專題12閱讀理解說明文、議論文

?JU__

2025高考真題

1.（2025年全國高考一卷）

Whilesafetyimprovementsmighthavebeenmadetoourstreetsinrecentyears,transportstudiesalsoshow

declinesinpedestrian（行人）mobility,especiallyamongyoungchildren.Manyparentssaythere'stoomuchtraffic

ontheroadsfortheirchildrentowalksafelytoschool,sotheypackthemintothecarinstead.

DutchauthorsThaliaVerkadeandMarcoteBrommelstroetarebotheredbyfactslikethese.Intheirnewbook

Movement:HowtoTakeBackOurStreetsandTransformOurLives,theycallforarethinkofourstreetsandthe

roletheyplayinourlives.

Lifeoncitystreetsstartedtochangedecadesago.Wholeneighbourhoodsweredestroyedtomakewayfor

newroadnetworksandkidshadtoplayelsewhere.Somecommunitiesfoughtback.Mostfamously,aCanadian

journalistwhohadmovedherfamilytoManhattanintheearly1950sledacampaigntostopthedestructionofher

localpark.Describingheralarmatitsproposedreplacementwithanexpressway,JaneJacobscalledonhermayor

（市長）tochampion"NewYorkasadecentplacetolive,andnotjustrushthrough.Similarcampaignsoccurredin

Australiainthelate1960sand1970saswell.

Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityofthewesterncitieswere

completelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar.Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly.

InAustraliawenowhaveovertwentymillioncarsforjustovertwenty-sixmillionpeople,amongthehighestrate

ofcarownershipintheworld.

Weinvestalotinroadsthathelpusrushthrough,butwefailtoaccountforthetruecosts.Dowereally

recognisewhatitcostsusasasocietywhenchildrencan'tmovesafelyaroundourcommunities?Theauthorsof

Movementhaveitright:it'stimetothinkdifferentlyaboutthatstreetoutsideyourfrontdoor.

25.Whatphenomenondoestheauthorpointoutinparagraph1?

A.Carsoftengetstuckontheroad.B.Trafficaccidentsoccurfrequently.

C.Peoplewalklessanddrivemore.D.Pedestriansfailtofollowtherules.

26.WhatweretheCanadianjournalistandothercampaignerstryingtodo?

A.Keeptheircitieslivable.B.Promoteculturaldiversity.

C.Helptheneedyfamilies.D.Makeexpresswaysaccessible.

27.WhatcanbeinferredaboutthecampaignsinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970s?

A.Theyboostedthesalesofcars.B.Theyturnedoutlargelyineffective.

C.Theywongovernmentsupport.D.Theyadvocatedbuildingnewparks.

28.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.WhytheRush?B.WhafsNext?

C.WheretoStay?D.WhotoBlame?

【答案】25.C26.A27.B28.A

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要介紹了西方城市過度圍繞汽車設(shè)計導(dǎo)致行人流動性下降，尤其是兒

童步行減少的現(xiàn)象，并通過歷史案例和現(xiàn)狀分析呼吁反思街道功能，重視城市宜居性。

[25題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Whilesafetyimprovementsmighthavebeenmadetoourstreetsinrecentyears,

transportstudiesalsoshowdeclinesinpedestrian（彳亍人）mobility,especiallyamongyoungchildren.Manyparents

saythere'stoomuchtrafficontheroadsfortheirchildrentowalksafelytoschool,sotheypackthemintothecar

instead.（雖然近年來我們的街道可能已經(jīng)改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流動性下降，尤其是年輕

兒童。許多家長說，路上的交通太擁擠，他們的孩子無法安全步行上學(xué)，所以他們把孩子塞進(jìn)車?yán)铮笨芍?/p>

作者指出的現(xiàn)象是人們步行減少、開車增多。故選C。

[26題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Mostfamously,aCanadianjournalistwhohadmovedherfamilytoManhattanin

theearly1950sledacampaigntostopthedestructionofherlocalpark.Describingheralarmatitsproposed

replacementwithanexpressway,JaneJacobscalledonhermayor（市長）tochampion“NewYorkasadecentplace

tolive,andnotjustrushthrough.^^（最著名的是，一位加拿大記者在20世紀(jì)50年代初舉家遷往曼哈頓，她領(lǐng)

