisminpsychology—JohnWatson’sversion,notthelater,andbetter-known,brandassociatedwithB.F.Skinner—whichwasitselfinthegripsofa“positivistic”conceptionofknowledgeandmethod.

BrianLeiter:AmericanLegalRealism

71.AmericanLegalRealismhadaprofoundimpactontheflowingbut___.

72.Fromthe1stparagraphwecanknowthatScandinavianRealists___.

73.TheAmericanRealistsarguedthat___.

74.WhatistheintellectualculturethatAmericanRealismshareswithitsScandinaviancousin?

問題1選項

A.Americanlegaleducation

B.Americanlegalscholarship

C.Americanlawreform

D.Americanlawyers

問題2選項

A.werephilosophers

B.wereprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrines

C.werereachingagainst“mechanicaljurisprudence”

D.heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons

問題3選項

A.courtsdecidecasesnotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbasedontheirsenseof“fairness”

B.legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyasprior-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations

C.philosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviewsarenecessary

D.carefulempiricalconsiderationrevealsthatcourtsdecidecasesprimarilybecauseoflaw

問題4選項

A.Existingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.

B.Methodofempiricaltesting.

C.Takingnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge.

D.Alldisciplinesshouldalsoemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A