第2講題型突破——推理判斷題推理判斷是指在理解原文字面意義的基礎上，通過對語篇邏輯關系的分析和細節(jié)的暗示，作出一定的判斷和推理，從而得出文章的深層意義及隱含意義的過程。推理判斷題主要考查考生理清上下文邏輯關系的能力以及考生的邏輯推理能力。它所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是某幾句話，要求考生在遵循原文意義的基礎上，對文章字面信息進行分析、挖掘、邏輯推理，揭示其深層含義。根據(jù)近幾年高考真題來看，推斷隱含意義、寫作意圖、觀點態(tài)度為高頻考點，而推斷下段內(nèi)容、文章出處、讀者對象為低頻考點。選項特征技法一隱含推斷題——關鍵詞句細推敲隱含推斷題要求考生根據(jù)語篇內(nèi)容，推斷具體細節(jié)，如時間、地點、人物關系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息，或者借助語境進行推理判斷?？忌挥姓_把握文章的內(nèi)在關系，理解關鍵詞句的真正含義，才可能作出準確的推斷。一般題干主要包括六個動詞：infer(推斷)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，conclude(得出結(jié)論)和assume(假定，設想)。設問方式1．Whatcanweinferfrom...？/Whatcanbeinferredabout...?2．Whatcanwelearnabout...？/Whatdoweknowabout...?3．Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes...?解此類試題常用“推敲關鍵詞句”法。解題流程如下：(2022·全國甲·D片段)EverywhereinSydneythesedays，changeandprogressarethewatchwords(口號)，andtraditionsareincreasinglyrare.ShirleyFitzgerald，thecity’sofficialhistorian，toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s，Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast，includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.“Sydneyisconfusedaboutitself，”shesaid.“Wecan’tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamoderncityoratraditionalone.It’saconflictthatwearen’tgettinganybetteratresolving(解決)．”O(jiān)ntheotherhand，beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.“Manypeoplesaythatwelackcultureinthiscountry，”hetoldme.“WhatpeopleforgetisthattheItalians，whentheycametoAustralia，brought2,000yearsoftheirculture，theGreekssome3,000years，andtheChinesemorestill.We’vegotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwithadriveanddynamismofayoungcountry.It’saprettyhardcombinationtobeat.”Heisright，butIcan’thelpwishingtheywouldkeepthoseoldferries.34．WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney?A．Itislosingitstraditions.B．Itshouldspeedupitsprogress.C．Itshouldexpanditspopulation.D．Itisbecomingmoreinternational.35．Whichstatementwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?A．Acitycanbeyoungandoldatthesametime.B．Acitybuiltonancientculturesismoredynamic.C．Modernityisusuallyachievedatthecostofelegance.D．Compromiseshouldbemadebetweenthelocalandtheforeign.技法二觀點態(tài)度題——“忠于措辭”定選項所謂作者的觀點和態(tài)度，就是表達作者對某個話題、行為、事件的看法、感覺或判斷。作者的觀點和態(tài)度一般分為三大類：支持、贊同、樂觀；客觀、中立；反對、批評、懷疑、悲觀。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間。因此，在推斷過程中，應特別注意文中作者的措辭，尤其是表達感情色彩的形容詞或副詞。此類試題往往讓考生推斷文章作者或文中人物對某事所持的態(tài)度、觀點或看法，或推斷文中人物的語氣、性格等。設問方式1．Whydidtheauthorliketo...？/Whatdoestheauthorthinkof...？/Whydoestheauthormention...?2．Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudeto...？/Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes...?3．Whatistheauthor’sattitudeto...?解此類試題常用“忠于措辭”法。解題流程如下：(2021·新高考全國Ⅰ·D片段)Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport，theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重視)onemotionbyemployers，educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.34．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A．Favorable. B．Intolerant.C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.技法三寫作意圖題——文體特點推意圖各種話題的閱讀材料都可能考查寫作目的/意圖題。通常情況下，作者在文中不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過文中所列事物使讀者感受到其所傳遞的想法。所以，這種題型要求考生具備對作者闡述的內(nèi)容進行總結(jié)和分析的能力。設問方式1．