新醫(yī)科大學(xué)英語(yǔ)CollegeEnglishfor

NewMedicalSciences2UnitGuardiansofpublichealth新醫(yī)科大學(xué)英語(yǔ)CollegeEnglishfor

NewMedicalSciencesAfterstudyingthisunit,youwillbeableto:introducetheglobalthreatofantibioticresistance,alongwithpossiblesolutions;explainhowcutting-edgetechnologyisrevolutionizingvaccinedevelopment;writeanarrative-expositoryessayonamedicaladvancementthroughreal-lifecases;analyzemedicaltermsrelatedtopublichealthandproperlyusemedicallanguageincontext;presentapublichealthcampaignproposaltoadvocateforahealthiercommunity.Learning

objectivesCONTENTS新醫(yī)科大學(xué)英語(yǔ)CollegeEnglishfor

NewMedicalSciencesUnlocking

thetopicViewingthroughthelensExploringthefrontierSharpening

medicallanguageskillsNavigatingmedicaldiscourseAstheworldfacesincreasinglysevereandcomplexhealththreats,publichealthbecomesastrategicpriority.Safeguardingthehealthofhumanityrequirescollaborationacrossnations,fields,anddisciplines.Scientificresearchcontinuestoyieldtransformativebreakthroughs–fromantibioticstophagetherapyandmRNAvaccineplatforms–tocombathealthproblems.Equallycrucialistheawakeningofhealthconsciousnessamongindividualsandpublicengagementinhealthinitiatives.Howcanyou–tomorrow’spractitionersinhealthcare–effectivelycommunicatehealthmessages,advocateformeaningfulchanges,andcomeupwithstrategiestoimprovepublichealthoutcomes?ScanthecodeandcompletetheknowledgeactivationexerciseonUcampus.Antibioticresistancehasnowemergedasoneoftheglobalchallengesinmodernmedicine.Workingroupsanddiscussthequestions.Howdoesbacterialresistancetoantibioticsdevelop?Trytoexplainwiththeaidofthegraphontheright.Whatdoestheincreaseinantibioticresistancemeanforglobalhealth?Thegraphshowshow,afterrepeatedantibioticexposure,theproportionofresistantbacteriaincreasesandithelpsillustratehowimproperoroveruseofantibioticsacceleratesthedevelopmentofantibioticresistance.Whenweuseantibiotics,somebacteriathataresensitivetotheantibioticsarekilledbutmoreresistantonescansurviveandevenmultiply.Overtime,thepopulationofbacteriabecomesdominatedbyresistantstrainsandsomeantibioticswillnolongerworkagainsttheinfectionscausedbytheseresistantbacteria.ReferenceanswersAsmorebacteriabecomeresistant,commoninfectionsbecomehardertotreat.Thisleadstoprolongedillness,highermortalityrates,andincreasedhealth-carecosts.Modernproceduressuchassurgeries,chemotherapy,andorgantransplantsrelyheavilyoneffectiveantibioticstopreventandtreatinfections.Withoutthem,theseproceduresbecomeextremelyrisky.What’smore,longerhospitalstays,moreexpensivedrugs,andcomplextreatmentsplaceafinancialstrainonpatientsandhealth-caresystemsglobally.Referenceanswersantibiotic

n.

抗生素penicillin

n.

青霉素bacterial

a.細(xì)菌的resistant

a.

抵抗…的replicate

v.

（病毒、分子）自我復(fù)制prescription

n.

處方pharmacy

n.

藥店pinpoint

vt.

