1、英語(yǔ)短文英語(yǔ)短文：民間文化FolkCulture民間文化Afolkcultureisasmallisolated,cohesive,conservative,nearlyself-sufficientgroupthatishomogeneousincustomandracewithastrongfamilyorclanstructureandhighlydevelopedrituals.民間文化是小型的、孤立的、緊密的、保守的、近乎自給自足的群體，具有同樣的習(xí)俗、同樣的人種和強(qiáng)有力的家庭或部族結(jié)構(gòu)以及高度發(fā)展的宗教儀式。Orderismaintainedthroughsanctionsbase

2、dinthereligionorfamilyandinterpersonalrelationshipsarestrong.Traditionisparamount,andchangecomesinfrequentlyandslowly.Thereisrelativelylittledivisionoflaborintospecializedduties.Rather,eachpersonisexpectedtoperformagreatvarietyoftasks,thoughdutiesmaydifferbetweenthesexes.Mostgoodsarehandmadeandsubsi

3、stenceeconomyprevails.秩序由宗教或家庭的約束來(lái)維持，成員間的關(guān)系非常緊密，傳統(tǒng)至高無(wú)上，很少有變動(dòng)且變動(dòng)緩慢。勞動(dòng)專業(yè)分工相對(duì)較少。每個(gè)人都要做各類活計(jì)，盡管男女兩性分工不同。絕大多數(shù)物品是手工制造的，經(jīng)濟(jì)一般為自給自足型。Individualismisweaklydevelopedinfolkculturesasaresocialclasses.UnalteredfolkculturesnolongerexistinindustrializedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandCanada.Perhapsthenearestmoderne

4、quivalentinAngloAmericaistheAmish,aGermanAmericanfarmingsectthatlargelyrenouncestheproductsandlaborsavingdevicesoftheindustrialage.InAmishareas,horsedrawnbuggiesstillserveasalocaltransportationdeviceandthefaithfularenotpermittedtoownautomobiles.TheAmish'scentralreligiousconceptofDemut“humility”,

5、clearlyreflectstheweaknessofindividualismandsocialclasssotypicaloffolkculturesandthereisacorrespondingstrengthofAmishgroupidentity.RarelydotheAmishmarryoutsidetheirsect.Thereligion,avarietyoftheMennonitefaith,providestheprincipalmechanismformaintainingorders.個(gè)人主義和社會(huì)階層在民間文化群體中的發(fā)展十分薄弱。在象美國(guó)和加拿大這樣的工業(yè)化國(guó)家

6、里，一成不變的民間文化群體已不復(fù)存在了。在當(dāng)代美洲的英語(yǔ)區(qū)，與民間文化最相似的群體也許算是Amish。Amish是美國(guó)的德裔農(nóng)耕部落，他們基本上拒絕接受工業(yè)時(shí)代的大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品和節(jié)省勞力的設(shè)施。在Amish地區(qū)，輕便馬車仍是當(dāng)?shù)氐慕煌üぞ?，信徒們不允許擁有汽車。Amish宗教中的核心觀念Demut即謙卑典型地反映了在民間文化群中個(gè)人主義和階級(jí)的不發(fā)達(dá)。而與此同時(shí)，Amish對(duì)群體的認(rèn)同性卻十分強(qiáng)。Amish人很少和他們宗派以外的人通婚。其宗教，作為Mennonite信仰的一種，提供了維護(hù)秩序的主要機(jī)制。Bycontrastapopularcultureisalargeheterogeneousgr

7、oupoftenhighlyindividualisticandconstantlychanging.Relationshipstendtobeimpersonalandapronounceddivisionoflaborexists,leadingtotheestablishmentofmanyspecializedprofessions.Secularinstitutionsofcontrolsuchasthepoliceandarmytaketheplaceofreligionandfamilyinmaintainingorder,andamoney-basedeconomyprevai

8、ls.Becauseofthesecontrasts,“popular”maybeviewedasclearlydifferentfrom“folk”.Thepopularisreplacingthefolkinindustrializedcountriesandinmanydevelopingnations.Folk-madeobjectsgivewaytotheirpopularequivalent,usuallybecausethepopularitemismorequicklyorcheaplyproduced,iseasierortimesavingtouseorleadsmoreprestigetotheowner.相反，大眾文化是包含不同種族的大群體，通常高度個(gè)性化而且不斷在變化。人際關(guān)系冷漠，勞動(dòng)分工明確，由此產(chǎn)生了許多專門的職業(yè)。世俗的控制機(jī)構(gòu)，比如警察和軍隊(duì)，取代了宗教和家庭來(lái)維持秩序