1、高考二輪專題復(fù)習(xí)語法講解二、名 詞一、分類 (Classification)A:專有名詞 (Proper nouns)B:普通名詞 (Common nouns)Countable nouns (可數(shù)名詞)Uncountable nouns (不可數(shù)名詞)Individual Nouns （個體名詞） Collective Nouns （集體名詞 ）Abstract Nouns （抽象名詞 ）Material Nouns （物質(zhì)名詞 ）二、數(shù)(Number)A: Singular number (單數(shù))B: Plural number (復(fù)數(shù)) （1）一般的詞，包括元音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞，直接 在

2、詞尾加s（2）以-s, -x, -ch, -sh結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加es（3）以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞，變y為i再加es（4）以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞，應(yīng)變f或fe為v再加-es1.規(guī)則名詞單復(fù)數(shù)變化:2. 不規(guī)則名詞單復(fù)數(shù)變化:（1）單復(fù)數(shù)同形:sheep, deer, fish, means, species, species, works(工廠), aircraft, spacecraft, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss （2）改變字母：man -men, woman -women, policeman -policemen, saleswoman -saleswomen, fo

3、ot -feet, tooth -teeth, goose -geese, Mouse -Mice , abacus -abaci (或abacuses)， phenomenon -phenomena 另： penny （pence或 pennies）（3）增加字母: child -children, ox -oxen（4）以o結(jié)尾的詞： 加s: photo, radio, piano, zoo, studio, bamboo, tobacco, kangroo 加es: tomato, potato, hero, Negro, dingo 另：zero （zeros或 zeroes） （5）

4、以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞: 直接加s：roof, proof, belief, chief, gulf, 變f為v再加es：life, wife, knife, half, leaf, wolf, thief 另外：handkerchief （handkerchiefs或handkerchieves） beef（beeves菜牛 、beefs怨言；牢騷）3. 名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的特殊情況:(1) 集體名詞只用作復(fù)數(shù)：police , cattle , people , poultry, the youth(2) 集體名詞用作不可數(shù)名詞: clothing, jewellery, furniture, lug

5、gage (baggage), machinery, wealth(3) 集體名詞視具體情況而定單復(fù)數(shù)： family, class, population, staff, crew, couple, public, group, team, party, club, company, government, committee, audience, enemy(4) 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞: clothes, trousers, jeans, twins, glasses, compasses, scissors, handcuffs, pincers, goods ,thanks, wishe

6、s, wages, tears, troops, forces, resources(5) 以s結(jié)尾但不表示復(fù)數(shù): mathematics, physics, politics, statistics, news, woods(森林), works(工廠)(6) 有沒有s結(jié)尾意義不同： glass glasses, cloth clothes, work works, sand sands, snow snows, water waters, wood woods, goodgoods, time times(時(shí)代), paper papers(論文), green greens(青菜), c

7、ustom customs(海關(guān)), spirit spirits(酒精,情緒), light lights(燈), experience experiences(經(jīng)歷), arm arms(武器), iron irons(鐐銬,熨斗), compass(指南針) compasses(圓規(guī)), (7) 姓氏后加s并帶冠詞，表一家人或夫婦倆: the Greens ；the Chengs(8) 合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式： 將合成名詞中的主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)： looker(s)-on, passer(s)-by, mother(s)-in-law 將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)： grown-up(s), go-b

8、etween(s) (中間人）， good-for-nothing(s) (無用之人） 含boy, girl, lady等的合成的名詞： 它們始終為單數(shù)，其后的名詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 如： boy students, girl friends, lady drivers 含man或 woman的合成名詞： 它們隨其后名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的變化而變化。如： a man doctor, two men doctors (9)名詞只能用復(fù)數(shù)形式的短語：do exercises （做操）take notes (做筆記）take turns （輪流）make repairs （搞修理）change trains （改

9、換火車）make friends with （交朋友）shake hands with (握手）as follows （如下）in rags （衣衫襤褸）in dozens （成打的）(9) 名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式意義相同的短語：make faces / a face（做鬼臉）Have talks / a talk with sb.(與某人交談）Play jokes / a joke on （拿開玩笑）Make contributions / a contribution to （為做貢獻(xiàn)）(10)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)意義不同的短語：Have a word with sb. （與某人說句話）Have words

