1、專英重點Parapharyngeal咽旁Septicemia敗血病Sialolithiasis涎石病Periostitis骨膜炎Sialoductitis涎管炎Fracture骨折Comminution粉碎Hyperplasia增生Reparative修復性Mucoperiosteum黏骨膜句子翻譯RadiolucentX光透射Space間隙Infection感染Prosthesis義齒Oblique傾斜Scquestrum腐骨死骨Biopsy切片檢查法Sialogram涎管X線造影片Giant巨大Nonmalignant良性的Pyogenic化膿性Mole胎塊Devoid缺乏的Lacerat

2、ion撕裂Hyperpyrexia高熱Self-reduce自行使脫臼復位1. Ifproperpreparationofsolution,syringes,needlesandtechnichasbeencarriedout,untowardincidentsshouldseldomoccurduringoraftertheinjectionofthelocalanesthetic.However,oneshouldbeinapositiontocopewithcomplicationsintherarecaseswhentheyarise.若藥液注射劑，針頭及技術(shù)準備妥當，在局麻注射過程中

3、或之后都將很少出現(xiàn)，但是，醫(yī)生仍應做好應對罕見并發(fā)癥的準備。2. Postoperativepainwhichthepatientexperiencesafterthesecondandthirdpostoperativedayshouldbecarefullyexamined,sincethisisnotanormalpostoperativecourse.Itiscausedbydrysocketorsharpbonespine.患者于術(shù)后二三日之后的疼痛，可能為非正常情況，需特別仔細檢查，其有可能由于干槽癥或是尖銳骨刺引起。3. Acutedento-alveolarabscess.Th

4、isisanacutelocalizedsuppurationaboutatooth.Theinfectionmaystartinoneofthreeways:(a)periapical(b)pericemental(c)pericoronal急性牙槽膿腫，是一種牙齒急性局限性的化膿表現(xiàn)。這種感染可能由下列三種途徑引起：根尖周、牙周膜、冠周。4. Salivaryglandsmaybeinvolvedbytumors,cyst,sialadenitisfrominfection,sialoductitiswithsubsequentstricturesoftheducts.涎腺可罹患腫瘤、囊腫

5、、感染所致的涎腺導管炎，及其后遺的導管狹窄癥。5. Thelowerjawismoreexposedtoviolenceandconsequentlyismoreoftenfracturedthananyotherfacialbone.下頜骨更加容易暴露于外界暴力中，因此比所有其它的面部骨都更經(jīng)常發(fā)生骨折。6. Thecommondiseasesofthetemporo-mandibularjointaresubluxationdislocationandankylosis.Theinfectionofthisjointisrare.普通疾病會造成顆下頜關(guān)節(jié)半脫位或脫臼和關(guān)節(jié)僵直是很非常少見的

6、。7. Nearlyallofthetumorsandcystswhichcanariseinanypartofthebodymaybefoundinoraroundthemouth,exceptthosewhicharepeculiartocertainorgans.幾乎全部腫瘤和囊腫會發(fā)生在身體的任何部位或嘴巴周圍，除非某些特殊的腫瘤才會發(fā)生在特定的器官。8. Theobjectinundertakingsuchreparativeproceduresistherestorationoffunctionortheimprovementofappearanceorboth.Includedw

7、ithinthegroupwhichmayrequirereconstructiveproceduresarecongenitalmalformations,traumaticinjuries,deformationsduetooperationforneoplasms,destructionoftissueincidenttodisease,orthetreatmentofdisease.被用來使用修復程序的對象是為了恢復功能或是促進美觀或是兩者兼具。包含了天生畸形、創(chuàng)傷性的傷害、腫瘤治療、去除病變的組織或是疾病的治療。9. Itincludesalsothoseoralorextraora

8、loperationswhichareindicatedfortherestorationoflostbone,teethortheinsertionofretentivedevicesfordentures.用來修復失骨和失牙或是義齒的固位裝置包含在口腔和口外的手術(shù)10. ThemaxillaryrightcentralandleftlateralincisorshadClass1mobility3;themaxillaryleftcentralincisorhadanoblique4fracturelinethroughthedistalportionofthecrown.上合右中切牙和左