查明Wordbank

Haveyoueverthoughtabouthowantibiotics,oncealife-savingbreakthrough,arenowputtingmodernmedicineatrisk?Watchthevideoclipandcompletetheoutlinewithwhatyouhear.(Withsubtitles)(Withoutsubtitles)WhenantibioticsstopworkingProblem:BacterialinfectionThereweredayswhenaminorinfectioncouldleadtodeath.Solution:DevelopmentofantibioticsIn1941,antibioticswerefirstappliedtotreatpatients,markingthebeginningofthe1)_____________.Theytransformedaslowandpainfuldeathintoa(n)2)________________ofantibiotics.antibioticeraseven-daycourseNewproblem:AntibioticresistanceCausesPeopletakealotofantibiotics.Someoftheprescribedantibioticsareunnecessary.Inmanyplaces,youcangetantibioticsatpharmacieswithouta(n)3)____________.Feedinganimalsantibioticsleadsto4)_____________bacteriainfood.Resistantbacteriaareeverywhere,makingitextremelydifficulttotracetheirorigins.prescriptiondrug-resistantNewproblem:AntibioticresistanceConsequencesTheoveruseofantibioticsisdestroyingtheireffectiveness,puttingtheentire5)______________atrisk.ABritishgovernmentstudypredictsthatby2050,morepeoplewilldieof6)__________thanofcancer.Thisisacommonissuefor7)__________,likeglobalwarming.systemofcarehumanityinfectionsCalltoactionGlobalcooperationisessentialtocombatthisgrowingthreat,asnosinglecompanyor8)_____________cancontroltheissuealone.government

Scripts(Whenantibioticsstopworking)N=Narrator;W1=Woman1;M1=Man1,etc.N:ThereoncewasamannamedAlbertAlexander.HewasapolicemaninEngland.Onedayonpatrol,hecuthischeek,whichledtoaterribleinfection.See,thiswasbackin1941beforepatientshadantibiotics.Thesewerethedayswhenalittlescratchcouldkillyou.M1:Oryougotanearinfectionandyoudied,acatbiteandyoudied,oryousteppedonastickandyoudied.Allthesudden,antibioticscome(came)along,andbang!

Scripts(Whenantibioticsstopworking)N:Theantibioticerahadbegun.Soonaslowandpainfuldeathbecameaseven-daycourseofantibiotics.AndAlbert?Albertwasthefirstpatientintheworldtoreceivetheantibiotic–penicillin.Anditworked.M1:Wejustcameupwithalife-saving,life-extendingdrug–oneofthegreatestdevelopmentsinhumanhistory.Exceptnow.N:Modernmedicinedependsontheantibiotic…

Scripts(Whenantibioticsstopworking)M1:…andhavinguseditsomuch.We’renowputtingitatrisk.Isourfatesealed?W1:Bacteriaruletheworld.Wearejustaplatformforbacteria.Withinthehumanbodytherearemorebacterialcellsthantherearehumancells,soweareinfactmostlybacterial.N:AlexanderFleming,themanwhodiscoveredpenicillin,inhisNobelspeech,warnedaboutthedangersofmisusingantibiotics.W1:Dowepayanyattentiontothat?No.

Scripts(Whenantibioticsstopworking)M2:TheCDCgotourattentiontodaywithawarningaboutwhatitcallsnightmarebacteria.M3:Thesearebacteriathatwere(are)resistanttomostifnotallantibiotics.N:Whenwetakeantibioticstokillinfections,somebacteriasurvive.Itusedtobethey’dreplicateandeventuallyresistancewouldgrow,butnowtheyarewaymoreefficientandsharedrug-resistantgenesamongthemselves.Soeverytimewetakeanantibiotic,

