1、高中英語語法專項(xiàng)-定語從句 teaching aims（教學(xué)目的）knowledge aims:1. get students to learn the usage of attributive clause2. let students to use the new knowledge to finish the exercises.ability aims:1. improve students the grammar ability.2. enable students to use the grammar to finish the exercises.teaching emphasi

2、s（教學(xué)重點(diǎn)）1. let students learn the usage of attributive clause2. get students to use the new knowledge to finish the exercises.teaching difficulties（教學(xué)難點(diǎn)）1. develop students grammar ability.1. enable students to finish the exercises.teaching & learning procedures (教學(xué)與學(xué)習(xí)過程 )一、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)別：關(guān)系代詞有 who,who

3、m,which,that 和 whose,另外,as 也可充當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞。關(guān)系代 詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語和定語。關(guān)系副詞有when,where 和 why, 在定語從句中充當(dāng)狀語。1.who 指人 ,在定語從句中做主語或賓語。happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognizing their own strengths.幸福和成功經(jīng)常屬于那些善于認(rèn)識(shí)自己長處的人。2.whom 指人 ,在定語從句中做賓語,常可省略。do you know the boy(whom) we met at the gate

4、?你認(rèn)識(shí)我們?cè)陂T口碰到的那個(gè)男孩嗎 ?3.which 指物 ,在定語從句中做主語或賓語 ,做賓語時(shí)?？墒÷?。the exact year(which/that) angela and her family spent together in china was 2008.安杰拉和她的家人在中國共同度過的確切年份是 2008 年。4.that 指人時(shí) ,相當(dāng)于 who 或 whom;指物時(shí) ,相當(dāng)于 which。在定語從句中做主語 或賓語,做賓語時(shí)?？墒÷?。she is the pop star(that) i want to see very much.她就是那位我非常想見的明星。among

5、the many dangers(which/that) sailors have to face,probably the greatest of all is fog.在海員們要面對(duì)的許多危險(xiǎn)中,最嚴(yán)重的可能就是霧。5.whose 可指人或物,修飾名詞或代詞 ,在定語從句中充當(dāng)定語。 “whose+名詞 ”可改為 “the+名詞 +of which/whom”或“of which/whom the+名詞”。the books on the desk,whose covers are shiny,are prizes for us.桌子上的這些書是給我們的獎(jiǎng)品 ,它們的封面很亮。a comp

6、any whose profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.國內(nèi)市場利潤下降的公司會(huì)尋求到國外發(fā)展的機(jī)會(huì)。the house whose windows are very large is my uncle s.=the house of which the windows are very large is my uncles.那個(gè)窗子非常大的房子是我叔叔的。 6.as 可指人也可指物 ,在定語從句中做主語、賓語或表語。(1)引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句 ,先行詞前常有 as,the same,so,s

7、uch 修飾 ,且在從句中做主 語、賓語或表語時(shí),關(guān)系代詞要用 as。it was so difficult a problem as nobody in my class could work out.(as 做 work out 的賓語 )這個(gè)問題很難以至于我們班里沒有人能解出來。注意 so/such.that 結(jié)構(gòu)中,that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句 ,只起連接作用 ,不充當(dāng)從句的任 何成分。it was so difficult a problem that nobody in my class could work it out.(work out 已經(jīng)有賓語 ,that 只起連接作用 )

8、(2)as 可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句 ,代指整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容 , 從句中常用的謂語動(dòng)詞 為 see,say,hear,expect,know,report等,常譯為 “正如,正像 ”,其引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在 主句前面也可以放在主句后面。the number of smokers,as is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.正如所報(bào)道的 ,吸煙者的數(shù)量在僅僅一年中下降了百分之十七。7.when 指 時(shí) 間 , 在 定 語 從 句 中 做 時(shí) 間 狀 語 。 其 先 行 詞 是 表 示 時(shí) 間 的 名 詞 time,day,wee

9、k,year,month 等,常用 on which,in which,at which,during which 等代 替。as the smallest child of his family,alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent.作為家中最小的孩子,亞歷克斯總是渴望自己能夠獨(dú)立的日子。i am looking forward to the day when/on which my daughter can read this book and know my feeling