9、側(cè)切牙屬于1分類松動3度;上合左中切牙在牙冠遠中部分有一個斜行的骨折線11. Inthetreatmentofacuteosteomyelitisthegeneralruleistoinstituteantibiotictherapyandtosurgicallyestablishadequatedrainage.在治療急性骨髓炎時，全身療法可用滴注抗生素治療，外科方法為建立開放引流管道。12. Thelowerendoftheshortfragmentisgenerallydisplacedupwardandforwardbycontractionoftheelevatormuscles.I

10、naddition,Slightinwarddisplacementismorecommonthanexternaldisplacement.短部分的下部通常會因為提口肌群的U縮導致向上向前移位。此外，稍微向內(nèi)的移位比向外移位常見anodyne鎮(zhèn)痛齊Udammedup阻塞的hypodermic皮卜apiciectomy根尖切除術(shù)dilation膨脹擴大hyperthyroidism甲抗analgesic止痛的deformity畸形hematoma血腫adenocarcinoma腺癌deviation偏向hematogenous血源性的anastomosis吻合diffuse彌散的hyoid舌骨

11、的alveolalgia干槽癥discoloration再生hypertrophy月已大appliance矯正器dissection解剖分析hyperostosis骨月巴厚aggravate加重惡化demonstrable可論證的hemangioma血管瘤advious迂回的employ使用instillation滴注apprehensive敏捷的擔心的ethylchloride氯乙烷inadvisable不妥當?shù)腶nkylosis關(guān)節(jié)僵直enhance增強infraorbital眶下的appliance器具epinephrine腎上腺素idiosyncrasy特異性質(zhì)ameloblastom

12、a成釉細胞瘤ecohymosis瘀斑impacted阻生的advanced晚期的extraction拔出infratemporal題卜的bur園頭鋰erupt萌出inward向內(nèi)的contraindication禁忌癥elevator牙挺isotope同位素chisel鑿子excision切除jaundice黃疸cancellate松的effusion滲出lessen減少cellulites蜂窩織炎exostosis外生骨疣l(xiāng)oop環(huán)圈condyle棵突edentulous無牙的lime后灰comminution粉碎extravasation外滲液laceration撕裂curettment舌

13、U除術(shù)enucleation摘除術(shù)ligation結(jié)扎coronoid冠狀喙狀eradicate根除消滅lymphangioma淋巴管瘤crepitus捻發(fā)首flap辦片lipoma脂肪瘤cripple使殘廢fracture骨折lymphosarooma淋巴肉瘤circumferential環(huán)繞周圍的fibrosarcoma纖維肉瘤lining櫬里chondrosarooma軟骨肉瘤fixation固定medication藥療法dermatitis皮炎fibroma纖維瘤maxilla上頜骨devitalization失活去生肌ganglion神經(jīng)節(jié)myxofibroma粘液纖維瘤detrit

14、us腐質(zhì)glenoid關(guān)節(jié)黃的malposition錯位malposed異位的prolong延長rhabdomyosarcoma橫紋肌肉瘤mallet槌pericementitis牙周膜炎sheath鞘mental須的psychically精神上地succedaneous替代的morbidity發(fā)病率periostitis骨膜炎spine刺脊柱masseter嚼肌pyemia膿毒癥膿血癥symphysis聯(lián)合melanomaco黑瘤preanesthetic前馬區(qū)麻痹sinus竇muoperiosteal粘骨膜的precipitate促使加速sequestrum死骨muoperiosteum粘

15、骨膜premadicate術(shù)前用約supernumerary多余的myxoma黏液瘤pterygomandibular翼突卜頜salt鹽myeloma骨髓瘤pterygoid翼狀的sepsis膿毒癥敗血癥metastasize轉(zhuǎn)移palpation觸診subcutaneous皮卜的marsupialization造袋術(shù)periosteum骨膜sialadenitis涎腺炎neurasthenic神經(jīng)的periosteal骨膜的sialoductitis涎管炎neuralgia神經(jīng)痛perineurium神經(jīng)束膜septicemia敗血癥neuroma神經(jīng)瘤parapharyngeal咽旁的si

16、alolithiasis涎后形成nedule小節(jié)結(jié)pathognomonic特殊病癥的sialography涎管X線造影技術(shù)notch切跡pyogenic生膿的swallow吞咽nonmalignant非惡性的peripheral周圍的splint夾板ointment軟膏periodontoclasia牙周潰瘍suprahyoid工骨上的opponent對抗肌pericoronal冠周的tuberosity結(jié)節(jié)粗隆odontoma牙瘤precox早發(fā)的trismus牙關(guān)緊閉orthodontic正牙的periosteumtraumatize受夕卜傷osseous骨的papilloma孚L頭瘤t

