Unit2Gettingalong現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(2)一．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)概述1.定義：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作對(duì)當(dāng)前的影響或狀態(tài)持續(xù)至今。2.常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞(組)有:already(用于肯定句),yet(用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句),never(從不),ever(曾經(jīng)),just(剛剛),sofar/uptonow，(到目前為止)，since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)/從句(從句常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)),for+時(shí)間段；threetimes(其它表示頻率的詞,once,twice等)；before（以前）,recently（最近）,inthepast/lastfewyears（在過(guò)去的幾年以來(lái)）二、核心區(qū)別與用法1.for與sincefor接時(shí)間段(如threehours、tenyears)，表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。例句:Ihavelivedhereforfiveyears.(我在這里住了五年。)Shehasbeenawakefor10hours.(她已醒了十小時(shí)。)since接時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如2008、lastyear)或時(shí)間段+ago(如threeyearsago)，表示動(dòng)作從某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)開(kāi)始持續(xù)至今。三種形式:①since+過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn):Hehasworkedheresince2020.(自2020年起他就在這里工作。)2.since+時(shí)間段+ago:Ithasrainedsincethreedaysago.(自三天前開(kāi)始下雨。)③since+過(guò)去時(shí)從句:lhaven'tseenhimsincehemovedtoLondon.(自他搬到倫敦后，我再未見(jiàn)過(guò)他。)總結(jié):for+時(shí)間段(強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)長(zhǎng))vs.since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)(強(qiáng)調(diào)起點(diǎn))兩者互換公式since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)=for+時(shí)間段(例:since2010=for15years)2.just、already與yetjust含義:表示“剛剛”，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作剛發(fā)生；緊接在have/has之后，過(guò)去分詞之前，Shehasjustleft.(她剛離開(kāi)。)already含義:表示“已經(jīng)”，用于肯定句，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作提前完成。位置:①句中:have/hasalreadydone②句末:have/hasdonealready例句:Ihavealreadyfinished.(我已完成了。)Themoviehasstartedalready.(電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。)yet含義:①疑問(wèn)句中譯為“已經(jīng)”，否定句中譯為“還(未)”位置:只能置于句末。例句:Haveyoueatenyet?(你吃了嗎?Hehasn'tarrivedyet.(他還沒(méi)到。)總結(jié):already(肯定句)vs.yet(疑問(wèn)/否定句)just僅用于肯定句，且位置固定三、易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1.時(shí)間點(diǎn)與時(shí)間段的區(qū)分:時(shí)間段(如threedays)可用for，時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如Monday)用since判斷技巧:復(fù)數(shù)形式多為時(shí)間段(如days),單數(shù)形式可能是時(shí)間點(diǎn)或時(shí)間段(如aday是時(shí)間段，Monday是時(shí)間點(diǎn))2.終止性動(dòng)詞的否定用法:終止性動(dòng)詞(如leave)的否定形式可接時(shí)間段:Ihaven'tleftheresince2015.(自2015年起，我從未離開(kāi)過(guò)。)3.固定句型:Itis/hasbeen+時(shí)間段+since+過(guò)去時(shí)從句:①ltis/hasbeentwoyearssincelgraduatedfromtheuniversity自從我畢業(yè)以來(lái)已經(jīng)兩年了。②Thisisthebestfilmthatihaveeverseen.=Ihaveneverseenabetterfilmbefore這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。③Thisisthefirsttimethatlhaveseenthepandas這是我第一次看到大熊貓。四、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)都表示在過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況,不能與過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如yesterday,lastnight,threeweeksago,in2001等。一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系Ihavelostmynewbook.我把新書(shū)丟了。(現(xiàn)在還未找到)Ilostmynewbookyesterday.我昨天把新書(shū)丟了。(昨天丟的，現(xiàn)在找到與否沒(méi)說(shuō)明)五、注意事項(xiàng)1.havebeento+地點(diǎn)去過(guò)某地(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了)，havegoneto+地點(diǎn)去了某地(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)?havebeenin+地點(diǎn)在某地待了...(在某地待了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間）TheyhavebeentoLondontwice.他們?nèi)ミ^(guò)倫敦兩次TheyhavegonetoLondon.他們?nèi)惗亓?。IhavebeeninHefeifor5years.2、e,arrive,buy等非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與表示“一段時(shí)間”的狀語(yǔ)連用。必須改為“be(在)”等延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來(lái)表述。由非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞到延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換:die→bedeadarrivebeherebegin(start)beonborrowkeepbuyhaveebackbebackreturnbebackleavebeawayfallill(sick,asleep)beill(sick,asleep)getupbeupgooutbeoutfinishbeoverputonwear或beonjoinbein或beamemberof六．練習(xí)1.IgreatprogressinmystudysinceyoutaughtmeyourgoodlearningmethodmadeB.havemadeC.hadmadeD.wouldmake2.StudentshavehadalotmorefreetimetodowhattheyliketheDoubleReductionPolicy(雙減政策)cameout.A.ifB.thoughC.sinceD.before3.AnnalotsofcharityworkforhermunitysinceshegraduatedfromcollegeA.wasdoingB.isdoingC.hasdoneD.willdo4.HowdoyoulikeyourEnglishteacher?Heisgreat.Wefriendssincethreeyearsago.A.wereB.areC.havebeenD.hadbeen5.Howisyourgrandmother?Shethreeyearsago.SheforthreeyearsA.died;hasbeendeadB.haddied:hasbeendeadC.hasdied;haddiedD.died;died6.Canlwatchthebasketballfinaltohavearelax,Mum?Ofcourse.Butitforquiteawhile.A.hasendedB.hasbeenoverC.endedD.wasover7.MrSmithChinesefortwoyears.He'smuchbetteratitnow.A.learnsB.willlearnC.waslearningD.haslearnt8.AllofusgreatprogresssincewestartedjuniorhighschoolA.aremakingB.madeC.willmakeD.havemade9.Itheschoolbasketballteamlastyear.lintheteamforhalfayear.A.havejoined;wasB.joined;havebeenC.havejoined;havebeenD.joined;was10.MyfriendJennyChinesefortwoyears.Sheismuchbetteratitnow.Nowondershecanmunicatewithuseasily.A.learnedB.haslearnedC.willlearnD.learns11.lthasbeenfiveyearsshegraduatedfromthatjuniorhighschool.A.sinceB.whenC.tillD.though12.Weinthismiddleschoolsince2019.A.arestudyingB.havestudiedC.studyD.willstudy13.LucytheGreatWallmanytimessinceshecametoBeijing,A.visitsB.visitedC.isvisitingD.hasvisited14.Hi,Jack!Surprisedtoseeyouhere!Myfatherishereonabusinesstrip.Myfamilythiscityfor2weekshaveg