導(dǎo)了一場阻止當(dāng)?shù)毓珗@被毀的運(yùn)動。在描述她對用高速公路取代公園的提議感到震驚時，JaneJacobs呼吁

她的市長捍衛(wèi)“紐約作為適宜居住的地方，而不僅是匆匆穿過的通道"）”可推知，加拿大記者和其他運(yùn)動參與

者旨在保持城市宜居性。故選A。

【27題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityof

thewesterncitieswerecompletelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar.Thenumberofcarsonroadshas

beenincreasingrapidly.（盡管這些運(yùn)動很普遍，但現(xiàn)實(shí)是大多數(shù)西方城市完全圍繞汽車需求重新設(shè)計。道路

上的汽車數(shù)量一直在迅速增加）”可推知，20世紀(jì)60年代末和70年代澳大利亞的競選活動未能阻止汽車發(fā)

展，基本上沒有效果。故選B。

【28題詳解】

主旨大意題。通讀全文，并根據(jù)文章最后一段“Weinvestalotinroadsthathelpusrushthrough,butwefailto

accountforthetruecosts.Dowereallyrecognisewhatitcostsusasasocietywhenchildrencan'tmovesafely

aroundourcommunities?（我們在幫助我們快速通過的道路上投入了大量資金，但我們沒有考慮到真正的成本。

我們真的認(rèn)識到當(dāng)孩子們不能在我們的社區(qū)安全地移動時，我們作為一個社會將會付出什么代價嗎）”可推知,

本文批判城市過度追求交通效率、忽視行人需求的現(xiàn)象，A項(xiàng)“WhytheRush?（為何匆匆？廣質(zhì)問“rush

through（匆匆通行）”的規(guī)劃理念，契合主旨，最適合作為本文標(biāo)題。故選A。

2.（2025年全國高考一卷）

MicroplasticshavebecomeacommonsourceofpollutionacrosstheEarth——theyhavesettledinthedeepsea

andontheHimalayas,stuckinsidevolcanicrocks,filledthestomachsofseabirdsandevenfalleninfreshAntarctic

snow.Theyareevenappearinginsidehumans.

Now,newresearchsuggeststhatasimple,cheapmeasuremaysignificantlyreducethelevelofmicroplastics

inwaterfromyourtap（水龍頭）：boilingandfiltering（過濾）it.InastudypublishedWednesdayinEnvironmental

Science&TechnologyLetters,researchersfromChinafoundthatboilingtapwaterforjustfiveminutes-then

filteringitafteritcools-couldremoveatleast80percentofitsmicroplastics.

Crucially,thisprocessreliesonthewatercontainingenoughcalciumcarbonate（碳酸鈣）totraptheplastics.

Inthestudy,boilinghardwatercontaining300milligramsofcalciumcarbonateledtoanalmost90percentdropin

plastics.Butinsampleswithlessthan60milligramsofcalciumcarbonate,boilingreducedthelevelofplasticsby

just25percent.Additionally,theresearchdidn'tincludealltypesofplastics.Theteamfocusedonlyonthree

commontypes-polystyrene,polyethyleneandpolypropylene-andtheydidn'tstudyotherchemicals

previouslyfoundinwatersuchasvinylchloride.

Still,thefindingsshowapotentialpathforwardforreducingmicroplasticexposure-ataskthafsbecoming

increasinglydifficult.Evenbottledwater,scientistsfoundearlierthisyear,contains10to1,000timesmore

microplasticsthanoriginallythought.

Scientistsarestilltryingtodeterminehowharmfulmicroplasticsare-butwhattheydoknowhasraised

concerns.Thenewstudysuggestsboilingtapwatercouldbeatooltolimitintake.taThewaytheydemonstrated

howmicroplasticsweretrappedthroughtheboilingprocesswasnice,^^CarolineGauchotte-Lindsay,an

environmentalengineeroftheUniversityofGlasgowinScotlandwhowasnotinvolvedintheresearch,tellsNew

Scientist.4aWeshouldbelookingintoupgradingdrinkingwatertreatmentplantssotheyremovemicroplastics.9,

29.Howdoestheauthorpresenttheissueinthefirstparagraph?

A.Byquotinganexpert.B.Bydefiningaconcept.

C.Bygivingexamples.D.Byprovidingstatistics.

30.Whatdeterminestheeffectivenessoftrappingmicroplasticsinwater?

A.Thehardnessofwater.B.Thelengthofcoolingtime.

C.Thefrequencyoffiltering.D.Thetypeofplasticinwater.

31.Whatdoestheauthortrytoillustratebymentioningbottledwaterinparagraph4?

A.Theimportanceofplasticrecycling.B.Theseverityofthemicroplasticproblem.

C.Thedangerinoverusingpurewater.D.Thedifficultyintreatingpollutedwater.

32.WhatisGauchotte-Lindsay^suggestionabout?

A.Choiceofnewresearchmethods.B.Possibledirectionforfurtherstudy.

C.Needtoinvolvemoreresearchers.D.Potentialapplicationofthefindings.

【答案】29.C30.A31.B32.D

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。文章主要介紹了一項(xiàng)關(guān)于減少自來水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及

全球，甚至進(jìn)入人體。中國研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，將自來水煮沸五分鐘并冷卻后過濾可能會顯著降低自來水中的

微塑料含量。研究雖未涵蓋所有塑料類型和化學(xué)物質(zhì)，但揭示了一種潛在解決方案。蘇格蘭環(huán)境工程師指

出，該研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建議升級飲用水處理廠以推廣應(yīng)用。

【29題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段中"MicroplasticshavebecomeacommonsourceofpollutionacrosstheEarth一

theyhavesettledinthedeepseaandontheHimalayas,stuckinsidevolcanicrocks,filledthestomachsofseabirds

andevenfalleninfreshAntarcticsnow.Theyareevenappearinginsidehumans.（微塑料已經(jīng)成為地球上常見的

污染源——它們出現(xiàn)在在深海和喜馬拉雅山上，被困在火山巖中，填滿海鳥的胃，甚至落在南極的新雪中。

它們甚至出現(xiàn)了在人類體內(nèi)）”可推知，作者通過舉例提出微塑料污染的問題。故選C。

[30題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中"Crucially,thisprocessreliesonthewatercontainingenoughcalciumcarbonate

（碳酸鈣）totraptheplastics.Inthestudy,boilinghardwatercontaining300milligramsofcalciumcarbonateledto

analmost90percentdropinplastics.Butinsampleswithlessthan60milligramsofcalciumcarbonate,boiling

reducedthelevelofplasticsbyjust25percent.（至關(guān)重要的是，這一過程依賴于含有足夠碳酸鈣的水來截留塑

料。在這項(xiàng)研究中，將含有300毫克碳酸鈣的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸鈣含量低于

60毫克的樣品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量）”可知，決定在水中截留微塑料的有效性的是水的硬度。

故選A。

【31題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段中"Still,thefindingsshowapotentialpathforwardforreducingmicroplastic

exposure-ataskthafsbecomingincreasinglydiffcult.Evenbottledwater,scientistsfoundearlierthisyear,

contains10to1,000timesmoremicroplasticsthanoriginallythought.（盡管如此，研究結(jié)果顯示了減少微塑料接

觸的潛在途徑——這一任務(wù)正變得越來越困難。今年早些時候，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使是瓶裝水，其微塑料

含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。廠可推斷，作者提到瓶裝水是為了說明微塑料污染的嚴(yán)重性。故選

Bo

【32題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中“"Thewaytheydemonstratedhowmicroplasticsweretrappedthroughthe

boilingprocesswasnice,^^CarolineGauchotte-Lindsay,anenvironmentalengineeroftheUniversityofGlasgowin

Scotlandwhowasnotinvolvedintheresearch,tellsNewScientist.uWeshouldbelookingintoupgradingdrinking

watertreatmentplantssotheyremovemicroplastics.^^（蘇格蘭格拉斯哥大學(xué)的環(huán)境工程師Caroline

Gauchotte-Lindsay沒有參與這項(xiàng)研究，她告訴《新科學(xué)家》雜志：“他們展示微塑料如何在煮沸過程中被截

留的方式很不錯?！薄拔覀儜?yīng)該考慮升級飲用水處理廠，以便它們能去除微塑料"）”可推知，Caroline

Gauchotte-Lindsay的建議是關(guān)于這項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果的潛在應(yīng)用，即升級飲用水處理廠。故選D。

3.（2025年全國高考二卷）

WhenSonjaDetrinidadopenedheronlineshopsellinghouseplants,shedidn'thavehighhopesforit.Butthe

oppositehappened:Shewasflooded,shippingout1,200ordersinJuneof2020alone.Inthepastyear,Detrinidad

sentoutmorethan70,000plants.Hersuccessisjustoneexampleofincreasedtimeathomeleadingtoanexplosion

inthehouseplantindustry.

