語(yǔ)法專題（七）

動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)PARTTWO第二篇

語(yǔ)法突破篇【中考考點(diǎn)】（1）動(dòng)詞的八種時(shí)態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及用法。（2）動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及用法。（3）動(dòng)詞在各種時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)中的形式變化。動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)考點(diǎn)一一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1.結(jié)構(gòu)

主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式）2.用法

（1）表示事實(shí)、現(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)或經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。Igotoschoolatseveneveryday.我每天七點(diǎn)去上學(xué)。（2）表示普遍真理和客觀事實(shí)。Theearthgoesaroundthesun.地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。（3）表示在現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Herecomesthebus.公共汽車來(lái)了。（4）在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。I’llgoshoppingwithmymotherifsheisfreetomorrow.如果明天我媽媽有空的話,我將和她去購(gòu)物。動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)3.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞seldom,often,usually,always,sometimes,today,everyday,onceaweek,everyfiveminutes,onSundays等。4.動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式變化規(guī)則（1）直接加-s。如:work→works（2）以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞,變y為i,再加es。如:carry→carries,cry→cries,try→tries,study→studies（3）以s,x,o,ch,sh結(jié)尾的詞加-es。如:pass→passes,fix→fixes,go→goes,teach→teaches,wash→washes（4）特殊:have→has,be→is動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)考點(diǎn)二一般過(guò)去時(shí)1.結(jié)構(gòu)主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式2.用法表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。3.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞lastnight,yesterday,someyearsago,in2015,inthepast,justnow等。動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)4.動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的變化規(guī)則（1）一般情況下,在動(dòng)詞原形后加-ed。如:watch→watched（2）以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的詞加-d。如:live→lived（3）以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞,變y為i,再加-ed。如:study→studied,carry→carried,cry→cried（4）以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的詞,先雙寫該輔音字母,再加ed。如:stop→stopped,plan→planned,prefer→preferred（5）不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式需特殊記憶。動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)考點(diǎn)三一般將來(lái)時(shí)1.結(jié)構(gòu)（1）助動(dòng)詞shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形（2）am/is/aregoingto+動(dòng)詞原形2.用法（1）表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。Ishallbeeighteenyearsoldnextyear.明年我就18歲了。（2）表示某種必然的趨勢(shì)。Fishwilldiewithoutwater.沒(méi)有水,魚就會(huì)死。動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)[注意]begoingto表示計(jì)劃、打算做某事;也表示根據(jù)某些跡象推測(cè)出某事將要發(fā)生。I’mgoingtovisitmygrandparentsnextweek.下周我打算去拜訪我的祖父母。Lookattheblackclouds.Ithinkit’sgoingtorain.看這些烏云,我覺(jué)得要下雨了。3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞tomorrow,inthefuture,soon,nextweek,in+時(shí)間段,fromnowon等。動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)考點(diǎn)四過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)1.結(jié)構(gòu)（1）would+動(dòng)詞原形（2）was/weregoingto+動(dòng)詞原形2.用法表示從過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻來(lái)看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常用于賓語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)中。Hisunclesaidthattherewouldbeagoodharvestthenextyear.他叔叔說(shuō)第二年會(huì)有個(gè)好收成。動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)考點(diǎn)五現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1.結(jié)構(gòu)

am/is/are+v.-ing形式2.用法（1）表示目前正在發(fā)生（進(jìn)行）的動(dòng)作（不指狀態(tài)）。Areyouwritingalettertoyourfriendnow?你現(xiàn)在正在給你朋友寫信嗎?Listen!Sheissinginginthenextroom.聽!她正在隔壁房間唱歌。（2）表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行,而此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。Weareplantingtreesthesedays.這些天我們一直在植樹。（3）趨向動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作將要發(fā)生。此類詞有come,go,leave,arrive,fly等,常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。TheyareleavingforEnglandtomorrowafternoon.他們明天下午要去英格蘭。動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)3.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞now,atthemoment,look,listen等。4.現(xiàn)在分詞的變化規(guī)則（1）一般直接在動(dòng)詞后加-ing。如:play→playing（2）以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的詞,去e,再加-ing。如:come→coming,make→making,live→living（3）以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的詞,先雙寫該輔音字母,再加-ing。如:run→running,sit→sitting,begin→beginning