Scripts(Whenantibioticsstopworking)weriskcreatingstronger,moreresistantbacteria,andstronger,moreresistantbacteriameans(mean)lessandlesseffectiveantibiotics.Andthisisaproblembecausewetakealots(lot)ofantibiotics.AndintheU.S.,theCDCestimatesthatabout30%ofallprescribedantibioticsarenotneededatall.Andinmanyplaces,youdon’tevenneedaprescription.M1:Youcanwalkintoapharmacy;apharmacistwilldiagnoseyouandgiveyouantibiotics.Scripts(Whenantibioticsstopworking)W1:Nobodywasmakingtheconnectionbetweenfeedinganimalsantibioticsandthefactthatthefoodwouldbecarryingdrug-resistantbacteria.N:SoEllendidastudy.Shecompareddifferentkindsofstore-boughtchicken,andshefoundthatpoultryraisedwithantibioticshadninetimesasmuch(many)drug-resistantbacteriaonit.Resistantbacteriaseepintothegroundwater,flyoffthebackoflivestocktrucks,andhitcharidehomeonthehandsoffarmworkers,allofwhichmakestryingtopinpointexactlywhereresistantbacteriais(are)originatingextremelydifficult.Scripts(Whenantibioticsstopworking)RememberAlbertAlexander,(the)firstpatienttobegivenpenicillin?Well,hisstoryendedthere.Fivedaysafterhestartedrecovering,thehospitalranoutofthenewdrugandMr.Alexanderdied.Todaywedon’thavetoworryaboutantibioticsrunningout,wehavetoworryaboutusingthemsomuchthattheystopworkingaltogether.M4:Wereallyneedtochangethewayweuseantibioticsbecausethewayweuseantibioticsisdestroyingthem.Scripts(Whenantibioticsstopworking)M1:It’sputtingatrisktheentiresystemofcarethatwedependonforlengtheningourlivesandimprovingthequalityofourlives.N:TheBritishgovernmentcommissionedastudywhichpredictedaworst-casescenariowheremorepeoplewilldieby2050oftheseinfectionsthanwilldieofcancer.M5:Thisisacommonissueforhumanity…M6:…verysimilartoglobalwarming.Scripts(Whenantibioticsstopworking)M1:Youcan’tcontrolitasasinglecompany;youcan’tcontrolthisasasinglegovernment.S:Andbecausethebacteriaarenowworkingtogethersoefficiently…W1:…unlesstheworldactsconsistentlytogether,(it)doesn’tmakeadifference.Workingroupsanddiscussthequestions.Globally,antibioticoverusedrivesbacterialresistancetoantibiotics.Analyzehowresponsibleusecanbeencouragedthroughgovernmentpolicies,health-careprotocols,andindividualactions.Supportyouranswerwithexamplesandpossiblesolutions.Asantibioticresistancegrows,researchersareexploringalternativeapproachestotreatingbacterialinfections.Whataresomeoftheemergingapproaches?Toaddressthegrowingproblemofantibioticresistance,responsibleusemustbeencouragedthroughbothsystem-levelreformsandpublicengagement.Thisinvolvessettingstrictrulesforantibioticuse,educatingthepublic,etc.Atthesystemlevel,governmentscanimplementclearregulationstocontrolantibioticdistributionandpromoteappropriateuse.ReferenceanswersForinstance,Chinahaslaunchednationalguidelinesthatlimitthetypesofantibioticsinhospitalsandrequireapprovalforhigh-riskdrugs.SurveillancesystemsliketheChinaAntimicrobialResistanceSurveillanceSystemandtheChinaAntimicrobialSurveillanceNetworkhelpmonitorbacterialresistancetrendstotriggertargetedpolicyinterventions,likeregionalantibioticusagerestrictions.ReferenceanswersHospitalsalsoplayavitalrolebyadoptingantimicrobialstewardshipprogramsthatensureprescriptionsarebasedonproperdiagnosesandlabtesting.Electronicprescribingtoolsandstafftrainingfurthersupportrationaluseacrossthehealth-caresystem.Atthepubliclevel,individualsneedbetterawarenessofwhenantibioticsarenecessary.Strongerenforcementofprescription-onlyrulesisneeded,especiallyinruralareas.ReferenceanswersPubliceducationcampaigns–throughschools,media,andpharmacies–canbelaunchedtocorrectmisconceptionsandpromoteresponsibleuse.Promotingvaccinationandhygienecanalsoreduceunnecessarydemandforantibiotics.Insum,fightingantibioticresistancerequiresbothtop-downpoliciesandbottom-upbehavioralchange.Onlythroughcoordinatedactioncanwepreservetheeffectivenessofantibioticsforfuturegenerations.ReferenceanswersPhagetherapyBacteriophages(phages)arevirusesthatspecificallyinfectandkillbacteria.Unlikeantibiotics,phagescantargetantibiotic-resistantbacteriawithhighspecificity.Phagetherapyhasbeenusedexperimentallyinsomecountries,includingChinaandpartsofEurope,showingpromiseintreatinginfectionsthatdonotrespondtoconventionalantibiotics.ReferenceanswersAntimicrobialpeptides(AMPs)Thesearesmallproteinsproducedbymanyorganismsaspartoftheirnaturalimmunedefense.AMPscanselectivelykillbacteriabydisruptingtheirmembranesorinterferingwiththesynthesisofnucleicacids,enzymes,andotherfunctionalproteins.ResearchisongoingtodevelopsyntheticAMPsthatcanbeusedasnewantimicrobialdrugs.ReferenceanswersCRISPR-basedantimicrobialsCRISPR-Castechnologycanbeengineeredtokillormodifyspecificbacteria,disablingantibioticresistancegenes.Thisprecisionapproachcouldpotentiallyeliminateresistantbacteriawithoutharmingbeneficialmicrobes.ReferenceanswersImmunesystemmodulationInsteadofdirectlykillingbacteria,sometherapiesaimtoboostthepatient’simmuneresponsetohelpclearinfectionsnaturally.Thisincludestheuseofvaccinestopreventbacterialdiseasesandimmunity-boostingdrugstoenhancethebody’sabilitytofightinfection.ReferenceanswersNanotechnology-basedtreatmentsNanoparticlescanbedesignedtodeliverantimicrobialagentsdirectlytoinfectionsitesortodisruptbacterialbiofilms,whichareoftenresistanttoantibiotics.Nanomaterialsalsooffernovelmechanismstokillbacteria,suchasgeneratingreactiveoxygenspecies.ReferenceanswersCombinationtherapyUsingmultipleantibioticstotreatasingleinfectioncanbeeffectivelyappliedtodifficult-to-treat,slow-growing,persistent,orextensivelydrug-resistantmicrobialinfectionsorthoseofunknowncause.ReferenceanswersAsantibioticresistanceincreases,thesealternativeapproachesofferpromisingnewwaystomanagebacterialinfections.However,manyarestillinexperimentalorearlyclinicalstages,andfurtherresearchanddevelopmentareneededbeforewidespreadclinicaluse.ReferenceanswersvReading