“Plantsareinfashionrightnow,“saysDr.MelindaKnuth,aresearcherfromtheUniversityofFlorida.

“Peoplewholiveinplant-richenvironmentsreportahigherlifesatisfactionrating,shesays."Addingmorenature

toourenvironmentcanchangeourmoodandhowwethink."Plantscanimproveourstateofmindinafewways

butthebiggestisbydecreasingourlevelofcortisol,thestresshormone(激素)inourbody.

"Studentswhoarearoundplantsperformbetteracademicallythanstudentswhoareinaclassroomwithout

plants,9,saysKnuth."Thisproductivityalsotranslatesintotheworkplaceforadults.Ourstudyshowedthatthere

wasa30%decreaseinsickleaveforpeoplewhowereinplant-richworkplaces.^^

Ifyou'reamongthegroupsofpeoplewhoareenjoyingthementalandphysicalhealthbenefitsofsurrounding

yourselfwithplants,don'tbeatyourselfupifone(orafew!)doesn'tmakeit."Doctorspracticemedicineand

lawyerspracticelawandyoushouldallowyourselfthepracticeittakestosustainaplant.Tendingtoplantsisan

exerciseinpatienceandlearning.Beinvestedintakingcareofit,butifitdies,gogetanotherone,^^Detrinidad

says.

8.HowwasDetrinidad'sbusinesswhenitstarted?

A.Itfacedtoughcompetition.B.Itsufferedagreatloss.

C.Itgotlotsoffinancialsupport.D.Itwentsurprisinglywell.

9.WhatisoneofKnuth'sfindingsaboutplants?

A.Theyappealmoretostudents.B.Theypurifytheenvironment.

C.Theyraisethecortisollevel.D.Theyenhanceproductivity.

10.WhatdoesDetrinidadtrytoexplainbymentioningdoctorsandlawyers?

A.Thenecessityofsocialskills.B.Themeaningofsustainability.

C.Theimportanceofrepeatedefforts.D.Thevalueofprofessionalopinions.

11.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.TimetoReplaceHouseplantsB.PlantsBoostYourMood

C.TipsonChoosingHouseplantsD.PlantsBrightenYourHome

【答案】8D9.D10.C11.B

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要通過Detrinidad的創(chuàng)業(yè)經(jīng)歷和專家研究，說明室內(nèi)植物對人們心理健

康和工作效率的積極影響，以及近年來居家趨勢推動了室內(nèi)植物產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。

【8題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的"WhenSonjaDetrinidadopenedheronlineshopsellinghouseplants,shedidn't

havehighhopesforit.Buttheoppositehappened:Shewasflooded,shippingout1,200ordersinJuneof2020

alone.（當(dāng)SonjaDetrinidad開設(shè)她的網(wǎng)店售賣室內(nèi)植物時，她并沒有抱太大的期望。但結(jié)果卻恰恰相反：訂

單如潮水般涌來，僅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份訂單）”可知，SonjaDetrinidad剛開始開網(wǎng)店賣室內(nèi)植物

時，并沒有抱太大希望，但實(shí)際情況是訂單很多，生意出奇地好。故選D。

【9題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的""Studentswhoarearoundplantsperformbetteracademicallythanstudentswho

areinaclassroomwithoutplants,,,saysKnuth."Thisproductivityalsotranslatesintotheworkplaceforadults.Our

studyshowedthattherewasa30%decreaseinsickleaveforpeoplewhowereinplant-richworkplaces.”（Knuth表

示：“身處植物周圍的學(xué)生，其學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)比在沒有植物的教室里的學(xué)生更出色。這種效率提升同樣適用于成

年人的工作場合。我們的研究顯示，在植物豐富的工作環(huán)境中，人們的病假率降低了30%?？芍?，Knuth

的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，接觸植物的學(xué)生學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)更好，成年人在植物豐富的工作環(huán)境中生產(chǎn)率提高，病假率降低，

因此，“植物能提升生產(chǎn)率”是她的發(fā)現(xiàn)之一。故選D。

【10題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的""Doctorspracticemedicineandlawyerspracticelawandyoushouldallow

yourselfthepracticeittakestosustainaplant.Tendingtoplantsisanexerciseinpatienceandlearning.Beinvested

intakingcareofit,butifitdies,gogetanotherone,“Detrinidadsays.（Detrinidad說："醫(yī)生需要不斷實(shí)踐醫(yī)術(shù)，

律師需要持續(xù)精進(jìn)法律實(shí)務(wù)，而養(yǎng)護(hù)植物同樣需要給自己練習(xí)的機(jī)會。照料植物是一種培養(yǎng)耐心和學(xué)習(xí)的

過程。要用心呵護(hù)它，但如果它枯萎了，就再養(yǎng)一株新的?！保笨芍珼etrinidad通過類比醫(yī)生和律師需要不

斷實(shí)踐來強(qiáng)調(diào)“照顧植物需要反復(fù)嘗試:她認(rèn)為養(yǎng)植物失敗是正常的，重要的是持續(xù)努力。由此推斷，她

提到醫(yī)生和律師是為了解釋“重復(fù)努力的重要性”。故選Co

【11題詳解】

主旨大意題。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功為例引出室內(nèi)植物行業(yè)的興起，第二段至第三段通過Knuth

的研究說明植物能通過降低皮質(zhì)醇水平改善心情、提升生產(chǎn)率，第四段鼓勵人們嘗試養(yǎng)植物。全文核心圍

繞“植物對情緒和健康的積極影響”展開。選項(xiàng)B'TlantsBoostYourMood（植物改善你的情緒）”最能概括文章

主旨，適合作為文章的標(biāo)題。故選B。

4.（2025年全國高考二卷）

Doesyoursouldiealittleeverytimeyouthrowawayunusedfood?Minedoes.Maybethatfeelingcomes

fromgrowingupinSouthAfrica,wherethephrase“therearechildrenstarvinginAfrica^^wasmoreofan

uncomfortablereminderoffactthanaprayeratdinnertime.

Foodwasteisagrowingconcernintherestaurant,supermarket,andsupplychainindustries.From

technologicalsolutionstoeducationalcampaigns,foodproducersandsellersarelookingforwaystousemoreof

whatwe'realreadygrowing.Butlastmonth,onepopularNewYorkCityrestauranttriedadifferentway:It

changeditsmenutoexclusively（專門）offerfoodthatwouldotherwisebethrownaway.

FortwoweeksinMarch,GreenwichVillage'sBlueHillrestaurantwasrenamedwastED,andserveditems

likefriedskatecartilage,ajuicepulpburger,andadumpsterdiver'svegetablesalad.Eachdishwastailor-madeto

raiseawarenessregardingfoodwaste.

AstudybytheFoodWasteAlliancedeterminedthattheaveragerestaurantgenerates33poundsoffoodwaste

forevery$1,000inrevenue（收入），andofthatwasteonly15.7%isdonatedorrecycled.Upto84.3%issimply

thrownout.RestaurantslikeSilointheUKhaveexperimentedwithzero-wastesystems,butwastEDtookthe

concepttoitslogicalconclusion.

ItshouldbenotedthatnoneoftheitemsonwastED'smenuwastechnicallymadefromgarbage.Instead,all

theingredients（酉己料）usedwereexamplesofmeatcutsandproducethatmostrestaurantswouldneverconsider

serving.Thingslikekaleribs,fishcollars,rejectedsweetpotatoes,andcucumberbuttswereallre-appropriatedand,

withthehelpofanumberofgoodchefs,turnedintoexcellentcuisine.

ThoughwastEDreceivedenthusiasticreviews,itwasdesignedfromthestartasashort-livedexperiment;Blue

Hillhassincereturnedtoitsregularmenu.Nevertheless,itservesasareminderthattherearemanywaysto

addressproblemsofsustainability,andthatyoucanmakeanamazingmealoutofalmostanything.

12.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheauthor'searlylife?

A.Hewitnessedfoodshortage.B.Heenjoyedthelocalcuisine.

C.HedonatedfoodtoAfricans.D.Hehelpedtocookathome.

13.WhydidBlueHillcarryouttheexperiment?

A.Tocustomizedishesforguests.B.Tomakethepublicawareoffoodwaste.

