類型8|社會生活考查要點(diǎn)方法技巧1.社會生活中所遇到的各種機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。2．迎接機(jī)遇或挑戰(zhàn)的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。3．處理或解決問題的方式、方法。4．人們工作、生活、社交的方式及其影響。1.明確文章的體裁，把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。2．運(yùn)用歸納概括等方法得出文章的主題。3．明確事情的前因后果，找出問題的解決辦法。4．抓住諸多細(xì)節(jié)，推知文章的寓意。(2017·浙江溫州4月模擬)OnFriday，March13，28-year-work.Approachingman.Thoughhelped.Thework.Approachingherapartment，shewasattackedbyaman.Thoughsherepeatedlycalledforhelp，noneofthepeopleintheneighborhoodhelped.Theattackbeganat3：20am，butitwasnotuntil3：50amthatsomepolice.Thisalledthepolice.Thisisamosttypicalexampleofthebystandereffectinpsychology.Thetermbystandereffectreferstothephenomenoninwhichthegreaterthenumberofpeoplepresentis，thelesslikelypeoplearetohelpapersoninneed.effect.Firstctorscontributetothebystandereffect.First，thepresenceofotherpeoplecreatesdiffusionresponsibility.Withresponsibility.Withotherobserversaround，individuals(個體)donotfeelmuchpressuretotakeaction，sincetheresponsibilitytotakeactionisthoughttobesharedamongthosepresent.Thesecondreasonistheneedtobehaveincorrectandsociallyacceptableways.Whenotherobserversfailtoreact，individualsoftentakethisasasignalthataresponseisnotneeded.Researchershavefoundthatonlookersarelesslikelytoactifthesituationisambiguous，wherethingsareoftenconfusingandnotsoclear.Sowhatcanyoudotoavoidfallingintothistrap?Psychologistssuggestthatsimplybeingawareofthistendencyisthegreatestwaytobreakthecycle.Whenyoufaceasituationthatrequiresaction，youshouldunderstandthebystandereffectandconsciously(有意識地)takeaction.Butwhatifyouarethepersoninneedofassistance?Oneoften-remendedapproachistosingleoutonepersonfromthecrowd.Makeeyecontactandaskthatindividualspecificallyforhelp.Byindividualizingyourrequest，itbeesmuchharderforpeopletoturnyoudown.24．ThestoryofGenoveseistoshow．A．thebystandereffectB．themurderer'scrueltyC．theneighbors'selfishnessD．thepoorpublicsecurity25．Onlookersfailtotakeactionbecausethesituationis．A．urgent B．dangerousC．tense D．vague26．Whatshouldyoudowhenyouneedhelpfrombystandersinanaccident?A．Makeapoliterequest.B．Turntoaspecificperson.C．Beeawareofthetendency.D．Stayawayfrompossibledanger.語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了旁觀者效應(yīng)。長難句解讀：Thetermbystandereffectreferstothephenomenoninwhichthegreaterthenumberofpeoplepresentis，thelesslikelypeoplearetohelpapersoninneed.分析：這是一個較復(fù)雜的復(fù)合句。主句是Thetermbystandereffectreferstothephenomenon，后面的inwhichthegreaterthenumberofpeoplepresentis，thelesslikelypeoplearetohelpapersoninneed是定語從句，修飾thephenomenon，同時從句中又有“the＋比較級．..，the＋比較級．..”結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“越……越……”。翻譯：旁觀者效應(yīng)就是指這樣一種現(xiàn)象，在場的人數(shù)越多，人們幫助處于困難中的人的可能性越小。24．A[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“Thisisamosttypicalexampleofthebystandereffectinpsychology”可知，作者在第一段以Genovese的遭遇為例子引出文章的主題“旁觀者效應(yīng)”。][干擾項(xiàng)分析]根據(jù)第一段的“shewasattackedbyaman”可知，文中并沒有提到該男子謀殺Genovese，故排除B項(xiàng)；第一段雖然提到“noneofthepeopleintheneighborhoodhelped”，但這個故事并不是在強(qiáng)調(diào)鄰居們的無情，故排除C項(xiàng)；根據(jù)第一段的“butit...calledthepolice”可知，警察來晚的原因在于報(bào)警晚，而不能說明治安不好，故排除D項(xiàng)。25．D[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段中的“onlookersarelesslikelytoactifthesituationisambiguous，wherethingsareoftenconfusingandnotsoclear”可知，如果當(dāng)時的狀況不太明確的話，旁觀者就不太可能會幫助他人。]26．B[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)最后一段的“Oneoften-remendedapproachistosingleoutonepersonfromthecrowd”可知，當(dāng)碰到困難需要幫助時，我們最好是能夠在旁觀者中選定某個特定的人。][干擾項(xiàng)分析]根據(jù)最后一段的“askthatindividualspecificallyforhelp”可知，并不是說要禮貌地請求旁觀者幫助，故排除A項(xiàng)；最后一段的“simplybeingawareofthistendencyisthegreatestwaytobreakthecycle”是在說明如何打破旁觀者陷阱，故排除C項(xiàng)；文章并沒有提及要遠(yuǎn)離危險(xiǎn)，而是強(qiáng)調(diào)在危險(xiǎn)狀況下如何得到幫助，故排除D項(xiàng)。