10、 with sb. （與某人吵架）Make cloth (織布）Make clothes （制衣）三、名詞的格 (Case)A:通格(Common case): 主格 (Subject case) 賓格 (Object case)B:所有格(Possessive case)1. s屬格： 原則上只用于表示有生命的人或物的名詞。如： the teachers book; the horses tail 然而，時(shí)間、距離、太陽、地球、月亮、江河、 海洋、船只、國家、城市、團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)等名詞也 可以用s屬格。如：todays newspaper; the citys transportation 一般的

11、名詞，包括不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞， 在詞后加s。如：the childrens book 以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格形式只在詞后加。 如：the teachers office 以s結(jié)尾的專有名詞的所有格，既可加s 也可加。如：Engels（s）letter 兩者或兩者以上共有的所有格形式只在后者用 所有格形式，如:Tom and Mikes room 若表示分別擁有時(shí)，則要在每個名詞后用 所有格形式，如:Toms and Mikes rooms 2. of屬格： 多用于無生命現(xiàn)象的名詞， 也可用于有生命現(xiàn)象的名詞；當(dāng)一個名詞有較長的定語時(shí)，就只能用of短語來表示所有關(guān)系。 如：the cove

12、r of the book; a toy of Li Pings younger brother3雙重屬格： 既有s的屬格，又有of的屬格。通常s屬格表示所有關(guān)系，of屬格表示部分與整體的關(guān)系。如:a friend of my fathers; a book of Toms4.表示“某人自己的”的屬格: 用of ones own表示，不可用of反身代詞。 例如：This is the house of my own.四、名詞的性 （Gender)Masculine（陽性）: actor, waiter, master, prince, lad, hero 2. Feminine（陰性）: ac

13、tress, waitress, mastress, princess, lass, heroine 3. Neuter（中性）: teacher, worker, monkey, sheep, tree, crop 五、名詞在句子中的作用 （Function) 功 能 例 子 主語Bush was elected president. 表語These are not goats but sheep. 賓語She was reading a book.同位語Mr. Smith, the manager, will host the meeting. 定語You are supposed to

14、gather at the school gate. 補(bǔ)語Marx made London the base of revolution. 狀語The couple walked shoulder to shoulder. 呼語Be quiet, children. 連詞The moment they saw the tower, they cheered.精選練習(xí)題1.The Chinese people _. A. is a great people B. are a great people C. are great people D. are great peoples2. Somet

15、hing was wrong with _car , but luckily they knew how to fix it . A. Jims and Toms B. Jim and Toms C. Jims and Tom D. Jim and Tom3.He is a friend of _. A. Kates fathers B. Kates father C.Fathers of Kate D. Kate fathers4.The news of Victories _got round quickly. A. is B. are C. have been D. /5. The ri

16、ch _not always happy. A. are B is C. have D. has6.Your trousers _dirty , you must _washed. A. is, it B are, it C. is , them D. are , them 7. He, including his parents, _this novel. A. like B . likes C. are like D. is like8.There are three _in our class. A. Zhous B. Zhous C. Zhous D. Zhouss9.The brid

17、ge is _. A. ten-metres B. ten metre C. ten-meters D. ten metres10.Mother made a new skirt with two meters of _. A.clothes B, cloth C.dress D.cloths11.If these trousers are too big , buy a small _ A.one B. copy C. pair D. set12.He dropped the _and broke it . A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup cof

18、fee D. coffee cup13. Lets have a _break. A. ten minutes B. ten-minutes C. ten minutes D. ten minutes14._should be strict with _. A. Teachers, a student B. The teachers, students C. Teachers, students D. Teachers, a student15.They played in the _for an hour, and when they returned , they found their goods _stolen. A. sand, were B. sand, was C. sands, were D. sands, was總之，名詞是人、動物、事物、地方、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)或動作的名稱。它可以表示具體的東西，也可表示抽象的東西。下面斜體字都是名詞：1John is my friendMy children love their teachers（人）2The dog is running after a rat（動物