第四節(jié)并列連詞【名師指津】when可用作并列連詞，相當(dāng)于andatthis/thattime，意為“正在這/那時(shí)；突然”，常用于下列句式：sbbeabouttodo/goingtodo/onthepointofdoingsthwhen...(某人正要做某事，突然……)；sbbedoingsthwhen...(某人正在做某事，突然……)；sbhadjustdonesthwhen...(某人剛做完某事，突然……)。Hewasabouttogooutwhenthetelephonerang.他正要出去時(shí)，電話鈴響了。Hehadjustfinishedwritingareportwhenthebosslethimtypealetter.他剛寫完一篇報(bào)告，老板就讓他打一封信。單句語法填空1.(2022·廈門外國(guó)語期末)BoxingDayisaNationalBankHoliday，achancetoeatyourleftoversandwatchTV，andtheactualtraditionsgobackmuchfurtherandaresteeped(充滿……的)inhistory.2.(2022·蘇州八校三模)“Childrendidnotcreatethisconflict,buttheyareitsgreatestvictims，”saidAlanoudAlzaid,thegroup’spresident,whogavetheopeningspeechatthedinner.3.(2022·揚(yáng)州二模)It’sneverbeensoimportanttospendtimeoutside,and__that’sbecauseit’stheonlyplacetoexperiencedifferentscenesorforthementalandphysicalgoodprovidedbyfreshairandexercise.4.Inotherwords,ithasn’tbeenclearwhetherkidswhoweightoomuchhavetroublesleeping,orwhethersleepinglessleadstoweightgain.5.Around7：30a.m.，shewaslyingonhersurfboardwithherleftarminthewaterwhena14－foot－longtigersharkattackedher,severingherleftarmjustbelowtheshoulder.【規(guī)律方法】1.分析句子成分如果設(shè)空處前后兩部分都有獨(dú)立的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)(或有祈使句)，前后兩部分又不缺少句子成分，且前后兩部分不存在從屬關(guān)系，則設(shè)空處一定填并列連詞?！镜淅縏hedataisbasedonmorethan491，000olderadultswhousedhomecarebetween2007and2013________isfocusedonpeoplewhoarelikelytodiewithinthenextfiveyears.解析句意：這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)是基于2007年至2013年使用家庭護(hù)理的超過491000個(gè)老年人并關(guān)注了那些極有可能5年之內(nèi)死去的人。設(shè)空處前后兩部分是并列的謂語isbasedon和isfocusedon，且此處表示并列關(guān)系，故填and。答案and2.牢記固定搭配有些句子中使用到的并列連詞需要根據(jù)固定用法來確定?！镜淅縒ewerehavingameeting________someonebrokein.解析句意：我們正在開會(huì)，這時(shí)有人闖了進(jìn)來。本句中用到了“bedoing...when...”的固定用法，因此應(yīng)填when。答案when【分層演練】■層級(jí)一模擬達(dá)標(biāo)練Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.(2022·大連一模)Employing3Dlaserscanningtechnology,theresearchersdigitallyrecordtheshapes,colorsandotherfinedetailsofthegrottoes(洞穴)andlaterreproducethem__byusing3Dprintingtechnology.2.(2022·宜春一模)ThespeedatwhichChina’swintersportsindustryhasdevelopedisunprecedented(前所未有的).3.(2022·宜春一模)TheChinesecapitalwasselectedtohostthe2022WinterOlympicsafterbeatingAlmaty—thelargestcityinKazakhstan—byfourvotesin2015.4.(2022·新余二模)InfluencedbyTaoistandConfucianthoughtandtheoriesofChineseandtheoriesofChinesemedicine，the__practicehasdevelopedintoseveralschoolsorstylesnamedafteraclan(家族)oramaster’spersonalsurname,suchasChenstyleorYangstyle.Theyarepasseddownthroughclan－basedformorthemaster－apprentice(師徒)model,andbuiltupontheyinandyangcycleandtheculturalunderstandingoftheunityofheavenandhumanity.5.(2022·黃山二模)Manypoorpeoplehavebenefitedfromtheboominge－commerceindustry.6.(2022·廣州一模)Membersoftheorganizingcommitteeputforwardtheideatogovernmentofficialsandcompaniesearlierthisyearandwontheirsupport.7.(2022·汕頭一模)Beforehigh－speedrail,ittookaround34hourstotravelmorethan1，600kilometersbytrainfromBeijingtoLanzhouviaBaotou.Forrailwayfans,thetripwas,andstillis,reallyatreat.8.(2022·保定一模)AlthoughChang’e5wasashortmission,it’soneofthemostcomplexprojectsundertakenbytheChinesespaceprogramsofar.9.(2022·唐山二模)Onereasonwhypeoplerememberthespokenwordsbetteristhatitgivesusanadditionalbasisformemory.10.(2022·唐山二模)Recentstudiesprovideampleevidencethattheancientartofreadingaloudhasanumberofbenefits,fromhelpingimproveourmemoriestostrengtheningemotionalbondsbetweenpeople.Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)1.About36%ofthemarefondofsurfingtheInternet,whichhelpshimknowaboutthelatestnewsandcurrentaffairsintheworld.him→them2.Whereverheis,hemakeshimselfaruletogivehismotheracalleveryday.himself→it3.Finally,Ishouldbeabletotellvisitorsaboutourhistoryandcultureandshowthemtheirgreatachievements.their→our4.Everyonewasscaredofher，andinfactherheartwassoft.and→but5.Onemorning,Mr.Greenwasabouttotakeawalkwhilehereceivedacall,sayingthathisdaughterwascomingat3o’clockbyair.while→when6.Apassengerrealizedhecouldn’tfindhisticketbutbecamequiteupset.but→and7.AfterdinnerhegaveMr.Richardsontheridetotheairport.