10、s for her.我一直期盼那一天,我的女兒能夠讀懂這本書并且知道我對(duì)她的情感。 8.where 指地點(diǎn) ,在定語從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語。其先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞 ,可以用 “介詞 +關(guān)系代詞”代替。the house where/in which he lives is near the river.他住的房子在河邊。注意高考對(duì) where 的考查趨于復(fù)雜 ,先行詞由“明顯的地點(diǎn) ”轉(zhuǎn)為“模糊的地點(diǎn) ”,或者說“抽象的地點(diǎn)”。這些名詞有:stage,case,position,situation,point,occasion,activity 等。students should involve

11、themselves in community activities where/in which they can gain experience for growth.學(xué)生應(yīng)該參與社區(qū)活動(dòng) ,在這些活動(dòng)中他們能獲取成長的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。9.why 指原因 ,在定語從句中做原因狀語 ,可用 for which 來替代。why 不可引導(dǎo) 非限制性定語從句。tell me the reason why/for which you came late.告訴我你來晚了的原因。注意用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無 賓語 ,就必須要用關(guān)系代詞 ;而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。二、必

12、須要用 that 的情況：1.當(dāng)先行詞是 everything,anything,nothing,something,all,none,few,little,some 等 不定代詞時(shí) ,或當(dāng)先行詞被 every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much 等不定代詞修飾 時(shí)。we should do all that is useful to the people.我們應(yīng)該做一切有益于人民的事情。2.先行詞被 the only,the very,the same,the last 等修飾時(shí)。this is the last place that i want to visi

13、t.這是我最不想?yún)⒂^的地方。3.先行詞是最高級(jí)或被最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。this is the best novel that i have ever read.這是我讀過的最好的一部小說。4.先行詞是數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。this is the third dictionary that i have used.這是我用過的第三本字典。5.當(dāng)先行詞同時(shí)含有表示人和物的名詞時(shí)。we talked about the things and persons that we were interested in.我們談?wù)摿宋覀兏信d趣的人和事。6.以 who 或 which 開頭的特殊疑問句中含有定語從句 ,

14、為避免重復(fù)時(shí)。who is the man that is standing under the tree?站在樹下的那個(gè)人是誰 ?注意 qingdao is the most beautiful city where i have ever worked.( 即使有最高級(jí) 修飾先行詞 city,但從句中 work 為不及物動(dòng)詞 ,先行詞只做其地點(diǎn)狀語 ,故要用關(guān) 系副詞)前面所述幾種情況已有前提 :需要用關(guān)系代詞時(shí),遇到這幾種情況才選用 that。 三、不能用 that 的情況：1.在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞 ”的結(jié)構(gòu)中 ,關(guān)系代詞只能用指物的 which 和指人的 whom。this is the

15、 train by which we went to beijing.這就是我們?nèi)ケ本┏说哪橇谢疖嚒?.在非限制性定語從句 (即通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開 ,若去掉整個(gè)句子仍能表達(dá)完整 意義的定語從句 )中。i borrowed the book sherlock holmes from the library last week,which my classmates recommended to me.上周我在圖書館里借了夏洛克 福爾摩斯這本書 ,書是我的同學(xué)向我推薦的。 3. 指人時(shí) , 當(dāng)先行詞為 everybody,anybody,everyone,anyone 等時(shí) , 關(guān)系代詞要用 w

16、ho,不用 that。is there anyone who can answer this question?有誰能回答這個(gè)問題?4.先行詞本身是指示代詞 that 或 those 時(shí),關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用 which。whats that which she is looking at?她正在看什么 ?四、 as 和 which 用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：1.位置不同。which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句只置于所限制的句子后 ;as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句 位置較靈活 ,也就是說 as 從句可置于所限制的句子前、插在句子中或放在句子后。 it is a truly delightful place,which

17、 looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.它確實(shí)是一個(gè)宜人的地方。與一百年前的樣子一樣 ,有著彎彎曲曲的小徑和漂亮 的村舍。mike,as you know,is an honest man./mike is an honest man,as you know./as you know,mike is an honest man.如你所知 ,邁克是個(gè)誠實(shí)的人。2.先行詞不同。as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí) ,其先行詞多為一個(gè)句子 ;which 引導(dǎo)