1Reading

2新醫(yī)科大學(xué)英語(yǔ)CollegeEnglishfor

NewMedicalSciencesExploringthefrontierPre-readingHaveyoueverheardofphagetherapy?Howdoyouthinkvirusescanbeusedtotreatinfections?Whydoyouthinkantibioticresistanceisaseriousprobleminmodernmedicine?Yes,Ihaveheardofphagetherapy,whichusesbacteriophages—virusesthatinfectandkillbacteria—totreatinfections.Thesevirusesarehighlyspecific,meaningtheytargetharmfulbacteriawithoutdamaginghumancellsorbeneficialbacteria.Phagetherapyisseenasapromisingsolutionforantibiotic-resistantinfections.ReferenceanswersAntibioticresistanceisaseriousproblembecauseitmakesmanyinfectionsdifficultorimpossibletotreat.Whenbacteriabecomeresistanttoantibiotics,treatmentsfail,leadingtoprolongedillnesses,higherhealthcarecosts,andincreasedmortalityrates.Italsothreatenstheeffectivenessofsurgeriesandothermedicalproceduresthatrelyonantibioticstopreventinfections.ReferenceanswersStructureanalysisSection1:Breed’schronicillnessandmedicalstruggle(Paras.1–5)GregoryBreedhadsufferedfromchronicprostatitissincehismid-20s.Over30+years,repeated1)__________treatmentsledtodrug-resistantE.coliandseverecomplicationslike2)_______hospitalizations.By2018,Breedrequired3)___________antibioticsviaacatheterafteroraldrugsfailed,butinfectionspersisted.antibioticsepsisintravenousSection2:GlobalAMRcrisis&phagediscovery(Paras.6–8)Breed’scasereflectsaglobalemergency:Antimicrobialresistancekillsmorethanonemillionpeopleannuallyandwasdeclaredatop104)____________threatbyWHO.Aturningpointcamewhenanepidemiologistsavedherhusbandfromcomacausedbydrug-resistant