（4）特殊:die→dying,lie→lying,tie→tying動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)考點(diǎn)六過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)1.結(jié)構(gòu)

was/were+v.-ing形式2.用法主要表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)或某一時(shí)間段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。Hisfatherfelldownwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.他爸爸騎自行車時(shí)摔倒了,弄傷了自己。Whatwereyoudoingatteno’clocklastnight?你昨晚十點(diǎn)鐘在做什么?Theywerebuildingalargehouselastweek.上周他們一直在建造一所大房子。（某階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作）3.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastnight,atthistimeyesterday等。動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)考點(diǎn)七現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1.結(jié)構(gòu)have/has+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞（過(guò)去分詞變化規(guī)則基本與過(guò)去式變化相同。有些特殊變化動(dòng)詞需單獨(dú)記憶）動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)2.用法（1）表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果,常與just,already,yet,recently,before,ever,never,twice,threetimes等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。I

thebookalready.我已經(jīng)看過(guò)這本書了。（現(xiàn)在我知道書的內(nèi)容了）

（2）表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常與“since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)”或“since+從句（一般過(guò)去時(shí)）”,“for+時(shí)間段”及howlong,ever,before,sofar,inthelast/pastfewyears,uptonow,tillnow等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。We’veplantedthousandsoftreesinthepastfewyears.在過(guò)去幾年中,我們種了成千上萬(wàn)棵樹。Sofar,there

nobadnews.

到現(xiàn)在為止還沒(méi)有什么壞消息。havereadhasbeen動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)3.一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別一般過(guò)去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)在過(guò)去發(fā)生過(guò)某事或關(guān)注的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式等。而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響,因此,若不強(qiáng)調(diào)某事對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響就不用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。Isawthemovieyesterday.昨天我看了這部電影。（強(qiáng)調(diào)電影是昨天看的）Ihavealreadyseenthefilm.我已經(jīng)看過(guò)這部電影了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)知道這部電影的內(nèi)容了）動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)4.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中,如果有持續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),則要把非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞變?yōu)檠永m(xù)性動(dòng)詞。Ihavehadthebookfortwodays.這本書我已經(jīng)買了兩天了。（用had而不用bought）IhavebeeninTokyofortwoweeks.我已經(jīng)來(lái)東京兩周了。（用beenin而不用cometo）動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)常見(jiàn)的非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞變延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞:非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞/動(dòng)詞詞組延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞/動(dòng)詞詞組非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞/動(dòng)詞詞組延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞/動(dòng)詞詞組buyhavecatchacoldhaveacoldborrowkeepputonwearopenbeopengetupbeupclosebeclosedwakeupbeawakebegin/startbeonfallasleepbeasleepcomebeherelosenothavegobetherejoinbein/beamemberoffinishbeoverleavebeawaydiebedeadarrive/reachbe5.havebeento,havegoneto與havebeenin的區(qū)別havebeento表示“曾去過(guò)某地”,說(shuō)話時(shí)已從該地回來(lái),現(xiàn)在已不在該地;havegoneto表示“已去了某地”,說(shuō)話時(shí)已到達(dá)某地或在去某地的途中,現(xiàn)在還未回來(lái);havebeenin表示“在某地待了多久”,后面跟副詞時(shí)不用in?！猈hereisMrs.Smith?史密斯夫人在哪兒?—Sheisn’there.ShehasgonetoEngland.她不在這兒,去英格蘭了。動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)考點(diǎn)八過(guò)去完成時(shí)1.結(jié)構(gòu)had+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞2.用法表示過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),也就是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。常以by,before短語(yǔ)或when,after,until等引導(dǎo)的從句作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。MyteachersaidshehadneverbeentoLondon.我的老師說(shuō)她從來(lái)沒(méi)去過(guò)倫敦。Whenthepolicearrived,thethieves

.

當(dāng)警察到達(dá)時(shí),小偷已經(jīng)逃跑了。hadrunaway時(shí)態(tài)的判斷方法1.根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)判斷時(shí)態(tài)Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,robotcooks

inourfamiliesinthefuture.

A.appear B.appearedC.willappear D.wereappearing[答案]C[解析]根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“inthefuture”可知要用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。故選C。2.利用上下文語(yǔ)境判斷時(shí)態(tài)—Anita,whereisyourbrother?—He

outinthegardenwithagroupofkids.

