1、社會醫(yī)學(xué)作業(yè)一、填空題人群健康狀況是_因素與_因素綜合作用的結(jié)果。社會衛(wèi)生狀況內(nèi)容甚廣，大體上可分為下列六類：_、_、與衛(wèi)生有關(guān)的_、_、_、_等。人群健康狀況包括_、_、_、_、_等幾個方面。嬰兒死亡率是一個敏感、綜合的指標(biāo)，不僅直接反映影響_的衛(wèi)生問題，而且也反映_、產(chǎn)前和產(chǎn)后的_以及嬰兒保健水平和環(huán)境衛(wèi)生狀況等。衛(wèi)生服務(wù)研究主要內(nèi)容包括醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的_-、_和_-等方面的內(nèi)容。6健康行為主要有_、 _、 _和 _四類。7本能行為包括 _ 和 _。8主要的行為治療的方法有 _、 _ 、 _ 、和 _ 等。第1題:使用封閉式問題收集資料的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是。A答案全面B容易回答C不易發(fā)生筆誤D能反映事實(shí)

2、情況E能收集到詳細(xì)資料來源：考試大第2題:計(jì)算生命素質(zhì)指數(shù)需要的三個指標(biāo)是。A出生率、死亡率、期望壽命B出生率、嬰兒死亡率、15歲以上人口識字率C就業(yè)率、孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率、國民生產(chǎn)總值D嬰兒死亡率、1歲平均期望壽命、15歲以上人口識字率E嬰兒死亡率、孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率、人均國民生活總值增長率第3題:規(guī)范文化影響人類健康的主要途徑是。來源：考試大A支配人類的行為生活方式B影響人類的生活環(huán)境C干擾人們的心理過程D提高衛(wèi)生資源的使用效率E影響人類的勞動條件第4題:健康危險因素評價對下面哪項(xiàng)疾病的預(yù)防可以說是一種相對有效的措施。A高血壓B痢疾C脊髓灰質(zhì)炎D麻疹E流行性感冒第5題:ASHA在評價社會發(fā)展的過程中加

3、入了反映人口健康狀況的指標(biāo)，即。A嬰兒死亡率、成人識字率、平均期望壽命B嬰兒死亡率、成人識字率、1歲平均期望壽命C出生率、死亡率、平均期望壽命D出生率、嬰兒死亡率、平均期望壽命E出生率、孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率、平均期望壽命第6題:美國布魯姆（Blum）于1976年提出的決定人群健康狀況的公式：Hs=f（e）+AcHs+B+LS中，AcHs表示。A環(huán)境因素B生物遺傳因素C行為生活方式D保健設(shè)施的易獲得性E以上都不是第7題:使用開放式問題收集資料的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是。A準(zhǔn)確無誤B拒答率低C問卷回收率高D適用于任何文化程度E能收集到詳細(xì)生動的資料第8題:社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)主要為社區(qū)群眾提供。A基本醫(yī)療服務(wù)B預(yù)防保健服務(wù)C病后康

4、復(fù)服務(wù)D?？品?wù)E上述A、B、C三項(xiàng)第9題:性比例的計(jì)算方法是。A女性與男性人口數(shù)之比B女性與男性人口數(shù)之百分比C女性與男性人口數(shù)之千分比D男性與女性人口數(shù)之比E男性與女性人口數(shù)之千分比第10題:反映人群健康狀況常用的社會學(xué)指標(biāo)有。來源：考試大AGNP、就業(yè)率、嬰兒死亡率BGNP、成人識字率、嬰兒死亡率CGNP、成人識字率、社會保障率DGNP、社會保障率、嬰兒死亡率EGNP、人均國民收入、社會保障率第11題:近年來，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展可能帶來的健康問題有。A營養(yǎng)不良、心理障礙、精神分裂癥B傳染病、車禍、心理緊張C慢性非傳染性疾病、心理緊張、環(huán)境污染D環(huán)境污染、嬰兒死亡率增高、人口壽命降低E新型傳染