17、raumatism創(chuàng)傷病osteomyelitis骨髓炎paranasal鼻旁的traumatogenic創(chuàng)傷性的osteoma骨瘤retard延遲thrombophlebitis血栓性靜脈炎osteoradionecrosis放射性骨壞夕匕retrieval取回temporal顆的osteoid骨樣的restricted受限制的tendernoss觸痛osteoclastoma破骨細胞瘤retrozygomatic顫骨后的toruspalatinus腭隆凸ossify使骨硬化regeneration再生transitonal轉(zhuǎn)變的paralyze使麻痹癱瘓rhabdomyoma橫紋肌瘤vic

18、inity附近鄰近內(nèi)科1、Inevaluatingtheclinicalfeaturesofgingivitis,itisnecessarytobesystematic.Attentionshouldbefocusedonsubtletissuealteration,becausethesemaybeofdiagnosticsignificance.Asystematicclinicalapproachrequiresanorderlyexaminationofthegingivalforcolor,contour,consistency,position,easeandseverityofb

19、leeding,andpain.我們必須系統(tǒng)性的評估牙齦炎的臨床特點。必須注意些微的組織變化，因為對診斷來說是有意義的。一個系統(tǒng)性的臨床檢查途徑需照順序?qū)ρ例l顏色、外型、質(zhì)地、位置、出血情況和疼痛程度進行檢查。2、當患者出現(xiàn)牙齦炎時，最常見的表現(xiàn)為牙齦的水腫和增生Whenthepatientsuffersfromgingivitis,themostcommonsignsareedemaandproliferationofthegingiva.3、齦溝內(nèi)上皮發(fā)生潰瘍是急性牙齦炎的典型特征之一Ulcerationofthesulcularepitheliumisoneofthetypicalsig

20、nsofacutegingivitis.外科L91、However,ifbrawnymassiveindurationwhichpitsonpressure,presentsinfivetosevendayswithanelevationoftemperatureinspiteofantibiotictreatment,andthereisnofluctuation,thenthatspaceshouldbesurgicallyexplored.然而，盡管經(jīng)過五到七天的抗菌治療，體溫仍然高溫并且某部位質(zhì)實、堅硬呈現(xiàn)塊狀、捫診無波動感，就需要外科手術(shù)的探查了。2、Aftertheacutesym

21、ptomshavebeensubsided,thetoothoriginallycausingthetroubleshouldbeextractedinordertoavoidrecurrenceorthepersistenceofadischargingsinus.急性癥狀緩解后，病灶牙必須要移除以免再度復發(fā)或是持續(xù)性的竇炎。L101、Manysalivarystonesaresymptomless.Itisonlywhenpartialorcompleteobstructionoccursthatsymptomsdevelop.許多涎石是無自覺癥狀的，只有當發(fā)生部分或是完全阻塞的時候癥狀才

22、會發(fā)展。2、Theobstructionisduetomechanicalblockagebecauseofthestones,orperiductalinfectioncausinginflammatoryedemawhichresultsintheocclusionofthelumenoftheduct.造成阻礙是由于石頭的機械性阻塞或是導管周圍的感染導致炎癥性水腫，而造成的管腔狹窄。修復L131、Replantation:replantationmeansthereinsertionofatoothinthesocketfromwhichithasbeenremovedpurposely

23、orbyaccident.Thereplantfititssocketperfectlyandshouldenjoyahighdegreeofsuccess.再植術(shù)：再植術(shù)是指將由于某種目的或意外脫落的牙齒重新植入其脫落的牙槽窩內(nèi)。這種再植完全吻合自身的牙槽窩，且具有很高的成功率。2、Transplantation:transplantationmeanstheinsertionofanaturaltoothintothesocketofarecentlyextractedtooth.移植術(shù)：移植術(shù)是指將天然牙植入最近拔除牙齒的牙槽窩。3Theautotransplant（atransplan

24、tfromoneplacetoanotherwithinthesamemouth）enjoysahighsuccessrateoftenwithindefinitesurvival,byvltueofprompttransferofthetoothtoitsnewstoothisbestperformedrootofthedonortoothisalmostcompletelyformedbutitsapicesarestillmostcommonlyuseddonortoothforautotransplantationtofirstandsecondmolarsiteisthirdallo

