1、主語(yǔ)從句(Subject Clause)定義:在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的句子叫做主語(yǔ)從句.第一部分：常規(guī)主語(yǔ)從句，即句子在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)：不受主句的時(shí)態(tài)影響和限制。（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.（4） Whom we must s

2、tudy for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.（6）Whatever you did is right.（7）Who the watch belongs to was lost is unknown.（8）What we need is time.（9）What we need are good doctors.小結(jié):（1)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句連詞有that,whether,who,what,whatever等（2)連詞位于句首不能省略（3)主語(yǔ)從句大多數(shù)情況下視為三單,但也

3、有例外,如例9第二部分：為了防止句子頭重腳輕，通常把形式主語(yǔ)it放在主語(yǔ)位置，真正主語(yǔ)擱置于句末（1）It is certain that he will win the match.（2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.（3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.（4）It is strange that he should do that.（5）It is important that we all should attend t

4、he meeting.（6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.（7）It is a pity that we wont be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.（8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident. （9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai) （10）

5、It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese. （11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.（12）It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film)（13）It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there)小結(jié):

6、（1)以that 引出的主語(yǔ)從句,常以形式主語(yǔ)it引導(dǎo). It is +形容詞/名詞/某些動(dòng)詞ed + that 從句.（2) 在有些that從句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣 (should+do/should+have done)例句4,5,6,11. 主語(yǔ)從句與賓語(yǔ)從句兩者的用法和在句中的作用是不同的，下面從它們的各自用法，介紹：一主語(yǔ)從句 主語(yǔ)從句 定義:在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的是一個(gè)從句,這個(gè)從句就叫做主語(yǔ)從句。 主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較 It 作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句，主要是為了平衡

7、句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒(méi)有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 2. 用it 作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu) (1) It is 名詞從句 It is a fact that 事實(shí)是 It is an honor that 非常榮幸 It is common knowledge that 是常識(shí) (2) it is 形容詞從句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange tha

8、t 奇怪的是 (3) it 不及物動(dòng)詞從句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 (4) it is過(guò)去分詞從句 It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道 It has been proved that 已證實(shí) 3. 主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況 (1) if 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (3) It happens, It

9、occurs 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (5) 含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 4. What 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別 What 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分

10、，如主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)，而that 則不然。例如： What you said yesterday is right. 二：賓語(yǔ)從句的幾個(gè)特征：1、引導(dǎo)詞：whatwhichwhosewhenwhetherifwhere 2語(yǔ)序：賓語(yǔ)從句必須是用陳述語(yǔ)句。 如：I think that you must work harder. 賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞、連接詞的區(qū)別、否定轉(zhuǎn)移等現(xiàn)象。 (1)表達(dá)時(shí)間的幾個(gè)句型：一般用when或者是what time： What time will the train leave? 由于時(shí)刻都是固定的，也可以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)： What time does the

11、 train leave? (2)時(shí)間的表達(dá)方式：8：19(nineteen past eight),7:57(three to eight)，在時(shí)間的中間也可以加上分的單詞(minutes) (3)had better +動(dòng)詞原型。意思是提要求，建議。但是上下級(jí)不能用這種方式，因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)氣太重： You had better give up smoking . (4)sb leave sth +地點(diǎn) I left my book in my classroom yesterday. (5)may I have your name(addressage)?一般詢(xún)問(wèn)對(duì)方的年齡、名字等，不要習(xí)慣以前的

12、問(wèn)法，這樣很不禮貌，而是要采訪上面的問(wèn)法。以前的習(xí)慣是：how old are you? whats your name? (6)修飾名詞的代詞次序：限-描-大-形-年-顏-籍-物-類(lèi)+名詞： this is a bridge. This is a beautiful bridge 補(bǔ)充：從句的語(yǔ)序永遠(yuǎn)是陳述句。在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句 (Noun Clauses）。 名詞從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱(chēng)為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。一、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞引導(dǎo)名詞性

13、從句的連接詞可分為三類(lèi)：連詞：that（無(wú)任何詞意）whether,if（均表示“是否”表明從句內(nèi)容的不確定性）as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上在從句中均不充當(dāng)任何成分連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,whose, whichever,whomever連接副詞：when, where, how, why,how many,how much不可省略的連詞：1. 介詞后的連詞2. 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的連詞不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the