第一個(gè)the→a8.Allthestudentsinourclassmadeaprogressbystudyingharderthisterm.去掉a9.Itisnotrarein1990sthatpeopleintheirfiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.1990s前加the10.Hereisaverypersonwearelookingfor,onewithagoodknowledgeofGerman.第一個(gè)a→the11.Ourofficewasn’tfartoChinatown,whereIfoundsomeverygoodChineserestaurants.to→from12.Whitefatstoresextraenergy,whichresultsfromweightgain.from→in■層級(jí)二高考真題練Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.(2021·全國(guó)乙卷)Duetothegrowingpopularityofenvironmentally－relatedandadventuretravel,varioustypesoftripsarenowbeingclassifiedasecotourism.2.(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ)Thoughitistheonlyunnaturalthingonyourwayupthemountain,stillithighlightsthewholeadventureandoffersaplacewhereyoucansitdowntorestyourachinglegs.3.(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ)Asthesonggoes,thislongandwindingroad“willneverdisappear”，anditwillalwaysstickinthevisitor’smemory.Itsuredoesinmine(I).Whileyou’reinChina,MountHuangshanisamusttovisit!4.(2021·全國(guó)甲卷)TheXi’anCityWallisthemostcompletecitywallthathassurvivedChina’slonghistory.ItwasbuiltoriginallytoprotectthecityintheTangdynastyandhasnowbeencompletelyrestored(修復(fù)).5.(2021·全國(guó)甲卷)WehiredourbikesfromtherentalplaceattheSouthGate.Mybikewasoldandshakybutdidthejob.Ittookusabout3hourstogoallthewayaroundtheXi’anCityWall.6.(2021·浙江卷)Shewasextremelypretty,andherhousewasareflectionofherself(she)，everythingingoodtasteandinperfectorder.7.(2021·浙江卷)AlthoughMarylovedflowers，neithershenorherhusbandwasknownasagardener.8.(2021·浙江卷)TheLincolnsenlargedthehousetoafulltwostoriesin1856tomeettheneedsoftheirgrowingfamily.9.(2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Bambooplantsareassociatedwithhealth,abundanceandahappyhome.10.(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ)Aswellaslookingatexhibits,visitorscanplaywithcomputersimulations(模擬)andimaginethemselves(they)livingatadifferenttimeinhistoryorwalkingthrougharainforest.Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)1.(2021·全國(guó)乙卷)Inmyopinion，studentscanbenefitalotdoingsomehousework.lot后加from2.(2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)ThenIcansparesometimetolearnitagain,sothatwecanpracticetogetheroneveryday.去掉on3.(2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Forexample,everymorning,mydadhastohavethebowlofeggsoupwhileIhavetoeatanapple.the→a4.(2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Itellmymomthatifwe’reforcedtoeatthings,wemaybecomeill.Butheinsistsonuseatinghealthyfood.he→she5.(2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Inordertomakesureallofusareingoodhealth，andshemakesspecificplansforus.去掉and6.(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Eachofmycafeswillhaveadifferentthemeandanuniquestyle.an→a7.(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)WhenIstudiedchemistryhighschool,Ireconsideredmygoalanddecidedtobeadoctor.在high前加in/at8.(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Inthecafe,customerswillenjoyyourselvesinthehistoricalenvironmentwhichiscreatedforthem.yourselves→themselves9.(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Suddenlyafootballfelljustinfrontofmebutalmosthitme.but→and10.(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Everyonewassilent,waitingtoseewhowouldbecalledupontoreadhisandherparagraphaloud.and→or11.(全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Duringmylastwinterholiday,Iwenttocountrysidewithmyfathertovisitmygrandparents.countryside前加the12.(全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Theywouldsaytomethatplayingcardgameswouldhelpmybrain.StillIwasunwillingtoplaythegamesforthemsometimes.for→with13.(全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)ItwasareliefandIcametoasuddenstopjustinthemiddleontheroad.on→of14.