A.plays B.playedC.isplaying D.hasplayed[答案]C[解析]根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,說(shuō)話時(shí)“我弟弟和一群小孩兒正在花園里玩”,需用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。時(shí)態(tài)的判斷方法3.根據(jù)已有時(shí)態(tài)信息關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)判斷—DidBillyandAnnafindawayoutatlast?—Yes,they

aplananddidit.

A.wereworkingout B.workedoutC.areworkingout D.haveworkedout[答案]B[解析]答語(yǔ)中and連接的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該是一致的,and后面的did是一般過(guò)去時(shí),故前面也應(yīng)該用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故選B。時(shí)態(tài)的判斷方法4.在復(fù)合句中根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)應(yīng)原則來(lái)判斷（1）在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則。Ifwe

takeenvironmentalproblemsseriously,theearth

worseandworse.

A.don’t;won’tbe B.won’t;isn’tC.won’t;is D.don’t;willbe[答案]D[解析]if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”原則。（2）在賓語(yǔ)從句中,遵循“主現(xiàn)從不限,主過(guò)從過(guò),客觀真理永不變”的原則。—WhatdidyourP.E.teachersayaboutyourhighjumpatthesportsmeeting?—HesaidthatI

better.

A.coulddo B.havedoneC.willdo D.do[答案]A[解析]答句中that引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句,時(shí)態(tài)需要與主句對(duì)應(yīng),主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí),從句也要用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。故選A。動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)考點(diǎn)一被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞一般過(guò)去時(shí)was/were+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞一般將來(lái)時(shí)will/shall/begoingto+be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)Thetreeiswateredeveryday.這棵樹每天被澆水。Thefactorywassetuplastyear.這個(gè)工廠是去年建的。Anewbridgewillbebuiltnextyear.明年將建一座新橋。[注意]在使役動(dòng)詞have,make,let等以及感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,notice,hear,feel等后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式,在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式符號(hào)to要省略,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),要還原to。Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.=Astrangerwasseenbysomeone

intothebuilding.有人看見(jiàn)一個(gè)陌生人走進(jìn)了這座樓。

towalk動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)考點(diǎn)二主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義1.英語(yǔ)中有很多動(dòng)詞,如break,sell,wash等,當(dāng)它們用作不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)特征時(shí),常用其主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義,主語(yǔ)通常是物。Thiskindofcloth

.

這種布料很好洗。[注意]主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)的特征,而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較:Thedoorwon’tlock.（指門本身有毛病）Thedoorwon’tbelocked.（指不會(huì)有人來(lái)鎖門,表示“門沒(méi)有鎖”是人的原因）2.不及物動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),如happen,takeplace,comeout,cometrue,runout等,以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。Howdidthenewspaperscomeout?這些報(bào)紙是如何出版的呢?washeswell動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)3.系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)形式。Yourreasonsoundsreasonable.你的理由聽起來(lái)合理。4.下列結(jié)構(gòu)中的v.-ing是主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。（1）need,require作“需要”講時(shí),其后常跟動(dòng)名詞形式。但當(dāng)這些動(dòng)詞后接不定式時(shí),則必須用被動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。Thebikeneedsmending.這輛自行車需要修理。Ourclassroomneedstobecleaned.我們的教室需要打掃。（2）beworthdoingsth.值得做某事Thebookiswellworthreading.這本書很值得一讀。對(duì)接中考專練1.[2018·河北]Garyisthebestsingerinmyclass.Nooneelse

sowell.

A.sings B.sangC.willsing D.issinging2.[2018·河北]—Thebreadisreallydelicious.—Thankyou.I

itmyself.

A.make B.madeC.willmake D.ammaking

1.A根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,這里表示的是一個(gè)客觀事實(shí),應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。故選A。AB動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)2.B根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,“做面包”的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故選B。對(duì)接中考專練3.[2018·河北]I

aninvitationtotheconcert.Ican’twaittogo.

A.receive B.willreceiveC.wasreceiving D.havereceived4.[2017·河北]Wow!You

dinner!Let’seatnow.

