1、英漢翻譯教程(12章)英漢翻譯教程(12章)第一章 翻譯概論 一、翻譯的定義： translate: to turn from one language into another. to turn into ones own or another language 翻譯：把一種語(yǔ)言文字的意義用另一種語(yǔ)言文字表達(dá)出來(lái)。Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of

2、 meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber) (所謂翻譯，是指在譯語(yǔ)中用最貼切而又自然的對(duì)等語(yǔ)再現(xiàn)源語(yǔ)的信息，首先在語(yǔ)義上，其次是文體上)翻譯是兩個(gè)語(yǔ)言社會(huì)之間的交際過(guò)程和交際工具，它的目的是促進(jìn)本語(yǔ)言社會(huì)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和（或）文化進(jìn)步，它的任務(wù)是要把原作中包含的現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的邏輯映象或藝術(shù)映象，完好無(wú)損地從一種語(yǔ)言移注到另一種語(yǔ)言中去。（張今） 第一章 翻譯概論 一、翻譯的定義：翻譯是把一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的意義用另一種語(yǔ)言傳達(dá)出來(lái)，以達(dá)到溝通思想情感、傳播文化知識(shí)、促進(jìn)社會(huì)文明，特別是推動(dòng)譯語(yǔ)

3、文化興旺昌盛的目的。翻譯是將一種語(yǔ)言文化承載的意義轉(zhuǎn)換到另一種語(yǔ)言文化中的跨語(yǔ)言、跨文化的交際活動(dòng)。漢英翻譯是譯者將作者為漢語(yǔ)讀者所寫(xiě)的漢語(yǔ)文本轉(zhuǎn)換成功能相似、意義相符、供英文讀者閱讀的英語(yǔ)文本的活動(dòng)。翻譯是把一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的意義用另一種語(yǔ)言傳達(dá)出來(lái)，以達(dá)到溝通思翻譯的類型就所涉及的語(yǔ)言而言，分為語(yǔ)內(nèi)翻譯(intralingual translation) 和語(yǔ)際翻譯(interlingual translation)。就工作方式而言，分為口譯( interpretation)和筆譯(translation)。 口譯包括交替?zhèn)髯g（簡(jiǎn)稱“交傳”，consecutive interpretation

4、）和同聲傳譯（簡(jiǎn)稱“同傳”，simultaneous interpretation 或conference interpretation）兩種。就文本類型而言，分為文學(xué)文本翻譯、科技文本翻譯、新聞文本翻譯、應(yīng)用文本翻譯。就方式而言，分為全譯、摘譯、編譯等。翻譯的類型就所涉及的語(yǔ)言而言，分為語(yǔ)內(nèi)翻譯(intralinWhat is a text?(1)Look at the following example: Is it a text? Why or why not?E.g. Toms wife is female. Grammatically speaking, a text consist

5、s of sentences; a sentence consists of clauses; a clause, phrases; a phrase, words. But Halliday and Hasan thought “the word text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole

6、 play, from a cry for help to an all-day discussion. A text is a unit of language in use. It is not a grammatical unit. It is not defined by its size. A text is best regarded as a semantic unit, a unit not of form but of meaning. Thus it is related to a clause or sentence not by size but by realizat

7、ion.” So we can say a text is a communicative unit. It does not only consist of sentences, it is also realized by sentences which must be meaningful.The example is grammatically correct, but it means nothing. （The sentence is not informative, it is not a text.)What is a text?(1)Look at the What is a

8、 text?(2) A text in linguisticsTextrealized inParagraphSentence ClausePhraseWordcontrolled byWhat is a text?(2) A text in Translation in a textual perspective(strategic decision-making ranks) Text logic among clauses Paragraph and sentence (operational ranks) Sentence decode and encode the informati

9、on Clause and reconstruct sentences Phrase collocation wordTranslation in a textual perspStandards of translation(1)(What is a good translation?)a good translation to be, That, in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehend

10、ed, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. (Tytler)fidelity and fluencyStandards of translation(1)(WStandards of translation(2)(How to realize a good translation?)Consider the style of the textCo

11、nsider the purpose of writing and translation (writer and reader) Consider the relationship between meaning and structureConsider the background and cultureConsider the skills usedStandards of translation(2)(H二、翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)譯者愈是研究怎樣精確地模仿，他的臨摹本就愈不會(huì)反映原作的流暢性和精神。那么，譯者怎樣實(shí)現(xiàn)這種流暢性的精神的困難結(jié)合呢？用一個(gè)大膽的說(shuō)法來(lái)說(shuō)吧，他必須取得作者的靈魂，讓它

12、通過(guò)自己的器官說(shuō)話。(Alexander F. Tytler )二、翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)譯者愈是研究怎樣精確地模仿，他的臨摹本就愈不會(huì)翻譯如以此種樂(lè)器演奏原為他種樂(lè)器所譜之曲調(diào)。（叔本華）翻也者，如翻錦綺，背面俱花，但其花有左右不同耳。高僧傳翻譯如以寬頸瓶中水灌注狹頸瓶中，旁傾而流失者必多。（雨果）翻譯如以此種樂(lè)器演奏原為他種樂(lè)器所譜之曲調(diào)。（叔本華）翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)像臨畫(huà)一樣，所求的不在形似而在神似(spiritual conformity)。（傅雷）文學(xué)翻譯的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是“化”，把作品從一國(guó)文字轉(zhuǎn)變成另一國(guó)文字，既能不因語(yǔ)文習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強(qiáng)的痕跡，又能完全保存原有的風(fēng)味，那就算得入于“化境”(sublimed adaptation)。十七世紀(jì)有人贊美這種造詣的翻譯，比為原作的“投胎轉(zhuǎn)世”(the transmigration of souls)，軀殼換了一個(gè)，而精神姿致依然故我。（錢(qián)鐘書(shū)）翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)像臨畫(huà)一樣，所求的不在形似而在神似(spiritua 對(duì)翻譯者的要求深厚的語(yǔ)言功底對(duì)英漢兩種語(yǔ)言正確的理解和純熟的運(yùn)用能力漢語(yǔ)及英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)感和表達(dá)能力（語(yǔ)法意識(shí)、慣用法意識(shí)、連貫意識(shí)）廣博的文化知識(shí)