(全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)WhenIlookatthispictureofmyself,Irealizeofhowfasttimeflies.去掉第二個(gè)of15.(全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Myunclesaysthatheneverdreamsbecomingrichinashortperiodoftime.dreams后加of16.(全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Theywouldsaytousthatplayingcardgameswouldhelpmybrain.StillIwasunwillingtoplaythegameswiththemsometimes.us→me17.(全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Ihaddonemyselfhomework,butIwasshy.myself→my18.(全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Mr.andMrs.Zhangallworkinourschool.all→both或者去掉all19.(全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Beforegettingintothecar,IthoughtIhadlearnedtheinstructor’sorders，soonceIstartedthecar,mymindwentblank.so→but/yet20.(全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)MyuncleistheownerofarestaurantclosetowhereIlive.Thoughnotverybig，buttherestaurantispopularinourarea.去掉but■層級(jí)三語篇提能練Ⅰ.語法填空The“Twenty－fourSolarTerms”istheChinesetraditionalwayofdividingandmarkingtime.Itshows1.____________relationshipbetweentheuniverse,seasons,climateandagriculture,whichisuniquelycreated2.____________Chineseancestors.TheTwenty－fourSolarTermsareimportantinstructionsfortheagriculturalproductionaswellaspeople’sdailylives.3.____________theinitialstageofagriculturaldevelopment,peoplebegantoexplorerulesofnatureandused4.____________(they)toguidesowing,harvestingandotheragriculturalactivities.Untilnow,ithasbecome5.____________essentialtooltoguidetheagriculturalproductioninChina.And6.____________(it)charmandvaluehavebeenincreasinglyrecognizedbythepublic.答案1.the[考查冠詞。此處特指宇宙、季節(jié)、氣候和農(nóng)業(yè)之間的關(guān)系，應(yīng)用定冠詞the。]2.by[考查介詞。句意：它展示了宇宙、季節(jié)、氣候和農(nóng)業(yè)之間的關(guān)系，這是中國(guó)祖先獨(dú)特的創(chuàng)造。此句為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，介詞by的賓語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。]3.At[考查介詞。句意：在農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的初始階段，人們開始探索自然規(guī)律，并以此來指導(dǎo)播種、收獲等農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)。stage在本句中意為“階段”，其前應(yīng)用介詞at。attheinitialstageof“在……的初級(jí)階段”。]4.them[考查代詞。設(shè)空在句中作used的賓語，指代rulesofnature，故填賓格代詞them。]5.an[考查冠詞。句意：到目前為止，它已經(jīng)成為指導(dǎo)中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要工具。此處泛指“一個(gè)必要的工具”，應(yīng)用不定冠詞，essential是元音音素開始的單詞，故填an。]6.its[考查代詞。設(shè)空在句中作定語，修飾名詞charmandvalue，應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞，故填its。]Ⅱ.短文改錯(cuò)Dearclassmates，weallknowthatreadingishighlyimportanceforeveryoneandonlybyreadingcanonekeepsupwiththetimes.However，nowadays，manyofusrarereadbooksexceptourtexts，whichisworrying.Wordhasitthatthosewhoinsistreadingusuallyperformbetterindozensofaspectthanthosewhodonot.Thatis，untilwereadbooksonadailybasis，wewilleventuallygainmanymorebenefitsfromthem.Also，thebenefitsgainingcanlastalifetime.Therefore，toimproveyourselves，Irecommendthateveryoneofusshouldmakereadingahabitorreadmorebooks.答案Dearclassmates，weallknowthatreadingishighlyeq\f(importance,①important)foreveryoneandonlybyreadingcanoneeq\f(keeps,②keep)upwiththetimes.However，nowadays，manyofuseq\f(rare,③rarely)readbooksexceptourtexts，whichisworrying.Wordhasitthatthosewhoinsistreadingusuallyperformbetterindozensofeq\f(aspect,⑤aspects)thanthosewhodonot.Thatis，eq\f(until,⑥if/when)wereadbooksonadailybasis，wewilleventuallygainmanybenefitsfromthem.Also，thebenefitseq\f(gaining,⑧gained)canlastalifetime.Therefore，toimproveeq\f(yourselves,⑨ourselves)，Irecommendthateveryoneofusshouldmakereadingahabiteq\f(or,⑩and)readmorebooks.①名詞和形容詞混用。此處被副詞highly修飾，應(yīng)用形容詞，故把importance改為important。②動(dòng)詞形式誤用。此處為倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，調(diào)整成正常語序?yàn)閛necankeepupwiththetimes。動(dòng)詞前有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can，應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞原形，故把keeps改為keep。③形容詞和副詞混用。修飾動(dòng)詞read應(yīng)用副詞，故把rare改為rarely。④介詞漏用。