A.cook B.arecookingC.willcook D.havecooked

3.D根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,這個(gè)請(qǐng)柬到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)收到了,所以現(xiàn)在“我”迫不及待想?yún)⒓印Ｓ纱丝芍?本句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。故選D。DD4.D句意:哇!你做完晚餐了!現(xiàn)在讓我們吃飯吧。強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。故選D。對(duì)接中考專練5.[2017·河北]Don’ttakethedictionaryaway.I

it.

A.use B.usedC.amusing D.haveused6.[2016·河北]Grandpa

glasseswhenhereads.

A.wears B.woreC.hasworn D.waswearing

5.C句意:別把詞典拿走,我正在用呢。根據(jù)句意可知,空處表示現(xiàn)在正在做某事,故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。故選C。CA6.A結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可知,當(dāng)爺爺讀書的時(shí)候戴著眼鏡,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。故選A。對(duì)接中考專練7.[2016·河北]Ohno!I

mybookinthelab.

A.leave B.leftC.willleave D.wasleaving8.[2016·河北]Justgodownthisroadandyou

thelibrarynexttothebank.

A.see B.saw C.haveseen D.willseeBD對(duì)接中考專練9.[2016·河北]Ourteam

anotherpoint!Iamsurewe’llwinthegame.

A.willget B.hasgotC.isgetting D.wasgetting10.[2015·河北]Grace

thisgameeverytimeweplay.

A.wins B.won C.willwin D.haswon

9.B句意:我們隊(duì)又得一分,我確信我們會(huì)贏得這場(chǎng)比賽。根據(jù)“we’llwinthegame”可知,此處指得分這一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。故選B。BA對(duì)接中考專練11.[2015·河北]I

theshops.CanIgetyouanything?

A.goto B.wenttoC.havegoneto D.amgoingto12.[2015·河北]We’reproudthatChina

strongerandstrongertheseyears.

A.willbecome B.becameC.isbecoming D.wasbecoming13.[2015·河北]IsawJeffinthepark.He

onthegrassandreadingabook.

A.sits B.satC.issitting D.wassitting14.[2015·河北]Paulaispleasedthatshe

herlostwatch.

A.finds B.foundC.hasfound D.willfindDCDC對(duì)接中考專練15.[2014·河北]Theteacherisalreadystandinghere.Doyouknowwhenshe

?

A.comes B.cameC.iscoming D.wascoming16.[2014·河北]I’mbusynow.I

toyouafterschoolthisafternoon.

A.talk B.talkedC.willtalk D.havetalked17.[2014·河北]Someone

atthedoor.Canyouopenit?

A.knocks B.knockedC.isknocking D.wasknocking18.[2014·河北]IsawKeninthemeetingroom.He

Joefortheschoolmagazine.

A.interviews B.interviewedC.hasinterviewed D.wasinterviewingBCDC對(duì)接中考專練19.[2014·河北]Monica,you

theexam!Congratulations!

A.pass B.havepassedC.willpass D.arepassing20.[2013·河北]Henrywillgiveusareportassoonashe

.

A.arrives B.arrivedC.isarriving D.willarrive21.[2013·河北]Ken

hisjacketinthegym.Hehastogetitback.

A.left B.leavesC.isleaving D.wasleaving22.[2013·河北]Wehavenovegetablesinthefridge.I

andbuysome.

A.go B.wentC.willgo D.wasgoingBACA對(duì)接中考專練23.[2013·河北]You

.Don’ttalkonthephone.

A.willdrive B.aredrivingC.weredriving D.havedriven24.[2013·河北]Thetwinsdidn’tgotothetheater.They

thelightmusicallnight.

A.haveenjoyed B.willenjoyC.areenjoying D.wereenjoying25.[2013·河北]Don’treturnthevideotoPeter.I

it.

A.don’twatch B.won’twatchC.haven’twatched D.wasn’twatchingBDC對(duì)接中考專練1.[2018·河北]Lookatthepicture.ThetopfiveTVplays

init.

A.list B.arelistedC.willlist D.willbelisted2.[2017·河北]Hangzhou

astheCityofSilk.Touristslikeshoppingforsilkthere.

A.knows B.isknownC.wasknown D.willbeknown3.[2016·河北]Emilyisgladthatshe

forherhonestyatthatmeeting.

A.praises B.praisedC.ispraised D.waspraised4.[2015·河北]Everybody

deeplyaftertheyheardthestory.

A.moves B.moved