C.Totestafoodprocessingmethod.D.ToimprovetheUK'szero-wastesystems.

14.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?

A.Whytheingredientswereused.B.Whichdisheswerebestliked.

C.Whatthedishesweremadeof.D.Wheretheingredientswerebought.

15.WhatcanwelearnaboutwastED?

A.Ithasendedasplanned.B.Itiscreatingnewjobs.

C.Ithasregainedpopularity.D.Itiscriticizedbytopchefs.

【答案】12.A13.B14.C15.A

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了食物浪費(fèi)問題，并以紐約一家餐廳的短期實(shí)驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目“wastED”為例，

該餐廳通過創(chuàng)意改造本該被丟棄的食材制作菜品，以此提高人們對可持續(xù)飲食的關(guān)注。

【12題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段中“MaybethatfeelingcomesfromgrowingupinSouthAfricawherethephrase

“therearechildrenstarvinginAfHca“wasmoreofanuncomfortablereminderoffactthanaprayeratdinnertime.

（這種感覺或許源于在南非的成長經(jīng)歷——在那里，“非洲還有孩子在挨餓”這句話與其說是晚餐時的祈禱,

不如說是對現(xiàn)實(shí)令人不安的提醒）”可知，作者在南非長大，那里有孩子挨餓是事實(shí)，由此可推斷作者早年

目睹了食物短缺的情況。故選A。

【13題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段中“Eachdishwastailor-madetoraiseawarenessregardingfoodwaste.（每道菜都

是量身定制的，以提高人們對食物浪費(fèi)的認(rèn)識）”可知，BlueHill餐廳進(jìn)行這個實(shí)驗(yàn)，將菜單改為只提供原本

會被扔掉的食物，是為了提高公眾對食物浪費(fèi)的認(rèn)識。故選B。

[14題詳解】

主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第五段“ItshouldbenotedthatnoneoftheitemsonwastED'smenuwastechnicallymade

fromgarbage.Instead,alltheingredients（酉己料）usedwereexamplesofmeatcutsandproducethatmost

restaurantswouldneverconsiderserving.Thingslikekaleribs,fishcollars,rejectedsweetpotatoes,andcucumber

buttswereallre-appropriatedand,withthehelpofanumberofgoodchefs,turnedintoexcellentcuisine.（值得注

意的是，從技術(shù)上講，wastED的菜單上沒有一項(xiàng)是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多數(shù)餐館

永遠(yuǎn)不會考慮供應(yīng)的肉類部位和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。羽衣甘藍(lán)莖、魚頸肉、被挑揀的紅薯和黃瓜蒂等東西都被重新利

用，在許多優(yōu)秀廚師的助力下，變成了美味的菜肴）“可知，本段主要介紹了wastED菜單上的菜品所用的配

料，如羽衣甘藍(lán)莖、魚頸肉、被挑揀的紅薯和黃瓜蒂等，所以本段主要講的是這些菜肴是由什么做成的。

故選C。

【15題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中“ThoughwastEDreceivedenthusiasticreviews,itwasdesignedfromthestart

asashort-livedexperiment;BlueHillhassincereturnedtoitsregularmenu.（盡管wastED餐廳收獲了熱烈的評

價，但它從一開始就被設(shè)計為短期實(shí)驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目；此后，BlueHill餐廳已回歸常規(guī)菜單）”可知，wastED從一開

始就被設(shè)計為短期實(shí)驗(yàn)，現(xiàn)在餐廳已恢復(fù)常規(guī)菜單，從而推斷，實(shí)驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目"wastED”已經(jīng)按計劃結(jié)束了。故

選Ao

5.（2025年1月浙江首考）

Anoveldesignapproachtogardeninghasbeengaininginpopularityworldwide.Referredtoasmatrix

planting,thisapproachaimsfornaturetodoalotmoreoftheheavyliftinginthegarden,andevensomeofthe

designing.Eschewingfertilizers（化月巴）andpowertools,ifsbasedonanelegantlysimpleprinciple:togarden

morelikenaturedoes.

TheconceptwasbornwhenGermancityplannerssoughttoplantlargeareasofparklandafterWorldWarIIin

areproduciblewaythatwouldneedminimalmaintenance.Plannerscreatedplantingmixesthatcouldbeused

modularly（模塊化）.Inamatrixgarden,plantswithsimilarculturalneedsaregroupedsothattheywillgrow

togetheraboveandbelowground,formingacooperativeecosystemthatconserveswateranddiscouragesweeds.