整篇文章的寫作目的/意圖：(1)Theauthorwritesthispassageinorderto.(2)Thepurposeofthetextisto.(3)Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?(4)Theauthorofthestorywants/intendstotellusthat.2．某處細節(jié)的寫作目的/意圖：(1)Theauthoruses...inthefirstparagraphto.(2)Theauthorusestheexampleof...to.(3)Theauthorwritesthelastparagraphinorderto.(4)Inwritingparagraph1，theauthoraimsto.解此類試題常用“文體特點推意圖”法。解題流程如下：(2020·天津·D片段)Afteryearsofobservinghumannature，Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformance：curiosityanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.Thetwobelongtogether.Together，thesedeephumanurges(驅(qū)策力)countformuchmorethanambition.GalileowasnotmerelyambitiouswhenhedroppedobjectsofvaryingweightsfromtheLeaningToweratPisaandtimedtheirfalltotheground.LikeGalileo，allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent，“Why?Why?Why？”Fortunately，curiosityanddiscontentdon’thavetobelearned.Wearebornwiththemandneedonlyrecapturethem.“Thegreatman，”saidMencius(孟子)，“ishewhodoesnotlosehischild’sheart.”Yetmostofusdoloseit.Westopaskingquestions.Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.Andthecrowddesiresonlythecalmandrestfulaverage.Itencouragesustooccupyourownlittlecorner，toavoidfoolishleapsintothedark，tobesatisfied.Mostofusmeetnewpeople，andnewideas，withhesitation.Butoncehavingmetandlikedthem，wethinkhowterribleitwouldhavebeen，hadwemissedthechance.Wewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestowakenourcuriosityanddiscontentandkeepthemawake.Howshouldyoustart？Modestly，soasnottobecomediscouraged.Ithinkofonefriendwhocouldn’tarrangeflowerstosatisfyherself.Shewascuriousabouthowtheexpertsdidit.Nowsheisoneoftheexperts，writingbooksonflowerarrangement....Howeveryoustart，rememberthereisnobettertimetostartthanrightnow，foryou’llneverbemorealivethanyouareatthismoment.51．Inwritingparagraph1，theauthoraimsto.A．proposeadefinitionB．makeacomparisonC．reachaconclusionD．presentanargument技法四文章出處題/讀者對象題——內(nèi)容細節(jié)巧判斷文章出處題要求考生具備一定的常識，能夠根據(jù)文章的體裁和題材來推斷文章的出處或類別。讀者對象推斷題要求考生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和文中的措辭推斷文章的讀者對象。設問方式1．Wherecanthetextbefound?2．Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?3．Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?4．Whomaythetextbeintendedfor?5．Whoisthepassagemainlywrittenfor?6．Whoarethemostpossiblereadersofthepassage?解此類試題常用“內(nèi)容細節(jié)巧判斷”法。解題流程如下：(2021·全國甲·A片段)Takeaview，theLandscape(風景)PhotographeroftheYearAward，wastheideaofCharlieWaite，oneoftoday’smostrespectedlandscapephotographers.Eachyear，thehighstandardofentrieshasshownthattheAwardsaretheperfectplatformtoshowcasetheverybestphotographyoftheBritishlandscape.TakeaviewisadesirableannualcompetitionforphotographersfromallcornersoftheUKandbeyond.MikeShepherd(2011)SkiddawinWinterCumbria，England...TimothySmith(2014)MacclesfieldForestCheshire，England...23.Wherecanthetextbefound?A．Inahistorybook. B．Inanovel.C．Inanartmagazine. D．