5、病、心理緊張、貧血第12題:集合調(diào)查法的主要缺點(diǎn)是。A漏填多有發(fā)生B被調(diào)查者間的影響會導(dǎo)致調(diào)查結(jié)果的偏倚C受調(diào)查員水平和工作責(zé)任心的影響（訪問偏差）D需要較多的人員、經(jīng)費(fèi)和時間E無法控制答卷環(huán)境第13題:65歲以上人口數(shù)與014歲人口數(shù)之百分比，稱為。A老年人口系數(shù)B老年人口負(fù)擔(dān)系數(shù)C老齡化指數(shù)D少年人口系數(shù)E少年人口負(fù)擔(dān)系數(shù)第14題:社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平在一定程度上決定著人口再生產(chǎn)模式，工業(yè)模式的主要特征是。A 高出生、高死亡、低壽命B 高出生、高死亡、低自然增長C 高出生、低死亡、高壽命D 低出生、高死亡、低自然增長E 低出生、低死亡、低自然增長第15題:隨著人們對健康認(rèn)識的深化，有關(guān)疾病與健

6、康的概念得到擴(kuò)展，下述描述不恰當(dāng)?shù)氖?。A健康與疾病具有相對性B健康具有多維性C健康具有連續(xù)性D疾病是機(jī)體對內(nèi)外環(huán)境適應(yīng)的失敗或失調(diào)E劃清健康與疾病的界限第16題:社會心理因素刺激引起生理變化的主要中介機(jī)制是。A神經(jīng)、內(nèi)分泌、免疫系統(tǒng)來源：考試大B精神、行為、社會適應(yīng)性C中樞神經(jīng)、周圍神經(jīng)、內(nèi)分泌D神經(jīng)、內(nèi)分泌、反應(yīng)性E內(nèi)分泌、體液、免疫系統(tǒng)第17題:社會心理因素刺激引起生理變化的主要中介機(jī)制是。A神經(jīng)、內(nèi)分泌、免疫系統(tǒng)B精神、行為、社會適應(yīng)性C中樞神經(jīng)、周圍神經(jīng)、內(nèi)分泌D神經(jīng)、內(nèi)分泌、反應(yīng)性E內(nèi)分泌、體液、免疫系統(tǒng)第18題:社會醫(yī)學(xué)工作者認(rèn)為，不同的家庭生命周期與不同的衛(wèi)生保健問題相聯(lián)系，因此

7、把家庭生命周期劃分為。A結(jié)婚前、結(jié)婚后、生育、撫養(yǎng)、鰥寡五個階段B結(jié)婚前、婚后無孩、生育、撫養(yǎng)、離巢五個階段C結(jié)婚無孩、生育、離巢、空巢、鰥寡五個階段D結(jié)婚無孩、生育、撫養(yǎng)、離巢、空巢五個階段E結(jié)婚無孩、生育、撫養(yǎng)、離巢、鰥寡五個階段第19題:生物-心理-社會醫(yī)學(xué)模式對衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的影響主要表現(xiàn)為“四個擴(kuò)大”，下列哪項(xiàng)不在其中。A從治療服務(wù)擴(kuò)大到預(yù)防服務(wù)B從技術(shù)服務(wù)擴(kuò)大到社會服務(wù)C從院內(nèi)服務(wù)擴(kuò)大到院外服務(wù)D從生理服務(wù)擴(kuò)大到心理服務(wù)E由提供適宜衛(wèi)生技術(shù)服務(wù)擴(kuò)大到提供高精尖技術(shù)服務(wù)第20題:個體健康危險因素評價結(jié)果為：評價年齡高于實(shí)際年齡，說明。A被評價者不存在任何危險因素B被評價者所存在的危險因素低

8、于平均水平C被評價者所存在的危險因素等于平均水平D被評價者所存在的危險因素高于平均水平E被評價者存在的危險因素已被去除第21題:傳統(tǒng)健康評價的主要內(nèi)容是。來源：考試大A疾病與健康B健康與死亡C疾病與壽命D健康與壽命E疾病與死亡第22題:思想文化人類健康的主要途徑是。A影響人類的勞動條件B影響人類的科學(xué)技術(shù)水平C支配人們的行為生活方式D干擾人們的心理過程E干擾人們的心理過程和精神生活第23題:略第24題:應(yīng)用健康危險因素評價方法對一位45歲男性進(jìn)行個體定型分析，計(jì)算的評價年齡是47歲、可達(dá)到年齡41歲?？刂坪腿コｋU因素后，該男子可能延長的壽命數(shù)是。A4年B6年C2年D3年E1年第25題:面訪法

