2025年二級(jí)造價(jià)工程師-土建類(lèi)（官方）-第一章基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)歷年參考試題庫(kù)答案解析(5卷套題【單項(xiàng)選擇題100題】)2025年二級(jí)造價(jià)工程師-土建類(lèi)（官方）-第一章基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)歷年參考試題庫(kù)答案解析(篇1)【題干1】在工程經(jīng)濟(jì)中，已知某項(xiàng)目現(xiàn)值PV=100萬(wàn)元，利率i=8%，期數(shù)n=5，則其終值FV的計(jì)算公式為（）【選項(xiàng)】A.FV=PV×(1+i)^nB.FV=PV/(1+i)^nC.FV=PV×(1+i)^n/2D.FV=PV×(1+i)^(n-1)【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】資金時(shí)間價(jià)值的終值計(jì)算公式為FV=PV×(1+i)^n，其中PV為現(xiàn)值，i為利率，n為計(jì)息期數(shù)。選項(xiàng)A正確。選項(xiàng)B為現(xiàn)值公式，選項(xiàng)C和D不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)終值公式推導(dǎo)邏輯?！绢}干2】網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)中，關(guān)鍵路徑的確定方法不包括（）【選項(xiàng)】A.Cradle&PERT法B.關(guān)鍵鏈法C.掙值分析法D.臨界比值法【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】關(guān)鍵路徑確定方法主要采用Cradle&PERT法（選項(xiàng)A）和關(guān)鍵鏈法（選項(xiàng)B），而掙值分析法（選項(xiàng)C）屬于進(jìn)度績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)工具，臨界比值法（選項(xiàng)D）用于資源優(yōu)化分配。選項(xiàng)C為正確答案?！绢}干3】工程變更管理程序中，承包人提出設(shè)計(jì)變更需經(jīng)（）審批【選項(xiàng)】A.監(jiān)理工程師B.發(fā)包人C.設(shè)計(jì)單位D.第三方評(píng)估機(jī)構(gòu)【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建設(shè)工程施工合同（示范文本）》，設(shè)計(jì)變更需經(jīng)發(fā)包人（選項(xiàng)B）和監(jiān)理工程師（選項(xiàng)A）共同確認(rèn)，但最終審批權(quán)在發(fā)包人。選項(xiàng)B為正確答案?！绢}干4】工程索賠成立的條件不包括（）【選項(xiàng)】A.索賠事件非承包人責(zé)任B.索賠及時(shí)提出C.索賠金額明確D.有合同依據(jù)【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】索賠成立的必要條件包括：合同依據(jù)（選項(xiàng)D）、非承包人責(zé)任（選項(xiàng)A）、及時(shí)提出（選項(xiàng)B）和索賠金額明確（選項(xiàng)C）。選項(xiàng)A表述矛盾，應(yīng)為“索賠事件由非承包人責(zé)任引起”，故不選?！绢}干5】根據(jù)《安全生產(chǎn)法》，生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)單位的主要負(fù)責(zé)人對(duì)安全生產(chǎn)承擔(dān)（）責(zé)任【選項(xiàng)】A.完全B.主要C.完全且連帶D.間接【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】《安全生產(chǎn)法》第四條明確，生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)單位的主要負(fù)責(zé)人對(duì)安全生產(chǎn)承擔(dān)主要責(zé)任（選項(xiàng)B），同時(shí)根據(jù)第二十一條，需承擔(dān)完全責(zé)任。選項(xiàng)B為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案。【題干6】工程進(jìn)度款支付的條件不包括（）【選項(xiàng)】A.完成合同約定工程量B.通過(guò)質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收C.發(fā)包人支付到位D.監(jiān)理簽發(fā)付款憑證【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】工程進(jìn)度款支付條件為：完成合同工程量（選項(xiàng)A）、通過(guò)質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收（選項(xiàng)B）、監(jiān)理簽發(fā)付款憑證（選項(xiàng)D）。選項(xiàng)C表述錯(cuò)誤，支付責(zé)任在發(fā)包人，非支付條件?！绢}干7】招標(biāo)投標(biāo)法規(guī)定，投標(biāo)有效期最短不得少于（）【選項(xiàng)】A.15日B.30日C.60日D.90日【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】《招標(biāo)投標(biāo)法實(shí)施條例》第三十五條明確，投標(biāo)有效期不得少于30日（選項(xiàng)B），且不得少于招標(biāo)文件規(guī)定的投標(biāo)期限。選項(xiàng)B為正確答案。