insistondoingsth“堅(jiān)持做某事”，是固定搭配。⑤名詞單復(fù)數(shù)誤用。dozensof“許多”，且aspect“方面”為可數(shù)名詞，故應(yīng)用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。⑥連詞誤用。此處表示“如果我們每天都讀書/當(dāng)我們每天都讀書時(shí)，我們最終會(huì)從中獲益良多”，故用if/when。⑦限定詞多用。此處表示“從中獲得許多益處”，因此more多余。⑧非謂語動(dòng)詞誤用。benefits與gain之間的是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，應(yīng)用過去分詞作后置定語，故把gaining改為gained。⑨代詞誤用。根據(jù)上文中多次出現(xiàn)的“we”和下文中的“everyoneofus”可知，此處表示“提升我們自己”，故把yourselves改為ourselves。⑩連詞誤用。結(jié)合語境可知，此處表示“我建議我們每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該養(yǎng)成閱讀的習(xí)慣并且多讀書”。makereadingahabit和readmorebooks之間是順承關(guān)系，而不是選擇關(guān)系，故應(yīng)用and。

句法篇第四講精通常用句式——三大從句和特殊句式第一節(jié)定語從句【考點(diǎn)精析】在復(fù)合句中，修飾名詞、代詞或整個(gè)句子的從句叫作定語從句。定語從句可以分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句?？键c(diǎn)1關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句(1)who,whom,whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句who和whom指人。who在定語從句中作主語或賓語；whom在定語從句中作賓語，在限制性定語從句中可省略。在口語中可用who代替whom。Somepeoplewhoaresuccessfullanguagelearnersoftenfailinotherfields.有些成功的語言學(xué)習(xí)者，在其他領(lǐng)域常常會(huì)失敗。Thestudentwho/whomyoutalkedtojustnowismybestfriend.你剛才談話的那個(gè)學(xué)生是我最好的朋友。whose指人或物，在定語從句中作定語，指物時(shí)可用ofwhich代替，指人時(shí)可用ofwhom代替。Myeldestson，whoseworktakeshimallovertheworld,isinNewYorkatthemoment.我的大兒子目前在紐約，他的工作使他走遍了全世界。Helivesinahouse,whosewindowisbroken.他住在一所房子里，房子的窗戶壞了。(2)that/which/as引導(dǎo)的定語從句①只用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況·先行詞是all，everything，anything，nothing，something，little，much，none，few，theone等不定代詞時(shí)。(如先行詞指人，可用who代替that)·先行詞被theonly,thevery(正是、恰是),thelast修飾時(shí)。(如先行詞指人，可用who代替that)·先行詞被all,any,few,every,no,little,much,some等詞修飾時(shí)。(如先行詞指人，可用who代替that)·先行詞含有人和物兩者時(shí)?！は刃性~被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾或先行詞本身是序數(shù)詞時(shí)?！は刃性~在主句中作表語，或關(guān)系詞在從句中作表語時(shí)。ThisistheveryfilmthatIwanttosee.這正是我想看的一部影片。Thefamouswriterandhisbookthatyoureferredtojustnowarewell－knownnow.你剛才提到的那位著名作家和他的書現(xiàn)在非常有名。②只用which引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況·先行詞為物，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)·先行詞本身是that時(shí)·先行詞為物，關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)介詞的賓語，且介詞位于關(guān)系代詞之前時(shí)·引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾前面的整個(gè)主句，代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念時(shí)③which與as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別whichas位置上只能放在先行詞的后面位置靈活，可位于句首、句中也可置于句末搭配上無動(dòng)詞的限制謂語動(dòng)詞通常是表示感覺或心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞，如see,hear,know,expect,remember等意思上這一點(diǎn)正如……，正像……的那樣Shemarriedagain，whichwasunexpected.她再婚了，這是始料不及的。Shemarriedagain，asweexpected.正如我們預(yù)料的那樣，她再婚了?？键c(diǎn)2關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句先行詞關(guān)系副詞在從句中的作用與“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”的關(guān)系表示時(shí)間的名詞：time,day,year等。when作時(shí)間狀語＝at/in/on/duringwhich表示場(chǎng)所的名詞：park,place,country,house等。where作地點(diǎn)狀語＝in/at/to/onwhich表示理由的名詞：thereason。why作原因狀語＝forwhich【名師指津】(1)當(dāng)先行詞為一些表示抽象地點(diǎn)的名詞，如point,situation,case,stage等時(shí)，如果引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語，常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句。(2)先行詞occasion意為“時(shí)機(jī)”時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞when；意為“場(chǎng)合”時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞where。(3)當(dāng)先行詞way意為“方法、方式”，且在從句中作狀語時(shí)，可用that,inwhich或省略關(guān)系詞這三種形式。Helivedinatimewhentheblindcouldn’tgetmucheducation.在他生活的那個(gè)時(shí)代，盲人是接受不了什么教育的。Iwalkeduptothetopofthehillwithmyfriend，whereweenjoyedasplendidviewofthelake.我和朋友一起登上了山頂，在山頂上我們欣賞到了湖光美景。Ihavecometothepointwhere/atwhichIcan’tstandhim.我已經(jīng)到了無法容忍他的地步。考點(diǎn)3“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句類別句法功能示例介詞＋關(guān)系代詞(which/whom)狀語Heisthepersononwhomyoucandepend.他是你可以信賴的人。介詞＋whose＋名詞狀語Hewasthemanfromwhoseroomthethiefhadstolenhisbag.他就是被小偷從房間里偷走包的那個(gè)人。