25、genictoothprobablywasthefirsttransplantedhumanhavebeentransplantedfortoothinsertedmaybeanoldreservedonewhichhasbeenextractedforalongtime,oritmaybeafreshlyextractedtoothfromanotherindividual.自體移植物（同一個口腔內(nèi)從一處到另一處的移植物）迅速轉(zhuǎn)移到新的定植部位有著較高的成功率，但常常不確定是否能存活。當供體牙的牙根基本發(fā)育完成但根尖還未封閉時作為自體移植牙效果最好。最常移植到第一二磨牙區(qū)的自體移植牙是第三磨

26、牙。外源性的牙可能是最早進行移植的人體器官。牙的移植已經(jīng)有幾世紀的歷史。植入的牙可以使很早以前拔除后彳留下來的牙，或者是剛從另一個個體拔除的牙。4、Implantationmeanstheinsertionofanartificialtoothintoanewsocket.Acceptablematerialsmaybedividedintofourmajorcategories,suchasmetals;polymers;ceramics;andcarbon.種植術(shù)是將人工牙植入一個新的牙槽窩（生物替代品）。能植入的材料可以分為四類，比如金屬（鈦和鉆銘合金卜聚合物、陶瓷（氧化鋁卜以及碳。5、

27、 Bonegraftsarecommonlyusedtorestorethebonedefects.Bonegraftscanbecomposedofeithercompactorcancellousbone.Compactbonetransplantsmaybeusedintheformofsolidpiecesorintheformofchips.Cancellousboneiscommonlyusedintheformofchips.Thegraftsmaybetakenfromribsoriliaccrest.骨移植片常用來修復骨缺陷。骨移植片由密質(zhì)骨或松質(zhì)骨組成。密質(zhì)骨可以整塊拿來移

28、植也可以以碎片的形式來使用。松質(zhì)骨通常是以碎片的形式來使用。骨移植片可以從肋骨或骼崎上獲取L141、 Thethirdvisitisconcernedwithobtainingverticaldimensionandcentricrelation.Thisrelationshipisfixedandtransferredtoanarticulator.Inaddition,eccentricrelationisobtained,andthecondylarguidancepathisestablished.Duringthisvisit,itisusuallypossibletoselecta

29、nteriorteeth.第三次就診的重點在于獲得垂直距離及正中關(guān)系。這種關(guān)系固定后轉(zhuǎn)移到合架上。此外，還要紀錄反常的關(guān)系及牌導斜度。再這次就診中可選擇出前牙。2、Intheidealabutmentaproportionaterelationshipexistsbetweenthelengthsofthecrownandtheroot.Wheretherootisexcessivelyshort,eithercongenitallyorduetoresorption,itcannotfurnishthenecessarysupporttothecrownorresistancetothefo

30、rcesofmasticationdevelopedduringthevariousmovementsofthemandible.Theadditionalforcesinherentinabridgewillcausesuchteethtofailasabutments.理想的基牙要具備成比例的冠根比。無論是由于先天性的還是再吸收導致的根長過短的牙齒，都無法對冠提供足夠的支持，也無法抵抗頷骨各種運動所產(chǎn)生的咀嚼力。橋體所固有的附加應力也會導致這類牙作為橋基牙時修復失敗。L161、Atypicalremovable,extensionparticaldenturewillgenerallyha

31、vethesecomponents:oneormorebases;oneormoremajorconnectors;severalminorconnectors;twoormoredirectretainers;oneormoreindirectretainers;avaryingnumberofresinorporcelainteethorresinteethwithcastocclusalsurfacestoreplacethosemissing.Wherethedirectretainerisoftheclasptype,itwillusuallyincludeanocclusalres

32、t,areciprocalclasparmandaretentiveclasparm.一個典型的可摘義齒應包括以下部分：一個或多個基托；一個或多個大連接體；一些小連接體；兩個或多個直接固位體；一個或多個間接固位體；數(shù)目不等的樹脂牙、瓷牙或者有鑄造合面的樹脂牙來替代缺失牙。當采用卡環(huán)作為直接固位體時，他通常包括一個合支托，一個卡環(huán)對抗臂，一個卡環(huán)固位臂。2、 Thebaseisamostimportantunitinthepartialdenturebecausethroughittheprincipalsupportistothegainedfromtheunderlyingridgestru

