附錄—外文翻譯原文TheshockabsorberTheshockabsorberismainlyusedtosuppresstheshockofthespringandtheimpactfromtheroad.Intheunevenroadsurface,althoughtheshockabsorptionspringcanfilterthevibrationoftheroad,butthespringitselfwillhavereciprocatingmotion,andtheshockabsorberisusedtosuppressthespringjump.Shockabsorberistoosoft,thebodywilljumpupanddown,shockabsorbertoohardwillbringtoomuchresistance,hinderthenormalworkofthespring.Therefore,accordingtotheactualsituationofreasonablechoice.WorkingprincipleofshockabsorberWhenavehiclepassesthrougharoughroad,theupperandlowervibrationsaregenerated.Thefunctionoftheshockabsorberistoreduceoreliminatethevibrationcausedbythepressuredifferencebetweentheworkingcylinderandthepiston.Theshockabsorberstartsworkingwhenthedistancebetweentheframeandthewheelshaftchanges.Whenthepistondown,theuppervalvevalvetothecylinderpistoncompressiondampingfluidthroughthelowerpartofthestoneon,butalsothroughtheslottothestoragetankcompensationvalveflapandvalveport.Ifthewheelshaftbeating,theworkingcylinderrisesabruptly,reducingvibrationbyworkingfluidcylinderatthebottomofthevalverodthroughthecompressioncompressionvalve,theflowthroughthesideholeinthecylindercorerod.Whenthepiston,cylindervibrationreductionliquidcompressionpartoftheliquidthroughthevalvevalvevalve,valvedampingfluidcanrecover,throughthelowerpartofthepistontothecylinder.Atthemomentofthepistonupward,thenegativepressureisformedatthelowerpartofthepiston,andthevalveclackofthecompensationvalveisopened.Thedampingfluidissofluidthatthedistancebetweentheframeandthewheelshaftischanged.ProductclassificationTheshockabsorberisdividedintotwotypes:hydraulicandpneumatic,andavariabledampingshockabsorber.Hydraulicshockabsorberiswidelyusedinautomobilesuspensionsystem.TheprincipleisthatwhentheframeandtheaxletodoreciprocatingmotionrelativetothepistonintheERshockabsorbercylinderreciprocatingmovement,theoilshockabsorbershellwillberepeatedfromcavitythroughnarrowporeflowintoanothercavity.Atthistime,thefrictionbetweentheliquidandtheinnerwallandtheinternalfrictionoftheliquidmoleculeformthedampingforcetothevibration.Inflatableshockabsorberinflatableshockabsorberisanewtypeofshockabsorberdevelopedsince60s.Theutilitymodelischaracterizedinthatthelowerpartofthecylinderisprovidedwithafloatingpiston,andaclosedairchamberformedbyoneendofthefloatingpistonandthecylinderisfilledwithhighpressurenitrogengas.ThefloatingpistonisprovidedwithalargecrosssectionOtypesealingring,whichseparatestheoilandgascompletely.Acompressionvalveandanexpansionvalvearearrangedontheworkingpistontochangethecrosssectionareaofthechannelwiththespeedofmovement.Whenthewheelmovesupanddown,thepistonoftheshockabsorberworksintheoilliquidtomakereciprocatingmotion,sothattheoilpressuredifferencebetweentheuppercavityandthelowercavityoftheworkingpistonisgenerated.Becausethevalvetothepressureoiltoproduceagreaterdampingforce,sothatthevibrationattenuation.Thesuspensionofthevehiclewithadjustableresistanceandadjustableshockabsorberisgenerallyusedaselasticelementwithvariablerigidityairspring.Theprincipleisthatiftheairspringpressureincreases,theshockabsorbergaschamberpressureisalsoincreased,duetothechangeinpressuretomaketheoilorificediameterchanges,soastoachievethepurposeofchangingthedampingstiffnessTheshockabsorberisusedintheprocessofautomobilespareparts,shockabsorberworkisgoodorbad,willdirectlyaffectthecarstationarityandotherpartsoflife,soweshouldmakethedamperoftenisingoodworkingcondition.Thefollowingmethodscanbeusedtocheckwhethertheshockabsorberworkswell.Cylindershockabsorberinstallation1intheinstallationprocessshallnotbeusedtoknockthemetalcylinderonthesurfaceofshockabsorbercylinder,hardtopulltheshockabsorberexternalweldingdustcover.2theuseoftaperedrubberpadvibrationisolationshockabsorber,theapplicationoftheplatewillbeatbothendsoftheinnerringoftheassemblyoftheholeoftheconicalrubberpad.3installationprocessshouldnotdamagetheshockabsorberfittedrubbersurface(suchasbuffersets,etc.)4shockabsorberinstallationshouldbeinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthetorquerequirementsofthevehiclewillbeconnectedtotightenthethreadedpartstoensurethattheconnectionisreliable,noloosening,andshouldbeinthefasteningpartsofantirustpaint.Commondetectionmethods1shockabsorbersound:notinstalledinplace;abnormaluseofshockabsorber;misjudgment(infact,thesuspensionring)2tomakethecarontheroadconditionsarepoorontheroadafterthe10kmparking,touchtheshockabsorbershell,ifnothot,indicatingthattheshockabsorberwithoutresistance,shockabsorberdoesnotwork.Atthispoint,canbeaddedtotheappropriatelubricatingoil,andthenthetest,iftheshellheat,theshockabsorberforthelackofoil,shouldbesufficientoil;otherwise,thattheshockabsorberfailure.3pressthebumper,andthenrelease,ifthecarhasa2~3jump,thentheshockabsorberworkswell.4whenthecarslowlydrivingandemergencybraking,ifthecarvibrationismoreintense,indicatingthattheshockabsorberisaproblem.5removetheshockabsorberandthelowerendoftheupright,theconnectingringclampedinavise,pullrodvibrationpressureseveraltimes,atthistimeshouldhaveastableresistancetopull(recovery)resistanceshouldbegreaterthanthedownwardpressureresistance,suchasresistanceinstabilityornoresistance,damagemaybeashockabsorberoilorthevalveparts,shouldreplaceorrepairparts.MaintenanceTheshockabsorberisusedintheprocessofautomobilespareparts,shockabsorberworkisgoodorbad,willdirectlyaffectthecarstationarityandotherpartsoflife,soweshouldmaketheshockabsorberoftenisingoodworkingcondition.Thefollowingmethodscanbeusedtocheckwhethertheshockabsorberworkswell.Theshockabsorbertestincludestheshockabsorberperformancetest,theshockabsorberendurancetest,theshockabsorberdualexcitationtest.Thedynamometertest,frictiontest,temperaturecharacteristictest,etc..Indeterminingtheshockabsorberisaproblemorfailure,shouldfirstcheckwhethertheshockabsorberoilleakageortracesofoldoil.Oilsealgasket,sealgasketrupturedamage,oilcylindercovernutloose.Itispossiblethattheoilsealandthesealingwasheraredamagedanddamaged.Ifyoustillcannoteliminateoilleakage,shouldpulltheshockabsorber,iffeelahairpinordifferenttime,thencheckthegapbetweenpistonandcylinderistoolarge,theshockabsorberpistonrodisbent,thepistonrodandthecylindersurfaceisscratchedorstretchmarks.Iftheshockabsorbernoleakagephenomenon,itshouldchecktheshockabsorberconnectingpin,aconnectingrod,aconnectinghole,suchaswhetherthereisdamagetotherubberbushing,welding,crackorfalloff.Iftheexaminationisnormal,shouldbefurtherdecomposedwithshockabsorber,checkthegapbetweenpistonandcylinderistoobig,thecylinderispulled,thevalvesealisgood,andthevalveseatvalvejointistight,andthetensionspringshockabsorberistoosoftorbroken,takethegrindingorchangethewayrepairaccordingtothesituation.Inaddition,theshockabsorberwillappearfaultnoiseinactualuse,thisismainlyduetothecollisionandshockabsorberplatespringandframeorshaft,paddamageorlossandshockabsorbercylinderdeformationcausedbydust,oilshortage,shouldidentifythereasonsforrepairs.譯文汽車減振器減振器主要用來(lái)抑制彈簧吸震后反彈時(shí)的震蕩及來(lái)自路面的沖擊。在經(jīng)過(guò)不平路面時(shí)，雖然吸震彈簧可以過(guò)濾路面的震動(dòng)，但彈簧自身還會(huì)有往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，而減振器就是用來(lái)抑制這種彈簧跳躍的。減振器太軟，車身就會(huì)上下跳躍，減振器太硬就會(huì)帶來(lái)太大的阻力，妨礙彈簧正常工作。所以要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況合理選擇。減振器工作原理汽車通過(guò)不平道路時(shí)產(chǎn)生上下震動(dòng)，減振器的作用就是利用工作缸與活塞相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)液體中產(chǎn)生的壓力差來(lái)減弱或消除這種震動(dòng)。減振器在車架與車輪軸距離發(fā)生變化時(shí)開(kāi)始工作。當(dāng)活塞下行時(shí)，其下部的減振液受壓石沖開(kāi)活塞上的通液閥閥瓣流向工作缸的上部，同時(shí)還通過(guò)補(bǔ)償閥閥瓣與閥口的隙縫流向貯油缸。如果車輪軸劇烈跳動(dòng)，工作缸突然上升，減液振可通過(guò)工作缸底部的壓縮閥芯桿沖開(kāi)壓縮閥閥瓣，經(jīng)芯桿的側(cè)孔流向貯油缸。當(dāng)活塞上行時(shí)，工作缸上部的減液振受壓，通液閥閥瓣關(guān)閉，減振液沖開(kāi)復(fù)原閥閥瓣，通過(guò)活塞流向工作缸的下部。在活塞上行的一瞬間，活塞下部形成負(fù)壓，補(bǔ)償閥閥瓣打開(kāi)，減振液從貯油缸流向工作缸。減振液就是這樣如此流動(dòng)，使車架與車輪軸之間距離變化時(shí)得到一定的緩沖。產(chǎn)品分類減震器從產(chǎn)生阻尼的材料這個(gè)角度劃分主要有液壓和充氣兩種，還有一種可變阻尼的減震器。液壓減震器汽車懸架系統(tǒng)中廣泛采用液力減震器。其原理是，當(dāng)車架與車橋做往復(fù)相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)兒活塞在減震器的缸筒內(nèi)往復(fù)移動(dòng)時(shí)，減震器殼體內(nèi)的油液便反復(fù)地從內(nèi)腔通過(guò)一些窄小的孔隙流入另一內(nèi)腔。此時(shí)，液體與內(nèi)壁的摩擦及液體分子的內(nèi)摩擦便形成對(duì)振動(dòng)的阻尼力。充氣式減震器充氣式減震器是60年代以來(lái)發(fā)展起來(lái)的一種新型減震器。其結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是在缸筒的下部裝有一個(gè)浮動(dòng)活塞，在浮動(dòng)活塞與缸筒一端形成的一個(gè)密閉氣室種充有高壓氮?dú)狻．?dāng)車輪上下跳動(dòng)時(shí)，減震器的工作活塞在油液種做往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，使工作活塞的上腔和下腔之間產(chǎn)生油壓差，壓力油便推開(kāi)壓縮閥和伸張閥而來(lái)回流動(dòng)。由于閥對(duì)壓力油產(chǎn)生較大的阻尼力，使振動(dòng)衰減。阻力可調(diào)式裝有阻力可調(diào)式減震器的汽車的懸架一般用剛度可變的空氣彈簧作為彈性元件。其原理是，空氣彈簧若氣壓升高，則減震器氣室內(nèi)的壓力也升高，由于壓力的改變而使油液的節(jié)流孔徑發(fā)生改變，從而達(dá)到改變阻尼