18、 非限制性定語從句時(shí),其先行詞可以是一個(gè)詞、一個(gè)短語或一個(gè)句子。as we all know,he is very proud.(先行詞為一個(gè)句子 )眾所周知 ,他很驕傲。he was proud,which his brother never was.(先行詞是一個(gè)詞 )他是自大的 ,而他弟弟從不自大。3.意義不同。as 一般譯為 “正如,就像”;which 一般譯為“這一點(diǎn) ,這件事 ”。 john,as you know,is my best friend.正如你所知 ,約翰是我最好的朋友。he has been to paris more than ten times,which i

19、dont believe.他已去過巴黎十多次了 ,這一點(diǎn)我不相信。4. 關(guān)系不同。當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí) which。tom was late for school,which made his teacher very angry., 關(guān)系詞往往只用湯姆上學(xué)遲到了 ,這使他老師很生氣。注意 as 多用于下列習(xí)慣用語中 :1 as anybody can see 正如大家能看到的那樣2 as we had expected 正如我們所預(yù)料的那樣3 as often happens 正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣4 as has been said before 如之前所述5 as is

20、mentioned above 正如上面所提到的五、介詞 +關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1.在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞 ”結(jié)構(gòu)中 ,關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用 whom,不可用 who 或者 that;指 物時(shí)用 which,不能用 that;關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用 whose。the person to whom youll write is mr ball.the old man was talking with mr smith,in whose hospital i was operated on. 2.“介詞 +關(guān)系代詞 ”前可有 some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,eac

21、h,few 等代詞 及名詞、數(shù)詞。h e has two sons,both of whom were killed in the war.h live in a house,the window of which faces the south.3.“介詞 +關(guān)系代詞 ”結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選擇可根據(jù)定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞和介詞的習(xí)慣 搭配、先行詞和介詞的習(xí)慣搭配來確定 ,有時(shí)也需要結(jié)合句意。in the street there wasnt any person to whom she could turn for help.the boss in whose company my father wo

22、rked is a very kind person.4.“復(fù)合介詞短語 +關(guān)系代詞 which” 引導(dǎo)的定語從句中 ,定語從句常和先行詞用逗 號(hào)分開,定語從句常用倒裝語序。he lives in a big house,in front of which stands a tall apple tree.注意在一些固定搭配的短語動(dòng)詞中 ,由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不能分割 , 因此不能把介詞 置于關(guān)系代詞之前。this is the book(which/that) im looking for.不可以說 :this is the book for which im looking.5.from whe

23、re 雖為 “介詞+關(guān)系副詞 ”結(jié)構(gòu) ,但也可引導(dǎo)定語從句 ,where 往往指代 前面表示具體位置的介詞短語。he stood on top of the hill,from where he could see the whole village.(where 指代 on top of the hill,指的是“從山頂那個(gè)地方看 ”,而不是指 “山”)六、定語從句與其他句型的區(qū)別：1.定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別。二者都跟在名詞后面 ,區(qū)別是 :定語從句修飾先 行詞 ,是對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾限定 ;同位語從句則是對(duì)前面名詞的解釋說明 ,是其內(nèi)容。同 位語從句前的名詞常為抽象名詞 ,如:idea,fa

24、ct,truth,evidence,news,thought。同位 語 從 句 主 要 由 that 引 導(dǎo) , 在 從 句 中 不 做 成 分 , 有 時(shí) 也 可 以 由 when,where,how,why,whether,what 等詞引導(dǎo) ,在從句中充當(dāng)成分。the news that our team won made us excited.(our team won 是 news 的內(nèi)容 ,that不充當(dāng)從句的成分,為同位語從句?？衫斫鉃?the news was that our team won.) the news that he told me was exciting.(