33、cture.基托是局部義齒中最重要的一個部分，因為基托得到的主要的支持來自其下方牙槽崎。3、Sinceitpreventscervicalmovementoftheapplianceontheabutmenttheretentiveterminaloftheclaspiskeptinthedesiredpositiononthecervicallyinclinedinfrabulgesurface,andretentionismaintained.當卡環(huán)作為直接固位體使用時，作為它的一部分，必須有一個合支托?？ōh(huán)的固位端被放置在頸部傾斜倒凹區(qū)斜面上，并保持其固位，而合支托可以阻止裝置對基牙的頸

34、向運動。4、Thethirdpartwhichmakesuptheclaspunitistheveryessentialcomponentforwhichtheclaspretainerreallywasdevised.Atleastonearmofeachclaspmustcreateresistancetoverticaldisplacement.Thisisaccomplishedbylocatingtheretentiveterminalcervicallytothetoothsgteatesdiameter,commonlyreferredto“theheightofcontour.

35、組成卡環(huán)的第三個非常重要的部分是固位臂。每個卡環(huán)至少要有一個臂設計成抵抗垂直向脫位。.它是通過把固位末端安置在牙齒最大直徑上實現(xiàn)的，通常被稱為外形最高點。L171、Aphaseofdentureprosthesiswidelypracticedatthepresenttimeistheconcentrationoftheimmediatedentires.Thistypediffersfromthecompletedenturesdescribedinthepreviouschaptersprimarilyinthattheyareconstructedandreadytobeinserted

36、immediatelyaftertheremovalofallremainingnaturalteethfromeitherthemaxillaryormandibulararch.即刻義齒是現(xiàn)今廣泛應用的一種義齒修復方式。如前幾章所述在拔出上頜牙弓或下頜牙弓的所有天然余留牙后立即戴入。,這種形式與全口義齒最大的不同在于它是預先做好并2、Forproblemcaseswhichariseafterremovalofalltheteeth,attemptsaresometimesmadebymeansofimplantsofvarioustypestoprovideadenturesupport

37、whichissuperiortothatprovidedbythemucoperiosteumalone.針對拔除全部牙齒后出現(xiàn)的問題，可以采取各種移植物來提供義齒的支持。這優(yōu)于單純由粘骨膜來提供支持。3、 Itshouldbeappreciated,however,thattheperiodontalmembraneofthenaturaltoothisideallysuitedtogivespportagainstocclsualstresses.然而，應該認識到天然牙的牙周膜是可以抵抗咬合力的理想結(jié)構(gòu)。4、 Therootofanaturaltoothisthereforesuperi

38、ortoanyformofartificialimplant.Ifsuchsupportisavailable,itshouldnotbediscardedunlessoneissurethatthepatientwillbesatisfiedwithaconventionaltypeofcompletedenture,supportedentirelybythemucoperiostem.因此，天然牙的牙根也優(yōu)于任何人工的種植體。如果可以獲得這種支持，就不該放棄。除非可以確定病人對于完全由粘骨膜支持的常規(guī)全口義齒是滿意的。5、Apartfromprovidingthepossibilityo

39、fincreasedsupportandretentionforadenture,thepresenceofsomemodifiedteethmayalsogivetothedenturewearertheadvantagesofalveolarridgepreservationandbetterintraoraldiscriminatoryability.除了為義齒提供增加支持和固位的可能性，一些預備后的牙的存在也可給予戴義齒者保存牙槽崎的優(yōu)勢和更好的口內(nèi)辨別能力。6、 Theappeartobelittledoubtthatifadentureisincontactwithorattach

40、edtoroots,thepatienthasasignificantlyincreasedabilitytodiscriminatebetweenthesizeofobjectsplacedbetweentheteethandtosensedirectionandtocontroltheamountofforceappliedtothedentureanditssupportingtissues.Thisabilityisreducedmarkedlywhenthelasttoothorrootisremovedfromthedentalarch.毫無疑問地，如果義齒接觸或附著于牙根部，患者

41、對于辨別放置于牙齒中的物體大小和感受方向，以及控制施加于義齒及其支持組織上的力的能力會顯著提高。當從牙弓中移除最后一顆牙或最后一個牙根時，這種能力會顯著降低。四、Xerostomia口干癥Alveolalgia干槽癥Carbonhydrate碳水化合物Pellicle薄膜Supragingival齦上的Niches小生境Odontoblast成牙本質(zhì)細胞Mesenchymal間質(zhì)的Granulation肉芽Calculus牙石Probing探查Curettage舌U治Anodyne鎮(zhèn)痛劑Preanesthetic前驅(qū)麻醉Elevator牙挺Cellulitis蜂窩組織炎Pericoronal牙

