第3講題型突破——主旨大意題思維品質(zhì)體現(xiàn)英語學科核心素養(yǎng)的心智特征，而主旨大意題較好地反映了學生的思維品質(zhì)。主旨大意題旨在考查考生通過閱讀文章正確獲取文章主旨，推斷文章的主題、標題、段落大意、中心思想的能力，即考查考生歸納概括以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。它既考查閱讀理解能力，又考查深層次的推理、概括能力。此類題目可分為三大類：標題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。選項特征

技法一標題歸納題——“高度概括”定標題記敘文、說明文和議論文三種文體涉及不同話題的閱讀材料都會考查到標題歸納題。設問方式1．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?2．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?3．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?4．Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?5．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?此類試題的解題流程如下：(2022·浙江1月·C)Thebenefitsofregularexercisearewelldocumentedbutthere’sanewbonustoaddtotheever-growinglist.Newresearchfoundthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementia(癡呆癥)inlaterlife—andiftheydid，itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen.LeadresearcherDrHelenaH?rder，oftheUniversityofGothenburginSweden，said：“Thesefindingsareexcitingbecauseit’spossiblethatimprovingpeople’scardiovascular(心血管的)fitnessinmiddleagecoulddelayorevenpreventthemfromdevelopingdementia.”Forthestudy,191womenwithanaverageageof50tookabicycleexercisetestuntiltheyweretiredouttomeasuretheirpeak(最大值的)cardiovascularcapacity.Theaveragepeakworkloadwasmeasuredat103watts.Atotalof40womenmetthecriteriaforahighfitnesslevelwithacapacityof120wattsorhigher，while92womenwereinthemediumfitnesscategory.Atotalof59wereoflowfitnesslevel，withapeakworkloadof80wattsorless，orhavingtheirtestsstoppedbecauseofhealthproblems.Thesewomenwerethentestedfordementiasixtimesoverthefollowingfourdecades.Duringthattime,44ofthewomendevelopeddementia.Fivepercentofthehighlyfitwomendevelopeddementia，comparedto25percentofthewomenwithmediumfitnessand32percentofthewomenwithlowfitness.“However，thisstudydoesnotshowcauseandeffectbetweencardiovascularfitnessanddementia，itonlyshowsanassociation，”saidH?rder.“Moreresearchisneededtoseeifimprovedfitnesscouldhaveapositiveeffectontheriskofdementiaandalsotolookatwhenduringalifetimeahighfitnesslevelismostimportant.”Shealsoadmittedthatarelativelysmallnumberofwomenwerestudied，allofwhomwerefromSweden，sotheresultsmightnotbeapplicabletoothergroups.30．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．MoreWomenAreExercisingtoPreventDementiaB．Middle-AgedWomenNeedtoDoMoreExerciseC．FitWomenAreLessLikelytoDevelopDementiaD．BikingImprovesWomen’sCardiovascularFitness技法二文章大意題——“主題句定位”尋主旨說明文、記敘文、議論文三種文體涉及的多種話題，如社會文化類、人物故事類、科普說明類，都會考查文章大意類題目。設問方式1．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?2．Whatmessagedoestheauthorseemtoconveyinthetext?3．Whatdoesthepassagefocuson?此類試題的解題流程如下：(2022·全國甲·C)AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica，shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoopenguins(企鵝)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle，lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood，Ginni，now71，hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(職業(yè))asaprofessionaldancer，shetouredintheUK，butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest，shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts，Ginnibegantotraveltheworld，eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego，thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“IjustdecidedIwantedtogo，”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI’dfindthereandIwasn’tnervous.Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”InMarch2008，Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe’dnevermetbefore，tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.“Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises，thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas，”Ginnisays.“IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland，toberespectedbyhumans，wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.31．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Achildhooddream.B．Anunforgettableexperience.C．Sailingaroundtheworld.D．MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.技法三段落大意題——首尾兼顧知段意段落大意題常在說明文和議論文中考查。文章的每一個段落都要圍繞一個特定的主題按照一定的邏輯順序展開，所以，段落的結構也有一定的規(guī)律性。相對于標題類試題和文章大意類試題，段落大意類試題考查頻率較低。設問方式1．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?2．Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytellusabout...?3．Inthelastparagraph，theauthormainlytellsus.4．Whichofthefollowingisthemainideaofthesecondparagraph?5．Thethirdparagraphmainlytellsusthat.此類試題的解題流程如下：(2022·全國甲·D片段)Sometimeintheearly1960s，asignificantthinghappenedinSydney，Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.Then，oneafteranother，Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks，superbbeaches，andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.32．