25、he told me 缺少一個(gè)直接賓語 ,由 that 充 當(dāng),故為定語從句。不能將其理解為 :the news was that he told me.)2.定語從句與并列句和簡單句的區(qū)別。區(qū)別的關(guān)鍵是看標(biāo)點(diǎn)和連接詞。our class has sixty students,most of whom study hard.( 逗號(hào)后為另一個(gè)句子,兩 個(gè)句子之間要用連接代詞 whom,為定語從句 )our class has sixty students,and most of them study hard.( 逗號(hào)后為另一個(gè)句子 , 且已經(jīng)有并列連詞 and,故用 them 即可,為并列句

26、)our class has sixty students.most of them study hard.( 兩句之間為句號(hào) ,代表兩個(gè) 獨(dú)立的簡單句 ,故不需要連接詞 )3.定語從句與狀語從句的區(qū)別。定語從句前面必有先行詞 ,而狀語從句 (如時(shí)間狀 語從句和地點(diǎn)狀語從句 )則是做整個(gè)句子的狀語 ,前面沒有先行詞。do you know the time when he will come back?(定語從句 ,前面有先行詞 time) i will go shopping when he comes back.( 時(shí)間狀語從句 ,表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間 , 前面沒有先行詞 )put th

27、e book where it belongs.( 地點(diǎn)狀語從句 ,指的是 “放書”的地點(diǎn),前面無先行 詞,因此不能用 to which)put the book in the place where it belongs.(定語從句,前面有先行詞 place)4.定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)別。當(dāng) it is/was 后出現(xiàn)表示地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞時(shí) ,其后所 接的從句是定語從句還是強(qiáng)調(diào)句 ,要看將 it is/was 和 that(可以先假設(shè) )去掉之后句 式是否完整 (不缺少成分),若句式完整則為強(qiáng)調(diào)句。it was sunday when he came back.(定語從句 )it was on

28、 sunday that he came back.( 強(qiáng)調(diào)句式 ,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是時(shí)間狀語 on sunday,去 掉 it was 和 that 后句式完整 )七、幾種特殊情況：1.當(dāng)先行詞為 way,意為“方法、方式 ”,且在定語從句中做主語、賓語時(shí) ,可用關(guān)系 代詞 which 或 that;做狀語時(shí) ,要用 in which 或 that 或不填任何關(guān)系詞。 the way(that/in which) he finished the task successfully was difficult to understand.(做狀語 )the way that/which he expla

29、ined to me was not difficult to understand.(做賓語 ) 2. 當(dāng)先行詞為 time 時(shí) , 若表示 “ 一段時(shí)間 ”, 后面定語從句用 when 引導(dǎo) ,也可用 at/during which;若表示“次數(shù)”,后面定語從句用 that 引導(dǎo) ,that 可以省略。 there was a time when we had no tv sets.this is the second time(that) the president has visited our country.單句填空1. is it a place with a lot of op

30、en spaces _ people can exercise and enjoy the fresh air?(2016 山西第二次四校聯(lián)考 )2. these dogs are family pets with special training, _allows them to go intopublic buildings and comfort people in need.(2016 石家莊一模)3. it involves all people,those _come up with the idea of the work,perform it and provide neces

31、sary equipment and materials,and people who make up the audience for the work.(2016 山西考前質(zhì)檢)4. _someone once said,“art is life.”(2016山西考前質(zhì)檢)8. im looking at the photograph_you sent me with your letter.9. they expect his decision soon, _should help them solve the problem. 10.the president of the compa

32、ny, _i really admire,is visiting us next week.11. the amusement park _people of all ages come to relax and have fun will close next year.12. he paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, _most hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.13. rachel, _she placed the greatest trust,failed to match her expect

33、ations. 14.in the dark street,there wasn t a single person, _she could turn for help.15.scientists have searched for a long time for a reason_so many bees are disappearing.單句改錯(cuò)1. one day i saw a second-hand bicycle,that was only one hundred yuan.i asked my father for the money.(2016四川綿陽第二次診斷 )2. actually she is an exchange student from ireland,whom has been studying in my school for two months.(2016 湖南東部六校聯(lián)考 )3. surprisingly,i was given the silver medal,that increased my confidence.(2016 合肥第一次質(zhì)檢)4. local people live in old houses,