Acinetobacterbaumanniiusing5)____________________therapy.TexasA&MUniversityresearcherscustom-designedphagecocktailsinjectedintohisbloodstream,achievingfullrecovery.publichealthphage/bacteriophageSection3:Breed’spersonalizedphagetreatment(Paras.9–10)In2018,Breedcontactedtheepidemiologist’sphagecenter.Afterayear-longsearch,aspecializedlabprovidedtailoredphagestargetinghisresistantinfection.InJan.2020,phageinfusionsviahiscatheter6)______dailyeradicatedhissymptoms.Labtestsconfirmednodetectable7)_______aftersixmonths,withzero8)________effects.twiceE.coliadverseSection4:Therapeuticpotential&challenges(Paras.11–12)Breed’scureexemplifiesphagetherapy’slife-savingpotential.GlobaladvancesincludeBelgium’sphagebankandChina’stransitiontoclinicalapplications.Thoughhurdleslike9)______________________________andregulatorybarrierspersist,phagesmaybecomemainstreamalternativesto10)__________.Breedaffirmshisqualityoflifeisnow“athousandtimesbetter.”phagestability/immuneresponseantibioticsViruses:Anunlikelyally1GregoryBreeddoesn’trememberexactlywhenhebegansufferingfromsymptomsofachronicprostateinfection.Themaninhis60sestimatesthesymptomsbeganwhenhewasinhismid-20s.Byhisearly30s,hewastakingpainkillersforlowerbackpain,acommonoutcomeofthedisease.Overtheyears,hisdoctorsputhimoncourseaftercourseoforalantibiotics.Butafewmonthsafterhestoppedtakingthedrugs,hisinfectionwouldreturn.2

Prostateinfectionorprostatitis,oneofthemostcommonurinarytractissuesinadults,isnotoriousforrecurrenceasantibioticsoftencan’tpenetratetissuedeepenoughtokillallthebacteria.Overtime,withrepeatedexposuretomedicine,theE.colicausingBreed’sinfectionwasbecomingincreasinglydrug-resistant.Tomakemattersworse,Breed’simmuneresponsewasgrowingmoresevere.

Between2000and2010,hewashospitalizedforsepsis,alife-threateningconditioncausedbytheimmunesystem’soverreactiontoaninfection,atleastfivetimes.3In2018,Breedbeganfeelingthefamiliarsymptomsofprostatitis.Hedrovetohislocalhealthfacility,wherehisdoctorprescribedaneworalantibiotic:fosfomycin.Sixmonthslater,theE.coliinhisprostatehaddevelopedresistancetothattreatment,too.ItwasthelastdrugthatBreedcouldtakeorally;withnootheroptionsremaining,hisdoctorinstalledacatheterinhisarmandtaughthimtoadministerintravenous(IV)antibioticstohimself.4BreedstartedhisfirstandsecondroundsofIVantibiotictreatment,butbothprovidedonlyshort-termreliefandtheinfectioncamebackquickly.Then,Breed’sphysicianprescribedathirdIVantibioticthatBreedfedintohisveinsthreetimesaday.ThenewdrugwasonlytemporarilyeffectiveatreducingtheE.coliinhisprostatebutcouldn’tcuretheinfection.Breed’sphysicianestimatesthathispatientwasonadifferentantibioticregimenforsomesixmonthsoutofeachyear.5

“Gregwasconstantlyinthepractice,”hisdoctorsays.“Wewererunningoutofsolutions.”6

Breed’sinfectionwasjustonecaseamongmanyofdrug-resistantinfections.Illnessesthatdefyantibiotics,antifungals,orotherantimicrobialsarechallenging–ifnotaltogetherimpossible–totreat.