A【導(dǎo)學(xué)號：】(2017·浙江杭州名校聯(lián)考)ResearchcarriedoutlastyearstressedthegrowingchallengefacingemployersintermsofmanagingandsupportingtheUK'sageingworkforce.FiguresfromtheOfficeforNationalStatisticshavesuggestedthatthenumberofpeopleaged65andoverstillworkinghasreached1.19million—up25，000fromayearago.Therearealsonowmorepeopleaged50—74inworkthaneverbefore.However，theoveralltrendishidingthefactthat12%peopleareforcedtostopworkingbeforereachingstatepensionagebecauseofillhealthordisability.Nearlyhalfamillionworkerswhoarewithinfiveyearsofstatepensionagehavehadtoleaveworkformedicalreasons,withtheapparentdividebetweentheNorth(worse)andtheSouth(better)．Thoseinthelowest-paidjobs，includingcleaners，leisureindustryworkersandpeopledoingheavylabor，aretwiceaslikelytostopworkingbeforeretirementage，becauseofsicknessanddisabilitythanmanagersorprofessionals.Consideringthis，theneedsofthe“sandwichgeneration”—thosejugglingworkwithcaringforelderlydependentsaswellaschildren—neededtobegivengreaterpriority(優(yōu)先權(quán))byemployers，awhitepaperbytheinsurerandhealthcareproviderconcluded.Itsresearcharguedthat66%ofmanagersthoughttheaverageageofretirementintheirorganizationwouldincreaseinthenext5to10years.Yet，36%reportedbeingunawareofanythingtheirorganizationdidtoattract，keepandengageolderstaff.Fewerthanaquarterofemployeessaidtheyfeltsupportedbytheiremployerswiththeirresponsibilitiesforcaringforalovedone.Thiswasperhapsunsurprising，giventhatonly28%ofmanagerssaidtheirorganizationhadformalpoliciesandpracticesinplacetosupporttheseemployees，arguedthehealthcaredistributiondirectorChrisHorlick.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了英國所面臨的老齡化危機(jī)及其帶來的種種問題。1．Accordingtothepassage，whoismorelikelytoleaveworkbeforeretirementage?A．Tom，aphysician.B．Jason，alanguageteacher.C．Henry，aconstructionworker.D．Bill，abankmanager.C[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段中的“Thoseinthelowest-paidjobs，includingcleaners，leisureindustryworkersandpeopledoingheavylabor，aretwiceaslikelytostopworkingbeforeretirementage，becauseofsicknessanddisabilitythanmanagersorprofessionals”可知，低收入的體力勞動者更有可能未到退休年齡就退休，Henry是建筑工人，屬于此類人群，故選C項(xiàng)。]2．Thepresentsupportfromtheemployerscanbebestdescribedas．A．moving B．dissatisfyingC．inspiring D．surprisingB[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第五段中的“Yet，36%reportedbeingunawareofanythingtheirorganizationdidtoattract，keepandengageolderstaff”和第六段中的“only28%ofmanagerssaidtheirorganizationhadformalpoliciesandpracticesinplacetosupporttheseemployees”可推知，目前，雇主們對這些老年員工的支持是令人不滿的，故選B。]3．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.OldemployeesarewellattendedintheUK.B．AgeingworkforceshouldbewellsupportedintheUK.C．Employersshowresponsibilitiesforsupportingtheiremployees.D．UKemployersarefacingchallengesinsupportingageingworkforce.D[考查主旨大意。根據(jù)全文第一段“ResearchcarriedoutlastyearstressedthegrowingchallengefacingemployersintermsofmanagingandsupportingtheUK'sageingworkforce”可知，本文主要闡述英國雇主們面對的挑戰(zhàn)——老齡化勞動力帶來的問題。][干擾項(xiàng)分析]根據(jù)第二段中的“12%peopleareforcedtostopworkingbeforereachingstatepensionagebecauseofillhealthordisability”可知，英國老年員工并沒有很好地得到照顧，故排除A項(xiàng)；B項(xiàng)“老齡化勞動力應(yīng)該得到有力支持”，這只是文中提到的一種觀點(diǎn)，無法概括全文，故排除；C項(xiàng)提到“英國雇主展示出他們支持員工的責(zé)任”，但根據(jù)文章最后兩段可知，雇主們的支持是令人不滿的，故排除C項(xiàng)。BTheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)saidthatprocessedmeatmaybecarcinogenic(致癌的)．