名詞/代詞/數(shù)詞＋介詞＋關(guān)系代詞(which/whom)主語LastSundayIboughtsomebooksfromthebookstore，threeofwhichwereEnglishnovels.上星期日我從書店買了一些書，其中三本是英文小說。【名師指津】“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的確定(1)根據(jù)定語從句中動(dòng)詞、形容詞所需要的某種習(xí)慣搭配來確定。Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.(turntosbforhelp)在黑暗的街道上，沒有一個(gè)她可以求助的人。Physicsisthesubjectinwhicheverystudentinourschoolisinterested.(beinterestedin)物理是我們學(xué)校每個(gè)學(xué)生都很感興趣的課程。(2)根據(jù)與先行詞搭配的具體含義而定。I’llneverforgetthetimeduringwhichIspentmychildhoodinthecountry.(duringthattime)我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我在鄉(xiāng)下度過童年的那段時(shí)光。(3)根據(jù)所表達(dá)的意思來確定。Thecolorlessgaswithoutwhichwecan’tliveiscalledoxygen.這種無色的氣體就是氧氣，離了它我們無法生存?！疽呻y突破】1.限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別分類用法定語從句限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾限制作用非限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明作用。在非限制性定語從句中，先行詞與定語從句往往用逗號(hào)隔開。非限制性定語從句相當(dāng)于并列句、狀語從句等Hehastwosons，whoworkinthesamecompany.(Hehasonlytwosons.)他有兩個(gè)兒子，他們?cè)谕患夜旧习?。Hehastwosonswhoworkinthesamecompany.(Perhapshehasmorethantwosons.)他有兩個(gè)兒子在同一家公司上班。Hefailedinthematch，whichwasagreatpity.(非限制性定語從句，先行詞為前面的句子)＝Hefailedinthematch，anditwasagreatpity.他在比賽中失敗了，這真令人遺憾。2.定語從句和其他句式的區(qū)別類別區(qū)別例句定語從句與并列句并列句有and，but，so等并列連詞或兩個(gè)句子用分號(hào)連接。并列句中絕對(duì)不可再用引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞。Ihavethreecars，noneof________isingoodcondition.Ihavethreecars，butnoneof________isingoodcondition.上句中cars后面是非限制性定語從句，空格中填關(guān)系代詞which；下句中有并列連詞but，題干是并列句，空格中填代詞them。定語從句與狀語從句定語從句修飾、限制先行詞，常放在先行詞的后面，而狀語從句說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的情況，可以放在主句的前面。Doyouknowthetimewhenthemeetingwasover？(when引導(dǎo)定語從句)Whenthemeetingwasover，itwasalreadyfiveo’clock.(when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句)when，where和why在引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)可以用“介詞＋which”的結(jié)構(gòu)來替換，在引導(dǎo)狀語從句時(shí)則不行。Thisistheschoolwhere(＝inwhich)Ionceworked.(where引導(dǎo)定語從句)Putbackthebookwhereitwas.(where引導(dǎo)狀語從句)定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)某種句子成分，因此去掉之后從句成分不完整；而狀語從句中的連接詞在從句中不作任何成分，去掉后從句的成分仍然完整。Itissuchaninterestingbookaswealllike.(as引導(dǎo)定語從句，作動(dòng)詞like的賓語)Itissuchaninterestingbookthatwealllikeit.(that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，不充當(dāng)從句的成分)定語從句與同位語從句定語從句在復(fù)合句中相當(dāng)于形容詞，對(duì)先行詞起修飾或限制的作用，與先行詞之間有從屬關(guān)系。同位語從句的作用相當(dāng)于名詞，對(duì)前面的名詞給予補(bǔ)充說明或進(jìn)一步解釋，是前面名詞的具體內(nèi)容，與前面名詞之間是同位關(guān)系。Thesuggestionthathecameupwithispractical.(that引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，that代替先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)賓語，可省略)Hegavemeasuggestionthatweshouldreadaloudeverymorning.(that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句，that在從句中不作任何成分，但不可省略)單句語法填空1.(2022·大同一中模擬)Accordingtotheplan,thehigh－speedrailwaywillbuildtwobranchlines—oneistoYanqingStationandtheothertoTaizichengofChongli,wheretheOlympicvillagelies.2.(2022·長(zhǎng)春二模)Heistheheadofathree－starrestaurant,LeSuquet,whichislocatedinthecenterofParis.3.(2022·合肥二模)China’sindustrializedgrapewineproductiondidn’tstartuntil1892,when__asuccessfulChinesebusinessmancalledChangBishifoundedtheChangyuWineproductioncompanyinYantai,Shandong.4.(2022·淮南一模)Theyaretheincredible,mysterioustombguardians,whosediscoveryin1974madeglobalheadlines.5.(2022·成都一模)Thedocumentaryinvitedawell－knownBritishactorIanMcKellen,whoplayedGandalfinTheLordoftheRingsmovies,toread15ofDu’spoemsthathavebeentranslatedintoEnglish.【規(guī)律方法】1.根據(jù)從句所缺成分來確定關(guān)系詞(1)如果先行詞指人，定語從句中缺少主語，限制性定語從句中用who/that；非限制性定語從句中用who。(2)如果先行詞指人，定語從句中缺少賓語，限制性定語從句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定語從句中用whom。(3)如果先行詞指物，定語從句中缺少主語或賓語，限制性定語從句中用which/that；非限制性定語從句中用which。(4)如果先行詞指時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)，定語從句中缺少時(shí)間狀語或地點(diǎn)狀語，定語從句中用when/where;如果從句中缺少的是主語或賓語，則用that/which。