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．Sydney’sstrikingarchitecture.B．TheculturaldiversityofSydney.C．ThekeytoSydney’sdevelopment.D．Sydney’stouristattractionsinthe1960s.A(原創(chuàng)題)選自：ScientificAmericanHumansarenottheonlyanimalsthatbeardivorce；somebirdsgothroughitaswell.Arecentstudyrevealswhymembersofonesuchspecies，theEurasianbluetit，sometimesbreaktheirbond.Whenornithologists(鳥類學家)referto“divorce”，theymeanthatbothmembersofabreedingpairsurvivetothefollowingbreedingseasonbutenduppairingwithnewpartnersratherthanreuniting.Greatblueheronsdivorceaftereverybreedingseason，andemperorpenguinssplituparound85percentofthetime.Incontrast，just9percentofmallardduckpairscallitquits，andalbatrossesalmostneverbreakup.Manyresearchershavefocusedonunderstandinghowtheseseparationsaffectreproductivesuccess，butuntilnowfewhavefocusedontheprocessitself.BehavioralecologistCarolGilsenanoftheMaxPlanckInstituteforOrnithologyinGermanyandhercolleaguesmonitoredhundredsofEurasianbluetitsforeightyears，usingartificialnestboxesinaprotectedforestinsouthernGermany.Intheirfindings，publishedinAnimalBehaviour,64percentofbreedingpairssplitupduringthestudy—eventhoughfaithfulpairsproducedmoreeggsandrearedmorefledglings(幼鳥)．Ifbothmembersofapairreturnedtotheirpreviousterritoryaroundthesametime，theyweremorelikelytoreunite；iftheywereondifferentschedules，theyweremorelikelytoseparate.“Ifyouturnupearly，youcan’taffordtowaitaround，”Gilsenansays.“Itcouldbethatyourformermateisinjuredorevendead.Ifyouwait，youmayforgoabreedingopportunity，soyouneedtopairup.”Adultdeathrateinbluetitsisextremelyhigh—around50percent—sothebirdthatreturnsfirstismorelikelytobreedagainbyfindinganewpartnerratherthanriskbeingleftoutentirely.Thebirdsseemtobesimplyplayingtheodds.Theresearchersalsodiscoveredthatifpairsmaintainedcontactoutsidethebreedingseason，theyweremorelikelytohavesynchronizedschedulesandthereforetoremainfaithfultoeachother.JoshA．Firth，azoologistattheUniversityofOxford，whowasnotinvolvedwiththestudy，saysthisanalysisapparentlyrulesoutanumberofotherpossiblecausesofbirddivorce，includinglowreproductivesuccessrates，infidelity，andgeneticorbehavioralcompatibility.“Inwildanimalpopulations，”hesays，“divorcecanbedrivenbyconsequentialeffects—almostaccidentally.”1．Whichbirdsofthefollowingarefaithfultotheirformerpartner?A．Greatblueherons. B．Emperorpenguins.C．Mallardducks. D．Albatrosses.2．Whatisparagraph4mainlyabout?A．TheresultofCarolGilsenan’sfindings.B．Thereasonwhysomebirdswillfindanewpartner.C．Thenumberofbirdsthatpairwithnewpartners.D．Thekindsofbirdsthatbeardivorce.3．Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?A．BirdsBreakUpB．BirdsC．AnimalsD．HumanandNature4．Inwhichofthefollowingwouldthispassagemostlikelybefound?A．Sciencefiction. B．Newspaper.C．Magazine. D．Website.BForgivenessisimportantinchildrenandadultsforrestoringrelationshipsandlimitingfutureconflicts.Arecentstudysuggeststhatteachingchildrentounderstandotherpeople’sperspectivescouldmakeiteasierforthemtolearnhowtoforgiveotherpeople.Thestudyalsofoundthatteachingchildrentomakesincereapologiescanhelpthemreceiveforgivenessfromothers.Mulvey，anassociateprofessorofpsychologyatNorthCarolinaStateUniversity，ledthestudy.Herteamenlisted185children，agedbetween5and14，inthestudy.Researchersconductedinaninterviewwitheachchildthatcollectedbackgroundinformationandassessedthechild’s“theoryofmind”skills.Theoryofmindisyourabilitytounderstandthatsomeoneelse’sbeliefs，intentionsanddesiresaredifferentfromyourown.Researchersthenledeachchildthroughaseriesofscenarios(設想情況)involvingotherchildrenwhoare“in-group”and“out-group”．Specifically，eachparticipantwastoldtheywerepartofagroup，suchasthegreenteam.Duringinterviews，researchersdescribedsomechildrenasalsobeingonthegreenteam(makingthemin-group)，whileotherchildrenwereontheyellowteam(makingthemout-group)．Ineachscenario，interviewersaskedstudyparticipantswhethertheywerewillingtoforgiveagroupthatleftthemoutofagameoractivity.Therewerethreemainfindings.First，childrenaremorelikelytoforgivesomeoneifhe/shehasapologized.Second，childrenaremorelikelytoforgivepeoplewhoare“in-group”．Third，themoreadvancedachild’stheoryofmindskillsare，themorelikelytheyaretoforgiveothers.Theresearchersidentifiedtwothingsthatparentsandteachersmaywanttofocusonrelatedtoforgiveness.Oneishelpingkidsunderstandhowimportantitistoapologizeinameaningfulway.Thesecondfocusareaishelpingkidsunderstandtheperspectivesofotherpeople，eveniftheyaredifferentfromyou.Mulveysays，