9、是指由調(diào)查員對被調(diào)查者逐個訪問，這種問卷調(diào)查方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是。A節(jié)約經(jīng)費(fèi)和時間B具有更好的隱匿性C幾乎不存在調(diào)查員個人素質(zhì)對調(diào)查結(jié)果的影響D可以控制答卷環(huán)境E調(diào)查范圍廣泛第26題:在常用的問卷調(diào)查實(shí)施中，分發(fā)問卷法、集合法、郵寄法與面訪法比較的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是。A可以控制答卷環(huán)境B可以使用較為復(fù)雜的調(diào)查表C幾乎不存在調(diào)查員個人素質(zhì)的影響，漏填和不合理回答的發(fā)生率低D節(jié)約經(jīng)費(fèi)和時間E具有一定的靈活性第27題:健康對經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的作用主要表現(xiàn)在。A增強(qiáng)人群健康水平、促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展B促進(jìn)衛(wèi)生技術(shù)的進(jìn)步、提高服務(wù)質(zhì)量C提高人群整體素質(zhì)、增加國民收入D促進(jìn)社會生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展E提高勞動生產(chǎn)率、減少衛(wèi)生資源消耗第28題:關(guān)于醫(yī)學(xué)

10、模式的描述不正確的是。A評價醫(yī)學(xué)的屬性、職能、結(jié)構(gòu)和發(fā)展規(guī)律B是哲學(xué)思想在醫(yī)學(xué)的反映C某哲學(xué)概念就是醫(yī)學(xué)觀來源：考試大D是由醫(yī)學(xué)有主觀臆造的概念E觀察、分析、處理問題的原則第29題:訪談法是社會調(diào)查常用的方式之一，下列屬于訪談法的是。A醫(yī)學(xué)檢查B直接觀察C專題小組討論D郵寄法E集中調(diào)查法第30題:目前認(rèn)為，下列疾病不屬于“心身疾病”范疇的是。A冠心病B支氣管哮喘C潰瘍病D亞性腫瘤E病毒性肝炎第31題:社會因素影響人類健康的途徑有。A身體、心理、社會適應(yīng)B神經(jīng)、體液、免疫C神經(jīng)、心理、社會適應(yīng)D身體、心理、免疫E神經(jīng)、免疫、社會適應(yīng)第32題:第三次衛(wèi)生革命的主要任務(wù)是。A控制傳染病和寄生蟲病B降

11、低慢性病的發(fā)病率C控制感染性疾病D提高心理健康狀況E增進(jìn)健康、提高生命質(zhì)量第33題:根據(jù)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)人口年齡構(gòu)成模型，老年型國家的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是。A 少年人口系數(shù)在30%以上、老年人口系數(shù)在4%以下、老齡化指數(shù)在30%以上、中位數(shù)年齡在2030歲之間B 少年人口系數(shù)在40%以上、老年人口系數(shù)在10%以下、老齡化指數(shù)在30%以上、中位數(shù)年齡在20歲以下C 少年人口系數(shù)在20%以下、老年人口系數(shù)在7%以上、老齡化指數(shù)在15%以上、中位數(shù)年齡在30歲以上D 少年人口系數(shù)在30%以下、老年人口系數(shù)在7%以上、老齡化指數(shù)在30%以上、中位數(shù)年齡在30歲以上E 少年人口系數(shù)在30%以上、老年人口系數(shù)在7%以下、老齡化

12、指數(shù)在15%以下、中位數(shù)年齡在2030歲之間第34題:目前認(rèn)為，人口素質(zhì)可以從以下三方面得到評價。A思想道德、身體及文化素質(zhì)來源：考試大B人口出生率、識字率、期望壽命C人口出生率、死亡率、期望壽命D嬰兒死亡率、孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率、預(yù)防接種率E嬰兒死亡率、孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率、國民生產(chǎn)總值第35題:被譽(yù)為“中國模式”的我國農(nóng)村衛(wèi)生事業(yè)的三大支柱是。A健康教育、醫(yī)療保險、初級衛(wèi)生保健B健康教育、醫(yī)療保險、社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)C健康教育、公費(fèi)醫(yī)療、三級醫(yī)療預(yù)防保健網(wǎng)D鄉(xiāng)村醫(yī)生、公費(fèi)醫(yī)療、三級醫(yī)療預(yù)防保健網(wǎng)E鄉(xiāng)村醫(yī)生、合作醫(yī)療、三級醫(yī)療預(yù)防保健網(wǎng)第36題:法國醫(yī)生儒勒-蓋林對社會醫(yī)學(xué)有著重要的貢獻(xiàn)，他當(dāng)時把社會醫(yī)學(xué)分為四個