(5)不論先行詞指人還是物，只要關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作定語就用whose。(6)如果先行詞指人，“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中的關(guān)系詞用whom；如果先行詞指物，“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中的關(guān)系詞用which。【典例】Theoldmanturnedhisbusinessovertohisyoungerson，________madehiseldersondiscouraged.解析設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代前面整句話的內(nèi)容，并在從句中作主語。答案which【典例】Iwillneverforgetsuchabeautifulvillage________Ispentmychildhoodwithmygrandparents.解析設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，先行詞是village，且在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。答案where2.巧用固定結(jié)構(gòu)選用關(guān)系詞當(dāng)題干中出現(xiàn)such，thesame等或行為動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，就可考慮關(guān)系詞as的固定結(jié)構(gòu)，如such...as...，thesame...as...，asisknown，asisexpected。但還要注意看定語從句是否缺主語、賓語或表語，如果不缺這三種句子成分，則不用as。【典例】Thosehousesaresoldatsuchalowprice________peopleexpected.解析本空應(yīng)用關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句并在從句中作expected的賓語；空處所填詞與前面的such構(gòu)成固定結(jié)構(gòu)such...as...，表示“像……那樣的……”，因此這里用as引導(dǎo)定語從句。答案as第二節(jié)名詞性從句【考點(diǎn)精析】在復(fù)合句中相當(dāng)于名詞的從句，稱為名詞性從句，主要分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句四類。名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞及其用法如下：類別關(guān)聯(lián)詞意義功能連接詞that無意義不充當(dāng)成分whether/if是否不充當(dāng)成分連接代詞what(ever)(無論)什么主語、賓語、表語、定語which(ever)(無論)哪一個(gè)主語、賓語、定語who(ever)(無論)誰主語、賓語、表語whom誰賓語whose誰的定語連接副詞when何時(shí)時(shí)間狀語where哪里地點(diǎn)狀語why為何原因狀語how如何方式狀語考點(diǎn)1主語從句在句中作主語的從句稱為主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether，if和連接代詞what，who，which，whatever，whoever，whichever，whom，whose以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等詞引導(dǎo)。that在句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義，又起連接作用，在從句中充當(dāng)從句的成分。除此之外，還會(huì)采用形式主語it句型：Thattheearthgoesaroundthesunisknowntousall.→Itisknowntousallthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.眾所周知，地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。Whatmadeherverysadwasthatshelosthernecklace.丟了項(xiàng)鏈?zhǔn)顾茈y過?？键c(diǎn)2賓語從句在句中作賓語的從句稱為賓語從句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中可以作及物動(dòng)詞、介詞及部分形容詞的賓語。Iwonderifyoucouldhelpmefillouttheform.不知道您能否幫我填一下這張表格。Don’ttakeitforgrantedthatmoneymeanseverything.不要想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為錢就是一切。Sarahhopestobecomeafriendofwhoeversharesherinterests.薩拉希望和任何與她有共同興趣的人成為朋友。I’mprettysurethathe’llagree.他會(huì)同意的，對(duì)此我有相當(dāng)?shù)陌盐铡？键c(diǎn)3表語從句在句中作表語的從句稱為表語從句。引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，表語從句位于連系動(dòng)詞后，有時(shí)用asif引導(dǎo)。Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal，andthisiswhereIdisagree.你在說人人應(yīng)該平等，這是我所不贊同的。Nochangeshavetakenplaceinthevillage.Itremainswhatitusedtobe.這個(gè)村子一直未發(fā)生變化，它仍是過去的樣子。Thereasonwhyhemissedclasseswasthathewasillinhospital.他缺課的原因是他生病住院了?？键c(diǎn)4同位語從句同位語從句用以說明其前面某一名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，可以被同位語從句修飾的名詞有advice，demand，doubt，fact，hope，idea，information，message，news，order，problem，promise，question，request，suggestion，truth，wish，word(消息)等。Doyouhaveanyideawhatisactuallygoingonintheclassroom?你知道教室里到底發(fā)生了什么事嗎？ThereisnopossibilitythatBobcanwinthefirstprizeinthematch.鮑勃不可能在比賽中贏得一等獎(jiǎng)?！疽呻y突破】1.that與what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別that在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，也沒有含義；what可以在從句中作主語、表語、賓語和定語，意思是“什么，什么……的事情，什么樣的”。Thathefailedinthetestagainreallypuzzledus.(that在主語從句中不作任何成分，不可以省略)他又一次沒通過考試，這真讓我們感到迷惑不解。Thesephotographswillshowyouwhatourvillagelookslike.(what在賓語從句中作介詞like的賓語)這些照片將向你展示我們村的面貌。2.wh－與wh－ever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別連接詞what，which，who分別表示“……的東西或事情”“哪一個(gè)”“誰”，表示疑問含義；而whatever，whichever，whoever分別相當(dāng)于anythingthat，any...that，anyonewho，意為“無論……”，強(qiáng)調(diào)一切情況。試比較：Whatyouchoosetowearshouldbeclean.你選擇穿的衣服應(yīng)該是干凈的。Whateveryouchoosetowearshouldbeclean.無論你選擇穿什么，你的衣服應(yīng)該是干凈的。