DutchplantsmananddesignerPietOudolfsgardenspopularizedthisstyle,addingartisticflavorstothe

plantingmixeswhileplayingwithcolorandform,includingfour-seasoninterestandservingtheneedsofwildlife.

Beautifulyear-round,theyinviteyoutoenjoythesmallestdetail,fromthesoundofgrassesinthegentlewindto

thesculptureofodd-lookingseedheads.

Ittakesalotofthoughttolookthisnatural.Whilematrixgardensappearwild,theyarecarefullyplanned,with

culturalneedsthefirstconsideration.Ledbytheconceptof"rightplant,rightplace,5,theymatchplantsthatenjoy

thesamesoil,sunandweatherconditions,andarrangethemaccordingtotheirpatternsofgrowth.

Thebenefitsaresubstantialforbothgardenerandplanet.Withhumaninputsdramaticallyreduced,the

garden'secologycandevelopwell.Establishedmatrixgardensshouldnotneedthelifesupportwegivemost

gardens:fertilizer,dividing,regularwatering.Comparedtotraditionalgardenplots,theyincreasecarbonabsorption,

reducestormwaterrunoffandboosthabitatandbiodiversitysignificantly.

28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“Eschewinq"inthefirstparagraphmean?

A.Runningoutof.B.Keepingawayfrom.

C.Puttingupwith.D.Takingadvantageof.

29.Whywastheideaofmatrixplantingintroduced?

A.Tocontrolweedsinlargegardens.B.Tobringinforeignspeciesofplants.

C.Toconservesoilandwaterresources.D.Todeveloplow-maintenanceparkland.

30.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesPietOudolf5sgardens?

A.Traditional.B.Odd-looking.

C.Tasteful.D.Well-protected.

31.Whichofthefollowingcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.ThefutureofgardeningisWILD.B.NaturetreatsalllivesasEQUALS.

C.MatrixgardensneedmoreCARE.D.OldgardenplotsworkWONDERS.

【答案】28.B29.D30.C31.A

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一種新型園藝設(shè)計方法——矩陣種植。

【28題詳解】

詞句猜測題。根據(jù)上文“Referredtoasmatrixplanting,thisapproachaimsfornaturetodoalotmoreoftheheavy

liftinginthegarden,andevensomeofthedesigning^這種被稱為矩陣種植的方法旨在讓大自然在花園中承擔(dān)

更多繁重的工作，甚至承擔(dān)一些設(shè)計工作）”可知，矩陣種植是讓大自然自身承接更多的工作；結(jié)合常識和劃

線詞所在句“Eschewingfertilizers（化月巴）andpowertools,ifsbasedonanelegantlysimpleprinciple:togarden

morelikenaturedoes.（Eschewing化肥和電動工具，它基于一個極其簡單的原則：更像大自然那樣進(jìn)行園藝種

植）”中“togardenmorelikenaturedoes”可推知，要像大自然那樣進(jìn)行園藝種植，讓大自然自身承接更多的工

作，就不需要使用化肥和電動工具。所以劃線詞“Eschewing”的意思是“避開、遠(yuǎn)離”，與"Keepingawayfrom.”

同義。故選B項(xiàng)。

[29題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“TheconceptwasbomwhenGermancityplannerssoughttoplantlargeareasof

parklandafterWorldWarIIinareproduciblewaythatwouldneedminimalmaintenance.（這個概念誕生于二戰(zhàn)后,

當(dāng)時德國城市規(guī)劃者試圖以一種可復(fù)制且需要最少維護(hù)的方式種植大片公園綠地）''可知，引入矩陣種植的想

法是為了開發(fā)低維護(hù)成本的公園綠地。故選D項(xiàng)。

[30題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“DutchplantsmananddesignerPietOudolf'sgardenspopularizedthisstyle,adding

artisticflavorstotheplantingmixeswhileplayingwithcolorandform,includingfourseasoninterestandserving

theneedsofwildlife.（荷蘭植物學(xué)家兼設(shè)計師PietOudolf的花園推廣了這種風(fēng)格，在種植組合中增添了藝術(shù)