42、冠周matrix基質(zhì)contraindication禁忌癥perikymate采用柱橫紋glycoprotein醺蛋白subgingival齦下的sulcus溝fibroblast成纖維細胞ischaemia缺血hyperplastic增生periodontitis牙周炎Scaling刮治術(shù)RAU復發(fā)性潰瘍性口炎(Recurrentulcerativestomatitis)hematoma血腫paralyze使麻痹apicoectomy根尖切除術(shù)periodontoclasia牙周潰壞ecchymosis皮下瘀血Subcutaneous皮下的L9L10Sepsis膿毒癥敗血癥sialadeni

43、tis涎腺炎Septicemia敗血病sialoductitis涎管炎Pterygomandibular翼突卜頜的sialolithiasis涎后形成Parapharyngeal咽旁的excision切除Infratemporal顆卜的pyemia膿血癥Retrozygomatic額骨后的nodule小結(jié)節(jié)Thrombophlebitis血栓性靜脈炎dammed-up阻塞的Periostitis骨膜炎dilation膨脹擴張Osteomyelitis骨髓炎hematogenous血原性的Fistula痿管Osteoradionecrosis放射性骨壞死L91、However,ifbrawnym

44、assiveindurationwhichpitsonpressure,presentsinfivetosevendayswithanelevationoftemperatureinspiteofantibiotictreatment,andthereisnofluctuation,thenthatspaceshouldbesurgicallyexplored.然而，盡管經(jīng)過五到七天的抗菌治療，體溫仍然高溫并且某部位質(zhì)實、堅硬呈現(xiàn)塊狀、捫診無波動感，就需要外科手術(shù)的探查了。2、Aftertheacutesymptomshavebeensubsided,thetoothoriginallycau

45、singthetroubleshouldbeextractedinordertoavoidrecurrenceorthepersistenceofadischargingsinus.急性癥狀緩解后，牙齒的原病灶必須要移除以免再度復發(fā)或是持續(xù)性的竇炎。L101、Manysalivarystonesaresymptomless.Itisonlywhenpartialorcompleteobstructionoccurthatsymptomsdevelop.許多涎石并不是癥狀，只有當部分或是全部涎石變成阻塞物時候癥狀才會發(fā)展。2、Theobstructionisduetomechanicalbloc

46、kagebecauseofthestones,orperiductalinfectioncausinginflammatoryedemawhichresultsintheocclusionofthelumenoftheduct.阻礙物是由于石頭的機械性阻塞或是導管周圍的感染導致炎癥性水腫使的管腔狹窄。L13L14hydrocolloid水膠體monocarious單齦的Prosthesis義齒修復術(shù)Nasalis鼻肌Reposition復位術(shù)impressionmastication咀嚼polycarious多齦的Undercut倒凹Buccinatoris頰肌Ankylotomy舌系帶切除術(shù)

47、gingiva牙昔艮L15completeveneer全覆蓋Mucoperiosteum黏骨膜Genioglossus須舌肌Ankyloglossia舌系帶短縮alginate藻酸鹽abutment基牙calcify鈣化Retentive固位的Mentalis須肌Alveolectomy牙槽緣切除術(shù)articulator咬牙合架bridge橋margin邊緣Hypertrophy月已大Frenum系帶Exostosis外生骨疣biterim牙合堤contraindicate禁忌casting鑄件Depressor降肌Frenectomy系帶切除術(shù)Malignancy惡性腫瘤grind(grou

48、nd)磨Creat脊porcelain瓷料Autotransplant自體移植物rotation旋轉(zhuǎn)Clasp卡環(huán)malpose錯位Alar翼Resin樹脂Polymer聚合物etiology病因?qū)Wleverage杠桿作用malrelate錯牙合Prognathia上頜前突occlusalrest牙合支托Silicon硅esthetics美學L17invest包埋Cancollous網(wǎng)狀骨Overlay覆蓋物implant移植物Raphe縫L16Hybrid混合的clench咬緊mesiodistally近中遠側(cè)地Iliac查骨的Threshold閾Contour外形connector連街體b