3.whether與if的區(qū)別用whether而不用if的情況：(1)主語從句和賓語從句置于句首時(shí)；(2)引導(dǎo)表語從句和同位語從句時(shí)；(3)引導(dǎo)介詞后的賓語從句時(shí)；(4)引導(dǎo)詞與ornot連用時(shí)；(5)引導(dǎo)詞后接todo時(shí)；(6)有些動(dòng)詞如leave，put，discuss，decide等后的賓語從句。Wediscussedwhetherweshouldholdameeting.我們討論了是否應(yīng)該舉行會(huì)議。Itdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughtime.這取決于我們是否有足夠的時(shí)間。Idon’tknowwhetherornotthereportistrue.我不知道報(bào)告是否是真的。單句語法填空1.(2022·攀枝花二模)Inasometimescallous(冷漠的)worldwherepeoplecanbesofocusedonwhatthey’redoing,arandomactofkindnesscanmakeadifference.2.(2022·佛山二模)Thesecondreasonisthat__eventhoughyoungpeoplelearnEnglishnowadays,theeducationsystemdoesn’tgivethemmanyopportunitiestouseit.3.(2022·唐山二模)Recentstudiesprovideampleevidencethattheancientartofreadingaloudhasanumberofbenefits,fromhelpingimproveourmemoriestostrengtheningemotionalbondsbetweenpeople.4.(2022·齊齊哈爾二模)Ifiguredtheywereprobablywonderingwhyapregnantforeignerwasdraggingherlittlekidoutthroughtherain.5.(2022·臺(tái)州二模)TheirstudyalsorevealedthatbothWesternersandtheTsimanehavetroubledistinguishingbetweenreallyhighnotesabove4，000hertz,thoughhumanhearinggoesupto20，000hertz.Thatmaybebecause,__whereverwe’refrom,wehitthelimitsofourbrainsbeforewereachthelimitsofourears.【規(guī)律方法】名詞性從句解題三步走第一步：根據(jù)兩句之間的意義和邏輯關(guān)系，或者根據(jù)句式結(jié)構(gòu)判斷是否是名詞性從句。第二步：一旦判斷是名詞性從句，就根據(jù)名詞性從句中缺少什么句子成分來確定選用什么連接詞。若從句中缺少主語、賓語或表語，用連接代詞；若缺少狀語就用連接副詞。第三步：如果不缺少成分則要考慮意思是否完整，是否需要用whether/if；如果不缺少成分且意思完整就用that?！镜淅縏heshopkeeperdidnotwanttosellfor________hethoughtwasnotenough.解析介詞for后為賓語從句，hethought作插入語，而且was前缺主語。在這種情況下用what，what可分解為thepricethat，原句可轉(zhuǎn)化為“Theshopkeeperdidnotwanttosellforthepricethathethoughtwasnotenough.”。答案what【典例】MassiveOpenOnlineCourses，calledMOOCs，arechanging________peoplelearninmanyplaces.解析分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，changing后為賓語從句，空處作賓語從句中的方式狀語，即“怎樣學(xué)習(xí)”，故應(yīng)用how。答案how第三節(jié)狀語從句【考點(diǎn)精析】項(xiàng)目連詞例句注意事項(xiàng)時(shí)間狀語從句when,while,as,before，after,since，until,themoment等WhenIwaswalkingalongthestreet,Imetafriendofmine.Iwilltellhimthenewsthemomenthecomes.要注意時(shí)態(tài)一致，一般情況下，在時(shí)間狀語從句中，表示將來的動(dòng)作用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(不可用將來時(shí))地點(diǎn)狀語從句where,whereverWherethereisawill,thereisaway.Wearealwayswelcomewhereverwego.注意不要和where引導(dǎo)的定語從句混淆，若是定語從句，where前必然有先行詞條件狀語從句if,unless,as/solongas,onconditionthat,incase等Youshouldgotoschoolunlessyouareseriouslyill.Hewillcertainlypasstheexamnexttermifheworkshardathislessons.條件狀語從句和時(shí)間狀語從句一樣，當(dāng)主句是將來時(shí)的時(shí)候，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)原因狀語從句because，since，as，now(that)Hedidn’tgotoschoolbecausehewasill.AsheisaLeaguemember,hetakestheleadineverythinginhisclass.①because語氣最強(qiáng)，回答why提出的問題；since次之；as最弱；②as引導(dǎo)的從句往往放在主句前面，for后面的并列分句往往表示一種附帶的解釋或說明讓步狀語從句although,though,as,evenif/though，whatever,however,whoever,nomatterwhat/who/howAlthoughheisachild,heknowsalot.Tiredas/thoughIwas,Iwentonwithmywork.IwillgoandattendthemeetinghoweverbusyIam.①當(dāng)用though或although引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，后面的主句不能有but；②as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句必須把表語、狀語或動(dòng)詞原形提前結(jié)果狀語從句so...that...,such...that...,sothatHerunssofastthatnoonecancatchupwithhim.ItwassuchaninterestingnovelthatIreaditthreetimes.IgotuplatesothatImissedtheearlybus.在so...that...和such...that...結(jié)構(gòu)中，so為副詞，后面跟形容詞、副詞或分詞，而such為限定詞，后面只能跟名詞或名詞性短語方式狀語從句as,justas,asif,asthoughWeshouldworkandstudyashedid.Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.asif,asthough在方式狀語從句中多指非真實(shí)的或可能性較小的情況，常用虛擬語氣比較狀語從句as...as...,notso...as,比較級(jí)＋thanHeworksashardaseveryoneelse(does)intheclass.Heistallerthananyotherstudentinourschool.可以用比較句型表示在一定范圍內(nèi)的最高級(jí)含義：比較級(jí)＋than＋anyother＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞目的狀語從句sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat,incase(that)Shestudieshardsothat/inorderthatshecanenterakeyuniversity.Takeanumbrellawithyouincaseitshouldrain.