1、Group Members:,Formal Equivalence to teach fish to swim 教祖母吸吃雞蛋；教魚游泳 （direct formal equivalence） 班門弄斧；關(guān)公面前舞大刀 （functional equivalence）,Functional equivalence,Maximal equivalence:最高層次的對(duì)等 The readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it essentially the same as the origin

2、al readers did. Minimal equivalence:最低層次對(duì)等 The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it.,Nidas Translation Procedure,(1)to reduce the source text to its structurall

3、y simplest and most semantically evident kernels; (2) to transfer the meaning from the source to the receptor language on a structural simple level; (3)to generate the stylistically and semantically equivalent expression in the receptor language. (Nida 1964:68).,分析,原文,譯文,重組,轉(zhuǎn)換,分析是指對(duì)原文的分析, 即細(xì)致地處理詞和詞組

4、的指稱意義和內(nèi)涵意義、研究語法句法和語篇結(jié)構(gòu)。 轉(zhuǎn)換是從用源語思維到用譯入語思維的轉(zhuǎn)換。 重組指的是結(jié)構(gòu)重組, 即重新組織譯文中的詞匯、句法、語篇特征等, 從而使讀者能夠最大限度地理解和領(lǐng)會(huì)譯文。 通過檢驗(yàn)?zāi)苎杆俦┞蹲g文中存在的問題。要正確地評(píng)價(jià)譯文必須通過只懂得譯入語的讀者代表的反應(yīng)來實(shí)現(xiàn)。,Four Levels of Functional Equivalence,Lexical Equivalence,Sentence Equivalence,Passage Equivalence,Style Equivalence,1. Lexical Equivalence,Confused; to

5、 find the corresponding meaning in target language “tension builds up”,1. 形勢(shì)緊張起來了,2. 張力在增大,3. 電壓在增加,2. Sentence Equivalence,More complicated than lexical equivalence Nouns: number, gender and case Verbs: tense, aspect, voice,3 Passage Equivalence,how the language represents meaning and performs its

6、function in a specific context Passage equivalence consists of three parts，passage context，scene context and cultural context,功能對(duì)等理論貢獻(xiàn),“功能對(duì)等”對(duì)整個(gè)翻譯世界深遠(yuǎn)影響 宏觀 微觀,宏觀角度,“功能對(duì)等”打破了傳統(tǒng)思想束縛，為翻譯研究提供了全新角度，將新思維、概念和方法注人到翻譯中。 它也向過去的翻譯思想發(fā)出挑戰(zhàn)，給之前以經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義為主的翻譯理論和思想一擊。 該理論將現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)、交際學(xué)、信息論、符號(hào)學(xué)和美學(xué)帶入了翻譯領(lǐng)域，從多個(gè)角度對(duì)翻譯進(jìn)行更細(xì)致的研究，為翻譯

7、研究 提供了許多新方法，為現(xiàn)代翻譯奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。必需強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，“功能對(duì)等” 對(duì)文學(xué)翻譯產(chǎn)生了極大的推動(dòng)作用,從微觀角度考慮,“功能對(duì)等”解決了長(zhǎng)期以來“意譯”與“直譯”之爭(zhēng)。 “功能對(duì)等”給了翻譯家們?cè)S多建設(shè)性意見，要求目的語在不同語言結(jié)構(gòu)中盡可能完滿地再現(xiàn)源語的意義，限制譯者毫無節(jié)制的自由發(fā)揮。 它從語言和文化的角度緩和了翻譯家們歸化和異化爭(zhēng)論，從多個(gè)學(xué)科的角度找“歸化”和“異化”的平衡點(diǎn)。,局限性 奈達(dá)提出功能對(duì)等理論主要是從語言與交際及讀者的角度出發(fā)的,忽略了交際中文化的復(fù)雜性和不同語言間存在的文化差異,不同的文化會(huì)導(dǎo)致讀者的反應(yīng)是不同的 歷史文化的不同 宗教文化的差異 思維方式和價(jià)值

8、觀念的差異 異質(zhì)同構(gòu)的表達(dá)方式也會(huì)引起讀者的不同反應(yīng) 譯者的因素,example Incompatibility of cultures,Silent Night Thought （李白靜夜思） In Chinese culture, a full moon is a symbol of a happy family reunion while a waning one is a symbol of separation, but this symbolization does not exist in the western civilization. Thus, it is impossible for t