Doyoustilldareeatcancer-linkedprocessedmeat?Herearesomementsonthewebsite.Bill(Australia)I'dratherliveashort，pleasantlifethanalong，unhappyone，denying(拒絕給予)myselftastyfoodjustbecausesomeexpertssayit'snothealthy.Weshouldallenjoythelifewehave—ifIhadlistenedtoeverypieceofhealthadviceIwouldnevergoanywhere，eatanythingorenjoylifeinanyway.So，Iwon'tchangemyhabit.Iamgoingtohaveabaconsandwich，glassofwine，burger，canofcokewheneverIfeellikethem.Tim(America)Ismeatreallyasbadassmoking?Idon'tthinkso.AccordingtotheWHO34，000peopledieworldwideperyearbecausetheyeatprocessedmeat.In2012，8.2millionpeoplediedofcancerworldwide.Thatmeansifyoueatalotofprocessedmeatyouhaveachanceofbeingamongthe0.41percentofpeopledyingofcancerbecauseofprocessedmeat.I'lltakethechance.Helen(Switzerland)TheWHOdoesn'tsaythatjustonebiteofmeatcausescancer，butitisrathersayingthatpeopleshouldvarytheirdiet.Peoplewhoeatmoremeatoftenhaveotherunhealthyhabits.Theyusuallyeatfewerfruitsandvegetablesandtheyalsooftenexerciseless.Van(China)Perhapsthisreportwillmakepeopleconsiderbeingvegetarians(素食者)．Soforyourhealth，theenvironmentandfuturegenerations，itisnotdifficult;itjustneedsachangeofattitude.Thereisavastvarietyofotherdeliciousfoodavailabletoenjoy.【語篇解讀】本文主要介紹了一些網(wǎng)民對于世界衛(wèi)生組織公布的食用加工肉制品可能致癌的這一信息的個人看法。4．WhatifBillhastochangehishabit?A．He'llfeelunhappy.B．He'llliveapleasantlife.C．He'llgoonadiet.D．He'llbeeavegetarian.A[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段的第一句“I'dratherliveashort，pleasantlifethanalong，unhappyone，denying(拒絕給予)myselftastyfoodjustbecausesomeexpertssayit'snothealthy.”可推知，Bill如果改變目前的飲食習(xí)慣，他會不開心的。]5．WhatdoesTimthinkabouteatingprocessedmeat?A．Toorisky.B．Fairlysafe.C．Popularworldwide.D．Veryunhealthy.B[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段的“Ismeatreallyasbadassmoking？Idon'tthinkso.”和“Thatmeansifyoueatalotofprocessedmeatyouhaveachanceofbeingamongthe0.41percentofpeopledyingofcancerbecauseofprocessedmeat.I'lltakethechance.”可知，Tim認(rèn)為吃加工肉制品并不是什么要命的事兒，還是比較安全的。]6．WhatmaybeHelen'sresponsetoWHO'swarning?A．Caringlittleaboutit.B．Eatingwhatevershelikes.C．Varyingthedietanddoingmoreexercise.D．Takingadietwithoutmeat.C[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段的“...itisrathersayingthatpeopleshouldvarytheirdiet.Peoplewhoeatmoremeatoftenhaveotherunhealthyhabits.Theyusuallyeatfewerfruitsandvegetablesandtheyalsooftenexerciseless.”可知，Helen對WHO的警告的回應(yīng)應(yīng)該是飲食多樣化并多鍛煉身體。]CVacationisatimeforrefreshment.Inwork，weareoftencalledtothink.Sometimes，it'sgoodtogiveourbrainsarest.Withoutabreak，wemaynotbeabletoperformuptoourpotential.Thiscanbeaproblem，notonlyfortheemployee，butfortheemployeraswell.“Themainbenefitofvacationisfortheworkerstoebackenergized，”saysWeaver.“Iftheyhaven'thadabreak，thenthey'renotingbackwithnewenergy.Theyhaven'thadachancetostepbackandgetperspective(客觀判斷力)，andebackwithrenewedenthusiasm.”Longworkinghourswithoutabreak，insecurity(無保障)aboutone'sjob，andotherwork-relatedworriescanleadtoburnoutandstress.Humanscanusuallyadapttopressure，butnotforalimitlessamountoftime.“Itisaproblemofrelatinggoodworkersandhavingthemloyaltothefirmwhilethey'rethere，”saysDavidMaume，PhD，professorofsociologyattheUniversityofCincinnati.Hesaysburnoutcanalsoaffectemployees'productivity，creativity，andeffectiveness.Inaddition,highlevelsofstressarelikelytobeprecursors(前兆)todepression，whichcanhitboththeemployer'sandtheemployee'spocketbook.Evenpeoplewhomanagetoremainproductiveatworkcanhaveproblems.Ifthey'realwaysatwork，thenthey'renotwiththeirfamilyandfriends.Ifthey'reworkingwhileonvacation，forthetimethatthey'reonthejob，they'renotreallypresent.Anunbalancedemphasisonworkcanstrainfamilyandsociallife.Whenyoueupforair，youmayseethatyou'realone，orthatyourrelationshipshavegoneonwithoutyou.【語篇解讀】員工的休假是必需的。休假可以使員工恢復(fù)體力和腦力，從而提高工作效率；如果沒有休假，員工會產(chǎn)生焦慮、擔(dān)心、心不在焉等不良情緒。7．Theunderlinedword“there”inthefourthparagraphprobablyrefersto．A．thevacation B．thepanyC．theuniversity D．thehomeB[考查指代判斷。根據(jù)第四段第一句中的“Itisaproblemofrelatin