14、 news that our team had won.比較：whether與if 均為是否的意思。 但在下列情況下，whether 不能被if 取代：1. whether引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在句首2. 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句 3. whether從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)4. 從句后有or not Whether he will come is not clear.大部分連接詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句都可以置于句末，用 it充當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)。It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.二. 主語(yǔ)從句作句子主語(yǔ)的從句

15、叫主語(yǔ)從句。主語(yǔ)從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether，if和連接代詞what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等詞引導(dǎo)。that在句中無(wú)詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問(wèn)含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當(dāng)從句的成分。例如：What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我們說(shuō)什么，還不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown. 誰(shuí)能贏得這場(chǎng)比賽還不得而知。It is known to us how he became

16、a writer. 我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)將在哪里舉行，還沒(méi)有宣布。有時(shí)為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用形式主語(yǔ)it代替主語(yǔ)從句作形式主語(yǔ)放于句首，而把主語(yǔ)從句置于句末。主語(yǔ)從句后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下：（1） It + be + 名詞 + that從句（2）It + be + 形容詞 + that從句（3）It + be + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 + that從句（4）It + 不及物動(dòng)詞 + that 從句另注意在主語(yǔ)從句中用來(lái)表示驚奇

17、、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語(yǔ)氣時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that三、賓語(yǔ)從句名詞句用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或介詞及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。1. 由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從

18、句由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，在口語(yǔ)或非正式的文體中常被省去，但如從句是并列句時(shí),第二個(gè)分句前的that不可省。例如：He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已經(jīng)告訴我他明天要去上海。We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我們決不能認(rèn)為自己什么都好，別人什么都不好。注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire,

19、request, command等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動(dòng)詞后，賓語(yǔ)從句常用“（should）+ 動(dòng)詞原形”。例如：I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我堅(jiān)持要她自己工作。The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令員命令部隊(duì)馬上出發(fā)。2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問(wèn)句，應(yīng)注意

20、句子語(yǔ)序要用陳述語(yǔ)序。例如：I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告訴了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要幫助的人，她都會(huì)給予熱情的支持。3. 用whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，其主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的順序也不能顛倒，仍保持陳述句語(yǔ)序。此外，whether與if 在作“是否”的意思講時(shí)在下列情況下一般只能用whether，不用if：a. 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在句首時(shí)；

21、b. 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)；c . 引導(dǎo)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)；d. 從句后有“or not”時(shí)；e. 后接動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。例如：Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有沒(méi)有生命是個(gè)有趣的問(wèn)題。The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?現(xiàn)在的問(wèn)題是她是否應(yīng)該有一個(gè)低意見(jiàn)的測(cè)試？Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我們是否有足夠的錢(qián)。I wonder wh

22、ether he will come or not. 我想知道他來(lái)還是不來(lái)。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告訴我是去還是留？4. 注意賓語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)，當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況，而使用不同時(shí)態(tài)。例如：he studies English every day. （從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）he studied English last term. （從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)）I know (that) he will study English next year. （從句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)）he has studied English

23、 since 1998. （從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)（could, would除外），從句則要用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，如一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)等；當(dāng)從句表示的是客觀真理，科學(xué)原理，自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。例如：The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America 5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等動(dòng)詞引起的否定性賓語(yǔ)從句中，要把上述主句中的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ?。即將從句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：We dont think you are here. 我們認(rèn)為你不在這。I dont

24、 believe he will do so. 我相信他不會(huì)這樣做。四、表語(yǔ)從句在句中作表語(yǔ)的從句叫表語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，表語(yǔ)從句位于連系動(dòng)詞后，有時(shí)用as if引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + that從句。例如：The fact is that we have lost the game. 事實(shí)是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場(chǎng)比賽。Thats just what I want. 這正是我想要的。This is where our problem lies. 這就是我們的問(wèn)題所在。That is why he didnt come to the meetin

25、g. 那就是他為什么不到會(huì)的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是reason時(shí)，表語(yǔ)從句要用that引導(dǎo)而不是because。例如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .【注意】whether 可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，但與之同義的if卻通常不用于引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。五、同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語(yǔ)從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，可用于同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞有advice、demand、do

26、ubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：The news that we won the game is exciting.我們贏得這場(chǎng)比賽的消息令人激動(dòng)。I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來(lái)。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能瑪麗生病了。同位

27、語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別： that作為關(guān)系代詞，可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，充當(dāng)句子成分，在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略； that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，起連詞的作用，沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義，不充當(dāng)句子成分，一般不能省略。 試比較下面兩個(gè)例句: I had no idea that you were here（that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略）六、名詞性that-從句1）由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的從句叫做名詞性that-從句。 That只起