13、部分，即。A 社會生理學(xué)、社會病理學(xué)、社會衛(wèi)生學(xué)、社會治療學(xué)B 社會生理學(xué)、社會病理學(xué)、社會衛(wèi)生學(xué)、社會診斷學(xué)C 社會生理學(xué)、社會病因?qū)W、社會預(yù)防學(xué)、社會診斷學(xué)D 社會生理學(xué)、社會病因?qū)W、社會診斷學(xué)、社會治療學(xué)E 社會生理學(xué)、社會病理學(xué)、社會診斷學(xué)、社會治療學(xué)第37題:開放式問卷的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是。A答案標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，便于資料的整理分析B適用于答案較多、較復(fù)雜的問題C可以節(jié)省答卷時間來源：考試大D有助于提高答卷的回收率E適用于文化程度較低者第38題:增長年齡（即：可達(dá)到年齡）與評價年齡之差可用來說明。A危險因素已經(jīng)存在年數(shù)B減低危險因素后可能延長壽命的年數(shù)C消除危險因素所需要的年數(shù)D接觸危險因素后引發(fā)疾病所需

14、要的年數(shù)E接觸危險因素后從患病到死亡的年數(shù)第39題:生命質(zhì)量是指具有一定生命數(shù)量的人在某一時點(diǎn)上表現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，它更多地強(qiáng)調(diào)。A生存時間的長度B疾病的嚴(yán)重程度C慢性病發(fā)生的可能性D生理健康程度E個人對生活的感覺體驗(yàn)第40題:健康危險因素評價的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展與下列哪項(xiàng)沒有直接的聯(lián)系。A疾病譜的轉(zhuǎn)變B高科技醫(yī)療診斷技術(shù)的發(fā)展C慢性病病因?qū)W研究的進(jìn)展D人們對預(yù)防保健要求的提高E人們對不斷上漲的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用的擔(dān)心來源：考試大第41題:社區(qū)作為宏觀社會的縮影，下列哪項(xiàng)不屬于構(gòu)成社區(qū)的必備要素。A一定地域內(nèi)的聚居人群B一定的生活服務(wù)設(shè)施C穩(wěn)定、協(xié)調(diào)的社會關(guān)系D國家宏觀調(diào)控政策E促使規(guī)章制度得以落實(shí)的機(jī)構(gòu)、組織第42題

15、:PQLI是評價人口素質(zhì)的重要指標(biāo)之一，其含義是。A生活變化單位B期望壽命指數(shù)來源：考試大C質(zhì)量調(diào)整生活年D健康相關(guān)生命質(zhì)量E生命素質(zhì)指數(shù)第43題:社會醫(yī)學(xué)得到極大發(fā)展的階段是。A16世紀(jì)B17世紀(jì)C18世紀(jì)D19世紀(jì)E20世紀(jì)第44題:ASHA是衡量社會發(fā)展的綜合指標(biāo)，其含義是指。A美國社會健康協(xié)會指標(biāo)B潛在減壽年數(shù)C平均期望壽命D生命素質(zhì)指數(shù)E質(zhì)量調(diào)整生命年第45題:首次提出“社會醫(yī)學(xué)”一詞的學(xué)者是。A德國學(xué)者魏爾嘯B美國醫(yī)學(xué)家麥克英泰爾C比利時醫(yī)生維薩里D法國醫(yī)師蓋林E美國內(nèi)科學(xué)教授恩格爾第46題:現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)的目的突出強(qiáng)調(diào)了。A治療疾病B預(yù)防疾病C延長壽命D增進(jìn)健康E以上都不是第47題:判