Globally,thenumberofpeopledyingfromdrug-resistantinfectionshasalreadyexceededonemillionannually.In2019,theWorldHealthOrganizationdeclaredantimicrobialresistanceasoneofthetop10globalpublichealththreatsfacinghumanity.AspathogenslikeE.coli,Candidaauris,andHIVdevelopatolerancetotheremedies,commoninfections,routinedentalprocedures,andsurgeriescouldbecomelife-threatening.7Outofdesperation,BreedbeganscouringtheInternetforalternativetreatments.Hestumbledacrossatalkbyanepidemiologist.Init,theepidemiologistdescribesatriptoEgyptwhereherhusbandcontractedadrug-resistantinfectioncausedbyAcinetobacterbaumannii.Whentheyreturnedhome,herhusbandfellintoacoma;hisorgansbegantoshutdown.Thebacteriawereresistanttoallknownantibiotics.8TheepidemiologistalsoturnedtotheInternetandfoundaglimmerofhope:atreatmentfirstdiscoveredin1917.Themethodusesbacteriophagesor“phages,”virusesthatinfectandkillbacteria,tocombatinfections.Theyareabundantinthenaturalenvironmentandarehighlyspecific,killingonlycertainbacteriawithoutharminghumans.Shereachedouttoscientistsforhelp.ResearchersatTexasA&MUniversityimmediatelyrespondedandstartedhuntingfortherighttypetocombattheinfection.Afterafewweeks,twophagecocktailswerepreparedandmailedtoCalifornia.Phageswerefirstinjectedintothepatient’sabdomen,andlaterdirectlyintohisbloodstream.Lessthanaweekafterthetreatmentbegan,thepatientwokeup,kissedhisdaughter’shand,andwentontomakeafullrecovery.9In2018,theepidemiologistco-foundedacentertodevelopphagetherapyfordrug-resistantinfections.Laterthatyear,Breedreachedouttoinquireifthemethodcouldhelpwithhischronicprostateinfection.Theresearcherssearchedfortheeffectivematcharoundthecountryforalmostawholeyear,andtherightphagewaseventuallyprovidedbyalaboratoryspecializingincustomized

phagecocktailsforcaseswhereantibioticsandstandardtreatmentshavefailed.10InJanuary2020,Breedbeganthephagetreatment,whichwasprovidedforfree.TheteaminjectedphagesintoBreed’scatheter.Forthenexttwoweeks,hecontinuedwiththeproceduretwiceaday.Breed’ssymptoms–pain,fever,andurinaryproblems–faded.Aftersixmonths,laboratorytestsconfirmedtherewasnodetectable

E.coliinhisprostate.Ithasremainedthatwayeversince,andBreedhasnotsufferedanyadverseeffectsfromtheundertaking.11Afterhisdecades-longbattle,Breedwasfinallycured.Sotooareagrowingnumberofpatientswithdrug-resistantinfections.Globally,significantprogressisbeingmadeinphagetherapy,includingitsapplicationinvaccinedevelopment,cancerimmunotherapy,andgenedeliverysystems.InBelgium,anationalphagebankhasbeenestablished.InChina,breakthroughsinphageresearchareadvancing,drivingthetransitionofphagetherapyfromlaboratorystudiestoclinicalapplications.However,despitethesepromisingadvances,challengesremain,suchasphagestability,immuneresponse,andregulatoryapproval.12Whilethereisstillalongroadahead,phagetherapyisoneofthefewtestedsolutionsfordrug-resistantinfections–andcouldsomedayserveasanalternativetoantibiotics.Itispredictedthatinthefuture,differentphageproductswillbeavailableatpharmaciesjustlikeothermedicines.Butfornow,thetherapyisprovinglife-savingandlife-changingforluckyindividualslikeBreed.Whilehestillhassomelingeringsideeffectsfromsuchprolongedantibioticuse,intermsofqualityoflife,“itisathousandtimesbetterthanitwasbeforethephagesenteredthebattle,”Breedsays.BackgroundinformationBacteriophages,orphages,arevirusesthatinfectandkillspecificbacteria.Discoveredin1917,phagetherapypredatesantibioticsbutwaslargelyabandonedaftertheriseofpenicillin.Today,phagesaregainingattentionasapotentialsolutiontoantibiotic-resistantinfections.AdvantagesofphagetherapySpecificity:Phagestargetonlythebacteriacausingtheinfection,leavingbeneficialbacteriaunharmed.Effectivenessagainstresistantstrains:Phagescankillbacteriathathavebecomeresistanttomultipleantibiotics.Naturalevolution:Phagesco-evolvewithbacteria,makingitharderforbacteriatodeveloplong-termresistance.ChallengesofphagetherapyMatchingtherightphage:Effectivetreatmentrequiresidentifyingtherightphagesthattargettheexactbacterialstrain.Regulationandapproval:Phagetherapyisnotyetwidelyapprovedformainstreamclinicaluseinmanycountries.Immuneresponseandstability:Thehumanimmunesystemmayneutralizephages,andmaintainingphagestabilityduringstorageandtransportiscomplex.prostaten.[C]anorganinthebodyofmalemammalsthatisnearthebladderandthatproducesaliquidinwhichspermarecarried前列腺painkiller