28、連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，本身也沒(méi)有詞義。名詞性that-從句在句中能充當(dāng)主 語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和形容詞賓語(yǔ)，例如：主語(yǔ)：That she is still alive is her luck.他還活著全靠運(yùn)氣。賓語(yǔ)：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.約翰說(shuō)他星期三要到倫敦去。表語(yǔ)：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事實(shí)是近來(lái)誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他。同位語(yǔ)：The fact that he has not been seen recently d

29、isturbs everyone in his office. 近來(lái)誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他，這一事實(shí)令辦公室所有的人不安。形容詞賓語(yǔ)：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你對(duì)工作滿意我感到很高興。2）That-從句作主語(yǔ)通常用it作先行詞，而將that-從句置于句末，例如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整個(gè)計(jì)劃注定要失敗。Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主語(yǔ)的t

30、hat-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關(guān)系：a. It + be +形容詞+ that-從句It is necessary that有必要It is important that重要的是It is obvious that很明顯b. It + be + -ed 分詞+ that-從句It is believed that人們相信It is known to all that眾所周知It has been decided that已決定c. It + be +名詞+ that-從句It is common knowledge that是常識(shí)It is a surprise that令人驚奇的是It i

31、s a fact that事實(shí)是d. It +不及物動(dòng)詞+ that-從句It appears that似乎It happens that碰巧It occurred to me that我突然想起七、名詞性wh-從句1）由wh-詞引導(dǎo)的名詞從句叫做名詞性wh-從句。Wh-詞包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等連接代詞和where, when, how, why等連接副詞。Wh-從句的語(yǔ)法功能除了和that-從句一樣外，還可充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)等，例如：主語(yǔ)： How the book will

32、 sell depends on its author.書(shū)銷(xiāo)售如何取決于整理本人。直接賓語(yǔ)：In ones own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以隨心所欲。間接賓語(yǔ)：The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱樂(lè)部將給得勝者設(shè)獎(jiǎng)。表語(yǔ)： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的問(wèn)題是誰(shuí)將接任該基金會(huì)主席職位。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高興給他起什么名字就取

33、什么名字。同位語(yǔ)：I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來(lái)。形容詞賓語(yǔ)：Im not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她為什么拒絕他們的邀請(qǐng)。介詞賓語(yǔ)：That depends on where we shall go.那取決于我們?nèi)ツ膬骸?）Wh-從句作主語(yǔ)也常用先行詞it做形式主語(yǔ)，而將wh-從句置于句末，例如：It is not yet decided who will do that job.還沒(méi)決定誰(shuí)做這項(xiàng)工作。It remains unknown when they are

34、going to get married.他們何時(shí)結(jié)婚依然不明。八、if, whether引導(dǎo)的名詞從句1）yes-no型疑問(wèn)從句從屬連詞if, whether引導(dǎo)的名詞從句是由一般疑問(wèn)句或選擇疑問(wèn)轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的，因此也分別被稱(chēng)為yes-no型疑問(wèn)句從句和選擇型疑問(wèn)從句，其功能和wh-從句的功能相同， 例如：主語(yǔ)：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 這一計(jì)劃是否可行還有等證實(shí)。賓語(yǔ)：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.請(qǐng)讓我們知道你是否能

35、在星期五以前把文章寫(xiě)完。表語(yǔ)：The point is whether we should lend him the money.問(wèn)題在于我們是否應(yīng)該借錢(qián)給他。同位語(yǔ)：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他們調(diào)查他是否值得信賴(lài)。形容詞賓語(yǔ)： Shes doubtful whether we shall be able to come.她懷疑我們是否能夠前來(lái)。介詞賓語(yǔ)： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illne

36、ss.我擔(dān)心他是否能度過(guò)疾病的危險(xiǎn)期。2）選擇性疑問(wèn)從句選擇性疑問(wèn)從句由關(guān)聯(lián)詞if/whetheror或whetheror not構(gòu)成，例如：Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 請(qǐng)告訴我他們是瑞典人還是丹麥人。I dont care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜歡該計(jì)劃。if和whether的區(qū)別： 1、 在動(dòng)詞不定式之前只能用whether 。如： 例8 I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能決定是否留下。 2、 在whether o

37、r not 的固定搭配中。如： 例9 I want to know whether its good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。 3 、在介詞后，只能用whether。如： 例10 His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父親擔(dān)心是否會(huì)失去工作。 4、賓語(yǔ)從句放在句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，只能用whether 。如： Whether this is true or not, I really dont know. 這是否真的，我真的不知道。（例11 Whether they can finish the w