16、斷受教育程度對人們健康影響的兩個重要指標(biāo)是。A學(xué)歷與社會職位B社會職位與事業(yè)成就C消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)和閑暇時間如何安排D事業(yè)成就與消費(fèi)水平E消費(fèi)水平和消費(fèi)方式第48題:對調(diào)查問卷（即：調(diào)查工具）評價，常用的兩個指標(biāo)是。A問卷回收率、調(diào)查符合率B信度系數(shù)、效度系數(shù)來源：考試大C信度系數(shù)、相關(guān)系數(shù)D效度系數(shù)、相關(guān)系數(shù)E回歸系數(shù)、相關(guān)系數(shù)第49題:下列哪項(xiàng)不屬于生命質(zhì)量評價的內(nèi)容。A生活富裕程度B身體狀態(tài)C心理狀態(tài)D社會功能狀態(tài)E個人對其健康、生活狀況的一般性感覺第50題:社會醫(yī)學(xué)的研究對象和研究內(nèi)容是。A疾病的分布、流行原因、傳播途徑B數(shù)據(jù)與資料的搜集、整理、分析C自然環(huán)境、生活居住環(huán)境及與人群健康的關(guān)系D

17、衛(wèi)生資源的配置、利用、評價E影響人群健康的社會因素、社會衛(wèi)生狀況、社會衛(wèi)生措施第51題:我國中醫(yī)學(xué)的理論體系源于。A神靈主義醫(yī)學(xué)模式B自然哲學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)模式C機(jī)械論醫(yī)學(xué)模式D生物醫(yī)學(xué)模式E生物心理社會醫(yī)學(xué)模式第52題:所謂“民強(qiáng)促國富、國富保民強(qiáng)”體現(xiàn)了社會醫(yī)學(xué)的。A健康與社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的雙向理論B醫(yī)學(xué)模式與保健水平相關(guān)性理論C社會因素決定性理論D高危險性理論E衛(wèi)生工作要求社會參與的大衛(wèi)生理論答案：1社會 自然2人群健康狀況 衛(wèi)生政策 社會經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況 衛(wèi)生保健 衛(wèi)生資源 衛(wèi)生行為 3人口狀況 生長發(fā)育 營養(yǎng)水平 疾病發(fā)生與發(fā)展 死亡與平均壽命 4嬰兒健康 母親的健康狀況 保健水平5需要量 利用率 衛(wèi)生資

18、源6日常健康行為 保健行為 預(yù)防性行為 改變危險健康的行為7個體保存行為 種族保存行為8系統(tǒng)脫敏療法 沖擊療法 厭惡療法 陽性強(qiáng)化法 消極練習(xí)法 自我控制法 模仿法（寫出四個即可第1-5題的答案為BDAAD第6-10題的答案為DEEDE第11-15題的答案為CBCEE第16-20題的答案為AACED第21-25題的答案為EEDBD第26-30題的答案為DEDCE第31-35題的答案為BEDAE第36-40題的答案為ABBEB第41-45題的答案為DEEAD第46-50題的答案為DCBAE第51-52題的答案為DA請您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！2016年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末

19、考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NC

20、AA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At

21、the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Bas

22、ket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in cir

23、cumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is

24、based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting h

25、eight of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated s

26、phere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students

27、 at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coo

28、rdination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote t

29、o Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and non

30、e of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the e

31、nd of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to n

32、ine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, a

33、nd basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to C

34、anada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about

35、 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters c

36、ame from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint

37、 Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, an

38、d the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and

39、 college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even

40、high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate r

41、ules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball natio

42、n outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing

43、attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players

44、 on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, t

45、he two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams.

46、 Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismi

47、th, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result,

48、it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to

49、 three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first prof

50、essional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Non

51、etheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, whic

52、h prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional

53、or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting t

54、he areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five ur

55、ban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and

56、Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketbal

57、l up until the late 1930s, with coaches dominating the game and its development. Walter Doc Meanwell at Wisconsin, Forrest Phog Allen at Kansas, Ward Piggy Lambert at Purdue, and Henry Doc Carlson at Pittsburgh all made significant contributions to the games development: zone defenses, the weave, th

58、e passing game, and the fast break. In the decade preceding World War II, five events changed college basketball and allowed it to become a major spectator sport. In 1929, the rules committee reversed a decision that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, p

59、romoter Edward Ned Irish staged the first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attracted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball and made New York its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the one

60、-handed shot to an amazed Garden audience and became the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter, Luisetti scored an incredible fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the Easts devotion to the set shot and encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the center jump was eliminated aft