氣息，同時玩轉(zhuǎn)色彩和形態(tài)，四季都有看點(diǎn)，還滿足了野生動物的需求）”可知，PietOudolf的花園有藝術(shù)氣

息，很有品味。故選C項(xiàng)。

[31題詳解】

主旨大意題。通讀全文，根據(jù)第一段中“Referredtoasmatrixplanting,thisapproachaimsfbrnaturetodoalot

moreoftheheavyliftinginthegarden,andevensomeofthedesigning.Eschewingfertilizers（化月巴）andpower

tools,it'sbasedonanelegantlysimpleprinciple:togardenmorelikenaturedoes.（這種被稱為矩陣種植的方法旨

在讓大自然在花園中承擔(dān)更多繁重的工作，甚至承擔(dān)一些設(shè)計工作。它避開化肥和電動工具，基于一個極

其簡單的原則：更像大自然那樣進(jìn)行園藝種植）”和最后一段中“Withhumaninputsdramaticallyreduced,the

garden'secologycandevelopwell.Establishedmatrixgardensshouldnotneedthelifesupportwegivemost

gardens:fertilizer,dividing,regularwatering.Comparedtotraditionalgardenplots,theyincreasecarbonabsorption,

reducestormwaterrunoffandboosthabitatandbiodiversitysignificantly.（隨著人類投入的大幅減少，花園的生態(tài)

系統(tǒng)可以良好發(fā)展。成熟的矩陣花園不需要我們給予大多數(shù)花園的維持手段：化肥、分株、定期澆水。與

傳統(tǒng)花園地塊相比，它們增加了碳吸收，減少了雨水徑流，并顯著改善了棲息地和生物多樣性）”可知，文章

主要介紹了矩陣種植這種新型園藝設(shè)計方法，它讓花園更接近自然、野生的狀態(tài)，未來園藝可能會朝著這

種更自然、野生的方向發(fā)展。故A項(xiàng)“ThefutureofgardeningisWILD（園藝的未來是自然的）”能概括文章主

旨，適合做文章標(biāo)題。故選A項(xiàng)。

6.（2025年1月浙江首考）

Asnewtechnologiestakeonincreasinglyhumanlikequalities,therebeenapushtomakethemgenderless.

“Peoplearestereotyping（形成亥U板印象）theirgenderedobjectsinverytraditionalways,^^saysAshleyMartin,a

Stanfordassociateprofessoroforganizationalbehavior.Removinggenderfromthepicturealtogetherseemslikea

simplewaytofixthis.YetasMartinhasfoundinherwork,genderisoneofthefundamentalwayspeopleform

connectionswithobjects,particularlythosedesignedwithhumancharacteristics.

Inherstudy,Martinaskedparticipantstoratetheirattachmenttomale,female,andgenderlessversionsofa

digitalvoiceassistantandaself-drivingcarknownas"Miuu."Itwasfoundthatgenderincreasedusers9feelingsof

attachmenttothesedevicesandtheirinterestinpurchasingthem.Forexample,participantssaidtheywouldbeless

likelytobuyagenderlessvoiceassistantthanversionswithmaleorfemalevoices.

Whilegenderingaproductmaybegoodmarketing,itmayalsostrengthenoutdatedorharmfulideasabout

powerandidentity.Thestereotypescommonlyassociatedwithmen,suchascompetitivenessanddominance,are

morevaluedthanthoseassociatedwithwomen.Thesequalities,inturn,aremappedontoproductsthathavebeen

assignedagender.

Martin'sstudyalsofoundthatcreatingagenderlessobjectwasdifficult.Forinstance,ifanobjecfsnamewas

meanttosoundgenderless,likeMiuu,participantswouldstillassignagendertoit-theywouldassumeMiuuwas

a“he”or"she.”

Martinseesasilverlining,however:Shebelievesthatanthropomorphism（擬人化）""providesanopportunity

tochangestereotypes.Whenwomenareputintopositionsofleadershiplikerunningcompanies,itreduces

negativestereotypesaboutwomen.Similarly,anthropomorphizedproductscouldbecreatedtotakeon

stereotype-inconsistentroles-amalerobotthatassistswithnursingorafemalerobotthathelpsdocalculations,

forinstance.

32.Whatisthepurposeofmakingnewtechnologiesgenderless?

A.Toreducestereotypes.