38、ork on time is still a problem . 他們是否能準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作還是個(gè)問(wèn)題。此例為主語(yǔ)從句，有誤，感謝指出） 5、用if會(huì)引起歧義時(shí)，只用whether。如： 例12 Could you tell me if you know the answer ? 這句話有兩種意思：“你能告訴我是否知道答案嗎？”或“如果你知道答案，請(qǐng)告訴我，好嗎？”。如用whether可避免歧義.九、否定轉(zhuǎn)移1) 將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動(dòng)詞后面賓語(yǔ)從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用否定式，而從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用肯

39、定式。I dont think I know you.我想我并不認(rèn)識(shí)你。I don t believe he will come.我相信他不回來(lái)。注意：若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為hope,賓語(yǔ)從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。I hope you werent ill. 我想你沒(méi)有生病吧。2) 將seem, appear 等后的從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到前面。It doesnt seem that they know where to go.看來(lái)他們不知道往哪去。It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow.看來(lái)我們明天不會(huì)碰上好天氣。3) 有時(shí)將動(dòng)名詞，介詞短語(yǔ)或整

40、個(gè)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷?duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定。I dont remember having ever seen such a man.我記得從未見(jiàn)過(guò)這樣一個(gè)人。 (not否定動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ) having)Its not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 在這里，人們不會(huì)想到在街上會(huì)碰上陌生的人。 (anyone 作主語(yǔ)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能用否定形式。)4) 有時(shí)狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句中否定可以轉(zhuǎn)移到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前。The ant is not gathering this for itself alon

41、e.(否定狀語(yǔ))螞蟻不只是為自己采食。He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because狀語(yǔ)) 他并不因亞里斯多德說(shuō)過(guò)如何如何，就輕信此事。She had not been married many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.(否定狀語(yǔ)many weeks)她結(jié)婚還不到幾個(gè)月，這個(gè)人的弟弟就看見(jiàn)她了，并對(duì)她的美貌著了迷。主謂一致1) 語(yǔ)法形式上要一致,即用作主語(yǔ)的名

42、詞中心詞和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上一致 2) 意義上要一致,即主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的一致關(guān)系取決于主語(yǔ)的單、復(fù)數(shù)意義.1 并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)當(dāng)意義為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)注意: 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由and連結(jié)時(shí),如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念,即指同一人或同一物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),and 此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞.The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.2 主謂一致中的靠近原則當(dāng)there be 句型的主語(yǔ)是一系列事物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致.There is a pen, a knife and several books on the

43、desk.There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.總的來(lái)說(shuō)，在由not onlybut also, not justbut, or, eitheror, neithernor連接主語(yǔ)的句子中及在there be句型中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)按就近原則處理，即按與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞最靠近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)來(lái)確定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Not only John but also I am going to Shanghai next week.Either you or she is to go.Here is

44、 a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.3 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)一致當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞引起的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)一致.The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.He as well as I wants to go boating.4 謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)1) 代詞each和由every, some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代

45、詞作主語(yǔ),或主語(yǔ)中含有each, every, 謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù).Each of us has a tape-recorder.There is something wrong with my watch.2) 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是一本書(shū)或一條格言時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù).The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.是英語(yǔ)愛(ài)好者熟悉的一本好書(shū).3) 表示金錢(qián),時(shí)間.距離.價(jià)格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),通常把這些名詞看作一個(gè)整體,謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù).(用復(fù)數(shù)也可,意思不變.)Three weeks was allowed for making the

46、necessary preparations.Ten yuan is enough.5 指代意義決定謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)1) 在代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定.All is right. (一切順利.)All are present. (所有人都到齊了.)2) 集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語(yǔ)的意思來(lái)決定.如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí),意為這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員,用單數(shù)時(shí)表示該個(gè)集體.Hi

47、s family isnt very large. 他家不是一個(gè)大家庭.His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音樂(lè)愛(ài)好者.但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽).militia(民兵).vermin等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式.Are there any police around3)有些名詞,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有時(shí)看作單數(shù),有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù).A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞.The number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞.A

48、number of books have lent out.The majority of the students like English.6 與后接名詞或代詞保持一致1) 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等詞引起主語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞通常與of后面的名詞,代詞保持一致.Most of his money is spent on books.Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.2) 在一些短語(yǔ),如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多