Inabiography.AHaveyoueverspenthalfanhoursearchingtheInternetwhich，asyoufindoutafterwards，lastedthreehours，oropenedabookshortlyafterbreakfastandalittlewhilelaternoticedthattheroomwasgettingdarker?Mostpeoplecanrememberexperiencingsuchastate.Yourmindwasn’twandering；youweretotallyfocusedandconcentratedonthatactivity，tosuchanextentthatyouwerenotevenawareofyourself.Psychologistscallthesefullyabsorbingexperiencesflowstates，whichwerediscoveredandnamedbyaworld-famouspsychologistMihalyCsikszentmihalyi.HiscelebratedbookFlow：ThePsychologyofHappinessbecameaninstantbest-seller，makingitswaytothetopself-helpclassics.Thestateofflowhappensunderveryspecificconditions—whenweencounterachallengethatistestingforourskills，andyetourskillsandcapacitiesaresuchthatitisjustaboutpossibletomeetthischallenge.Soboththechallengeandtheskillsareathighlevels，stretchingusalmosttothelimit.Ifchallengesexceedskills，onecanbecomeanxious.Ifskillsexceedchallenges，weusuallybecomebored.Neitherofthesetwocasesresultinflow.Whatisalsointerestinginflowisthealmosttotalabsenceofemotionsduringtheactualprocess.Oneseemstobealmostbeyondexperiencingemotions，mostlikelybecausetheawarenessofselfisnotpresent.Mihalyhimselfisalsoverymuchawareofthepotentialnegativeimpactoftheflow.Onephilosopheroncedescribeshisownexperienceofflow：“WhenIgettotallyinvolvedintheconversation，Iamnotawareofmyself，theworldaroundorthepassageoftime.Sometimes，Imaybecomeaddictedtothatexistence，unwillingtocopewithotherdailyroutinesoflife，likeforgettingdinner，andsayinggoodbyetomychildren.”1．Whatisthepurposeofparagraph1?A．Toofferageneralbackgroundofthetopic.B．Tomakeanoveralloutlineforthepassage.C．Tointroducethetopicofthepassage.D．Toclarifythedefinitionofthetopic.2．Inwhichofthefollowingexperiencescanweenter“flowstate”？A．Adoptingadog.B．WatchingTV.C．Playingchess.D．Arguingwithothers.3．Whatcanweinferfromthethirdparagraph?A．Thestateofflowislittleconditional.B．Geniusesatnormalschoolsoftengetbored.C．Challengesathighlevelspushustothelimit.D．Skillsplaythemostimportantpartinflow.4．Whydoesthewriterquotethephilosopher’swords?A．Toshowthedrawbacksoftheflow.B．Tostressthevalueofself-awareness.C．Tounderlinetheabsenceofemotions.D．Toindicatethedifficultyofenjoyingtheflow.B(2022·河南許平汝聯(lián)盟模擬)TheSouthPolehasbeenwarmingatmorethanthreetimestheglobalaverageoverthepast30years，accordingtoresearchledbyOhioUniversityprofessorRyanFogt，andKyleClem，whoisacurrentpostdoctoralresearchfellowinclimatescience.Accordingtothestudy，thiswarmingperiodwasmainlydrivenbynaturaltropical(熱帶的)climatevariabilityandwasmostlikelystrengthenedbyincreasesingreenhousegases.ClemandhisteamanalyzedweatherstationdataattheSouthPole，aswellasclimatemodelstoexaminethewarmingintheAntarcticinterior(內(nèi)陸)．Theyfoundthatbetween1989and2018，theSouthPolehadwarmedbyabout1.8℃overthepast30yearsatarateof＋0.6℃perdecade—threetimestheglobalaverage.ThestudyalsofoundthatthestrongwarmingovertheAntarcticinteriorinthelast30yearswasmainlydrivenbythetropics，especiallywarmoceantemperaturesinthewesterntropicalPacificOceanthatchangedthewindsintheSouthAtlanticnearAntarcticaandincreasedthedeliveryofwarmairtotheSouthPole.TheysuggesttheseatmosphericchangesalongAntarctica’scoastareanimportantmechanismdrivingclimateanomalies(異常事物)initsinterior.ClemandFogtarguethatthesewarmingtrendswereunlikelytheresultofnaturalclimatechangealone，stressingtheeffectsofaddedwarmingrelatedtohumanactivitiesontopofthelargetropicalclimatesignalonAntarcticclimatehaveworkedtogethertomakethisoneofthestrongestwarmingtrendsworldwide.“Fromtheverybeginning，KyleandIworkedverywelltogetherandwereabletoaccomplishmoreasateamthanwewereindividually，”Fogtsaid