從句中常用may,might,can,could,should等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞單句語法填空1.(2022·福州四校聯(lián)盟模擬)TiborNavracsics,theEuropeanUnion’stopcultureofficial,toldTheAssociatedPressthat“wearesousedtoouroutstandingculturalheritagethatwetendtoforgetthatitneedsrestoringfromtimetotime.”2.(2022·汕頭一模)As/Whentheskygrowsdarkoncemore,youreturntoyourbedandgotosleep,tobeawakenedearlythenextmorninghappilybythesightofadeepdesertvalleyjustoutsideLanzhou.3.(2022·衡水中學(xué)期末)LastyearImetacoupleofyoungstudentsI’dknownbeforeItravelledtoDali,andweagreedtocyclealongthelakeinasmalltownoutsideofDali.【規(guī)律方法】1.牢記固定句式結(jié)構(gòu)，確定連詞?！镜淅俊狧owlongdoyouthinkitis______hearrivedhere?—Nomorethanhalfayear，Ibelieve.解析“Itis＋時(shí)間段＋sincesbdidsth”意為“自從某人做某事到現(xiàn)在有多久了”，為固定句型。答案since2.根據(jù)主從句的邏輯關(guān)系確定狀語從句的連詞。如果主從句是因果關(guān)系，則要考慮用because，as，since；如果主從句有時(shí)間先后之分，則要考慮用時(shí)間狀語從句的連詞；如果從句為主句的條件，則要考慮用if；如果從句表示讓步，則要考慮用although，though，while?！镜淅縄naddition，forestshavebeendecreasingrapidly________toomanytreeshavebeencutdown.解析考查狀語從句。根據(jù)上下文語境看，此空應(yīng)該填表原因的連詞because/as，引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。答案because/as

第四節(jié)特殊句式【考點(diǎn)精析】考點(diǎn)1祈使句祈使句用來表達(dá)說話人的請(qǐng)求、命令、建議、勸告等。祈使句的主語一般為第二人稱(通常省略)，有時(shí)也可用everybody,someone,anybody等不定代詞。祈使句的4種形式：(1)動(dòng)詞原形(＋賓語＋其他成分)；(2)Be＋表語，如Behonest.；(3)Let’s/Letusdo/notdosth；(4)祈使句＋and/or＋簡(jiǎn)單句(簡(jiǎn)單句謂語用一般將來時(shí))。考點(diǎn)2感嘆句(1)what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句·What＋a/an＋adj.＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＋主語＋謂語！·What＋adj.＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞＋主語＋謂語！Whatlovelychildrentheyare!他們是多么可愛的孩子啊！(2)how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句·How＋adj.＋a/an＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＋主語＋謂語！·How＋adj./adv.＋主語＋謂語！·How＋主語＋謂語！Howinterestingastoryitis!→Whataninterestingstoryitis!這是多么有趣的一個(gè)故事??！Howtimeflies！時(shí)間過得真快呀！考點(diǎn)3省略句省略是高考經(jīng)常涉及的語法點(diǎn)，?？嫉膸追N省略情況如下：(1)狀語從句的省略：在when,while,if,asif,though,as,whether等連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，如果謂語有be，而主語又跟主句的主語相同或是it，則從句的主語和be常常省略。Themanisrollingonthegroundasif(heis)hurtbadlyintheleg.那個(gè)男的在地上打著滾，似乎他的腿傷得厲害。(2)不定式中的省略：在一定的上下文中為了避免重復(fù)，可以省略不定式中和前面句子中相同的動(dòng)詞(短語)，只保留不定式符號(hào)to，否定形式的省略用notto。但如果省略的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中含有be,have(作助動(dòng)詞用)，通常保留be或have。Iaskedhimtoseethefilm，buthedidn’twantto(seethefilm).我要他去看電影，但他不想去。(3)if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句的省略：當(dāng)if從句中有had,should,were時(shí)，可以省去if，同時(shí)把had,should,were置于句首。Weretheytogetmarried，theywouldbehappy.要是他們結(jié)婚的話，他們會(huì)幸福的?？键c(diǎn)4強(qiáng)調(diào)句強(qiáng)調(diào)句是高考考查的難點(diǎn)，在理解強(qiáng)調(diào)句時(shí)，學(xué)生要注意以下六點(diǎn)：(1)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人時(shí)，連接詞用that/who都可以；非人時(shí)，用that。(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的一般疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)：Is/Was＋it＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分＋that/who＋其他部分。(3)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)：特殊疑問詞＋is/was＋it＋that＋其他部分？WhenwasitthathemovedtoAmerica?他是什么時(shí)候搬到美國(guó)去的？(4)含not...until...的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：Itis/wasnotuntil＋...＋that＋其他部分。(5)把句子中的“Itis/was...that/who”去掉之后，句子依然成立，就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，否則就不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。(6)如果需要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語，應(yīng)用助動(dòng)詞do,does或did。Thefamilydidmanagetosendhimtoatechnicalschool.家里的確設(shè)法讓他上了技術(shù)學(xué)校?？键c(diǎn)5兩種形式的倒裝句(1)部分倒裝①將含有否定意義的副詞或連詞置于句首時(shí)引起部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這類詞(組)有：never,seldom,rarely,little,few,atnotime,bynomeans,nolonger,hardly/scarcely...when...,nosooner...than...,notonly...butalso...,notuntil,nowhere,neither...nor...等。NotuntilIlostmyjobdidIrealizeIshouldimprovemyw