n.[C]amedicinewhichreducesorremovespain止痛藥；袪痛藥E.coli

n.atypeofbacteriathatcanmakeyouveryillifitisinanyfoodthatyoueat大腸桿菌fosfomycin

n.anantibacterialagentactiveagainstawiderangeofgrampositiveandgram-negativebacteria,usedinthetreatmentofurinarytractinfection;administeredorallyasthetromethaminesalt磷霉素catheter

n.[C]athintubethatisputintoyourbodytoremoveliquids（置入體內(nèi)以導(dǎo)出液體的）導(dǎo)（液）管intravenous(IV)

a.throughorintoaveininthebodytakingbloodbacktotheheart進(jìn)入靜脈的；靜脈內(nèi)的vein

n.[C]oneofthetubeswhichcarriesbloodtoyourheartfromotherpartsofyourbody靜脈pathogen

n.[C]sth.thatcausesdiseaseinyourbody病原體Candidaaurisn.afungusthatcancauselife-threatening,oftenmultidrugresistant,infections

耳念珠菌tolerance

n.

[C,U]theabilityofsb.’sbodytodealwithadrugorothersubstancewithoutbeingaffectedorbecomingsick耐藥性；耐受性

[U]willingnesstoallowpeopletobe,do,say,orbelievewhattheywantwithoutcriticizingthem忍受；容忍；寬容epidemiologist

n.[C]sb.whostudiesdiseasesandhowtheyarefound,spread,andcontrolledingroupsofpeople流行病學(xué)家Acinetobacterbaumanniin.anopportunisticpathogenthatisasourceofnosocomialinfections,mostlypneumonia鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌bacteriophage

n.[C](also

phage)avirusthatgrowsanddividesinsideabacterium,destroyingit噬菌體inject

vt.putliquid,esp.adrug,intosb.’sbodybyusingaspecialneedle注射vaccine

n.[C,U]asubstancewhichcontainsaweakformofthebacteriaorvirusthatcausesadiseaseandisusedtoprotectpeoplefromthatdisease疫苗immunotherapy

n.[U]thetreatmentofdiseasebystimulatingthebody’sproductionofantibodies免疫療法Antimicrobialresistance

[Multimodalnotes]Antimicrobialresistance(AMR)isoneofthetopglobalpublichealthanddevelopmentthreats.ItisestimatedthatbacterialAMRwasdirectlyresponsiblefor1.27

millionglobaldeathsin2019andcontributedto4.95

milliondeaths.AMRisanaturalprocessthathappensovertimethroughgeneticchangesinpathogens.Itsemergenceandspreadisacceleratedbyhumanactivity,mainlythemisuseandoveruseofantimicrobialstotreat,preventorcontrolinfectionsinhumans,animalsandplants.

HIV(humanimmunodeficiencyvirus)

n.aseriousdiseasethatdestroysthebody’sabilitytofightinfection人類免疫缺陷病毒；艾滋病病毒[Multimodalnotes]:Humanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)isavirusthatattacksthebody’simmunesystem.Acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome(AIDS)occursatthemostadvancedstageofinfection.HIVtargetsthebody’swhitebloodcells,weakeningtheimmunesystem.Thismakesiteasiertogetsickwithdiseasesliketuberculosis,infectionsandsomecancers.However,thereisnocureforHIVinfection.Itistreatedwithantiretroviraldrugs.TexasA&MUniversity[Multimodalnotes]:TexasA&MUniversity(TexasA&M,A&M,TA&M,orTAMU)isapublic,land-grant,researchuniversityinCollegeStation,Texas,UnitedStates.Itwasfoun