49、uccolingually頰舌地Torus隆凸L131、 Replantation:replantationmeansthereinsertionofatoothinthesocketfromwhichithasbeenremovedpurposelyorbyaccident.Thereplantfititssocketperfectlyandshouldenjoyahighdegreeofsuccess.再植是指牙因事故或曾經(jīng)治療故意移除重新插入牙槽。此再植體高度符合此槽以及有較高的成功率。2、Transplantation:transplantationmeanstheinsertiono

50、fanaturaltoothintothesocketofarecentlyextractedtooth.移植為使用鄰近的無用牙植到所需的自然牙的位置上。自體移植(同一個體的口腔中從這處轉(zhuǎn)植到另外一處)活絡的生存力劇有高度的成功率，取決于牙移植的時機，自體移植牙的最佳時刻是供體牙根幾乎完全形成，但根尖孔尚未閉合。最常使用自體移植牙為第三磨牙來替代第一磨牙和第二磨牙。異體牙移植大概是人類器官移植的開端，牙移植已經(jīng)有數(shù)世紀的歷史，被植入的可能是被以前拔出很久時間且存放的牙或是才剛從其它個體拔出的新鮮牙。3、Implantationmeanstheinsertionofanartificialtoo

51、thintoanewsocket.Acceptablematerialsmaybedividedintofourmajorcategories,suchasmetals;polymers;ceramics;andcarbon.種植為植入人工牙到新的牙槽上。可使用的材料分為四類：金屬、聚合物、陶瓷和碳。L141 、Thethirdvisitisconcernedwithobtainingverticaldimensionandcentricrelation.Thisrelationshipisfixedandtransferredtoanarticulator.Inaddition,eccent

52、ricrelationisobtained,andthecondylarguidancepathisestablished.Duringthisvisit,itisusuallypossibletoselectanteriorteeth.第三次的診療主要是要獲得正中關(guān)系和垂直關(guān)系的尺寸。這關(guān)系要修正以及轉(zhuǎn)移到咬合架上。此外，非正中關(guān)系和牌導斜度也要確認。經(jīng)過這次的療程，就可以選牙排列前牙了。L151、RootLengthofAbutment:Intheidealabutmentaproportionaterelationshipexistsbetweenthelengthsofthecrown

53、andtheroot.Wheretherootisexcessivelyshort,eithercongenitallyorduetoresorption,itcannotfurnishthenecessarysupporttothecrownorresistancetotheforcesofmasticationdevelopedduringthevariousmovementsofthemandible.Theadditionalforcesinherentinabridgewillcausesuchteethtofailasabutments.理想的基牙要具備成比例的冠根比，當根的長度因

54、天生關(guān)系或是再吸收使長度過短，是無法充分提供冠或固位體抵抗下頜骨發(fā)展的不同咀嚼力道。外力對牙槽脊的影響會使基牙損壞。L162 、Atypicalremovable,extensionparticaldenturewillgenerallyhavethesecomponents:oneormorebases;oneormoremajorconnectors;severalminorconnectors;twoormoredirectretainers;oneormoreindirectretainers;avaryingnumberofresinorporcelainteethorresinte

55、ethwithcastocclusalsurfacestoreplacethosemissing.Wherethedirectretainerisoftheclasptype,itwillusuallyincludeanocclusalrest,areciprocalclasparmandaretentiveclasparm.經(jīng)典的局部可摘游離端義齒大致由以下部分組成：一個或多個基托；一個或多個大連接體；一些小連接體；兩個或多個直接固位體；一個或多個間接固位體；數(shù)目不同的樹脂牙或瓷牙，或者有鑄造合面的樹脂牙來替代缺失牙。以卡環(huán)作為直接固位體者，通常包括一個合支托，一個卡環(huán)對抗臂，一個卡環(huán)固位臂

56、。2、 TheBase:Thebaseisamostimportantunitinthepartialdenturebecausethroughittheprincipalsupportistothegainedfromtheunderlyingridgestructure.基托是局部義齒中最重要的一個組成單元，因為基托得到的主要的支持來自其下方牙槽脊。3、Sinceitpreventscervicalmovementoftheapplianceontheabutmenttheretentiveterminaloftheclaspiskeptinthedesiredpositiononthecervicallyinclinedinfrabulgesurface,andretentionismaintained.卡環(huán)的固位端被放置于頸部傾斜倒凹區(qū)的需要的位置，并保持其固位，而合支托可以避免基牙上的裝置的頸向移位元。4、TheRetentiveArm:Thethirdpartwhichmakesuptheclaspunit