49、用單數(shù)形式.但由more than of 作主語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致.Many a person has read the novel. 許多人都讀過(guò)這本書(shū).More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學(xué)生都來(lái)自這個(gè)城市.主謂一致中的表里不一現(xiàn)象謂語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)必須在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上保持一致,最基本的原則是:單數(shù)主語(yǔ)用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞,復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞.但在實(shí)際使用當(dāng)中情況比較復(fù)雜,現(xiàn)在學(xué)生常犯的主謂一致錯(cuò)誤歸納整理如下1,more than one +名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù).例如:More than one

50、 teacher gets the flowers. 不止一個(gè)教師得到了花.2, many a +名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù),但謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù).例如:Many a student has been sent to plant trees. 很多學(xué)生被派去植樹(shù).3,half of, the rest of, most of, all of及百分?jǐn)?shù)或分?jǐn)?shù)+of 等后接名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式根據(jù)of后的名詞而定.例如:Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.地球表面四分之三為水所覆蓋.4,all指人時(shí),

51、動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);all指物時(shí),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).例如:All are present and all is going well. 所有人全部到場(chǎng)了,一切進(jìn)展順利5,what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可視表語(yǔ)而定:表語(yǔ)是單數(shù)名詞時(shí),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),相反,則用復(fù)數(shù).例如:What they want to get is a number of good books.他們想得到的是大量的好書(shū).6,and連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞前若用each,every,no修飾,該名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式.例如:No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.書(shū)包里沒(méi)有書(shū)和鋼筆.7

52、,當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面有as well as, with, along with, together with, but, like, rather than, except等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與最前面的主語(yǔ)保持一致.例如:My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing. 我父親和他的同事曾去過(guò)北京.8,each作主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由主語(yǔ)來(lái)決定,與each無(wú)關(guān).例如:They each have a bike. 他們每人有一輛自行車(chē).9,動(dòng)詞不定式,動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù).例如:Going out for

53、 a walk after supper is a good habit.晚飯后出去散步是一個(gè)好習(xí)慣.10,the following作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與后面名詞的數(shù)保持一致.例如:The following are good examples下面是一些好例子.11,以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞,如politics,physics,mathematics等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).以-s結(jié)尾的名詞news, works, plastics等同屬此類(lèi).例如:Politics is now taught in all schools. 現(xiàn)在各學(xué)校都開(kāi)設(shè)政治課.當(dāng)以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞表示學(xué)科以外

54、的意義時(shí)，用作復(fù)數(shù)，如：mathematics（運(yùn)算能力）politics(政治觀點(diǎn))economics（經(jīng)濟(jì)意義）等12,有些用來(lái)表示由兩個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)部分組成一體的名詞復(fù)數(shù)(trousers, glasses,shoes.shorts.scissors.scales等)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),前面若有一條,一副,一把之類(lèi)的單位詞,動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);若沒(méi)有單位詞或單位詞是復(fù)數(shù),則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).例如:The shoes are all right. 這些鞋子都很合適.還有一些以-s結(jié)尾的名詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)：arms（武器）.clothes.contents.minites（記錄）.remains（遺體）.thanks等13

55、,one and a half +名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù).例如:One and a half apples is left on the table. 桌子上有一個(gè)半蘋(píng)果.14,One or two more +復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).例如:One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work. 要派一兩個(gè)人到那兒去給他們幫忙.15,one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ 定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù);而在the only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中,定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù).例如:He is

56、one of the students who get there on time.他是準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)那里的學(xué)生之一.16,表示時(shí)間,距離,金錢(qián)等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)表達(dá)一個(gè)整體概念時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù),但若強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用復(fù)數(shù).例如:One million dollars is a lot of money. 一百萬(wàn)美元是一大筆錢(qián).集合名詞的主謂一致集合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),主謂一致關(guān)系是一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題.對(duì)此類(lèi)問(wèn)題我們可以從數(shù)的角度分為四類(lèi).1)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)型.凡是有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾變化形式的集合名詞都屬于此類(lèi).如:a classclasses; a familyfamilies; a governmentgovernments; an armyarmies; a peoplepeoples; a groupgroups; a crowdcrowds; a crewcrews等.這類(lèi)集合名詞強(qiáng)調(diào)的是整體性,即當(dāng)作一個(gè)整體或多個(gè)整體來(lái)看待.屬于這類(lèi)集合名詞的單數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);復(fù)數(shù)形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).【例如】A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning.The government has decided to pass the bill.There are huge crowds in