【題干8】施工合同類(lèi)型中，固定總價(jià)合同適用于（）【選項(xiàng)】A.工期小于1年B.工程風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小C.工程量變化大D.技術(shù)復(fù)雜度高【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】固定總價(jià)合同（選項(xiàng)B）適用于工程風(fēng)險(xiǎn)小、技術(shù)明確、工程量變化不大的項(xiàng)目。選項(xiàng)A（工期短）和選項(xiàng)C（工程量變化大）與合同類(lèi)型特征矛盾?！绢}干9】工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)模式下，綜合單價(jià)包含（）【選項(xiàng)】A.直接費(fèi)+間接費(fèi)B.直接費(fèi)+管理費(fèi)+利潤(rùn)+風(fēng)險(xiǎn)費(fèi)C.材料費(fèi)+人工費(fèi)D.稅金【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】綜合單價(jià)（選項(xiàng)B）由直接費(fèi)（含材料、人工、機(jī)械）、管理費(fèi)、利潤(rùn)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)費(fèi)組成，稅金單獨(dú)列支（選項(xiàng)D）。選項(xiàng)A僅包含直接費(fèi)和間接費(fèi)，不完整。【題干10】根據(jù)《建設(shè)工程質(zhì)量管理?xiàng)l例》，質(zhì)量事故按事故后果嚴(yán)重程度分為（）【選項(xiàng)】A.特別重大B.重大C.一般D.重大和特別重大【參考答案】D【詳細(xì)解析】《建設(shè)工程質(zhì)量管理?xiàng)l例》第四十六條明確，質(zhì)量事故分為重大（選項(xiàng)B）和特別重大（選項(xiàng)A）兩類(lèi)，無(wú)“一般”分類(lèi)。選項(xiàng)D為正確答案。【題干11】材料價(jià)格波動(dòng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)通常由（）承擔(dān)【選項(xiàng)】A.發(fā)包人B.承包人C.買(mǎi)方D.保險(xiǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建設(shè)工程施工合同（示范文本）》，材料價(jià)格波動(dòng)超過(guò)約定幅度時(shí)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)由承包人（選項(xiàng)B）承擔(dān)。選項(xiàng)A（發(fā)包人）適用于價(jià)格漲幅由市場(chǎng)調(diào)價(jià)系數(shù)調(diào)整的情況?！绢}干12】FIDIC合同條件中，工程變更指令由（）發(fā)出【選項(xiàng)】A.監(jiān)理工程師B.發(fā)包人C.設(shè)計(jì)單位D.第三方評(píng)估機(jī)構(gòu)【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】FIDIC合同規(guī)定，監(jiān)理工程師（選項(xiàng)A）負(fù)責(zé)簽發(fā)工程變更指令，但需經(jīng)發(fā)包人（選項(xiàng)B）批準(zhǔn)。選項(xiàng)C和D與FIDIC合同機(jī)制無(wú)關(guān)?！绢}干13】工程一切險(xiǎn)的投保主體是（）【選項(xiàng)】A.承包人B.發(fā)包人C.監(jiān)理單位D.第三方保險(xiǎn)公司【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】工程一切險(xiǎn)（選項(xiàng)B）由發(fā)包人投保，覆蓋工程一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及第三者責(zé)任險(xiǎn)。承包人（選項(xiàng)A）通常投保施工一切險(xiǎn)?！绢}干14】綠色建筑評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，三星級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)需滿(mǎn)足（）項(xiàng)基本指標(biāo)【選項(xiàng)】A.50B.60C.70D.80【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】《綠色建筑評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（GB/T50378-2019）規(guī)定，三星級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)需滿(mǎn)足50項(xiàng)基本指標(biāo)（選項(xiàng)A），且附加分≥10分。選項(xiàng)B和C為二星級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。【題干15】施工許可證的必備條件不包括（）【選項(xiàng)】A.已辦理用地規(guī)劃許可證B.設(shè)計(jì)單位資質(zhì)C.施工組織設(shè)計(jì)D.投保工程一切險(xiǎn)【參考答案】D【詳細(xì)解析】施工許可證（選項(xiàng)D）申請(qǐng)條件為：用地規(guī)劃許可證（選項(xiàng)A）、設(shè)計(jì)資質(zhì)（選項(xiàng)B）、施工組織設(shè)計(jì)（選項(xiàng)C）和施工企業(yè)資質(zhì)。選項(xiàng)D非法定條件。【題干16】工程擔(dān)保中，預(yù)付款擔(dān)保的主要形式是（）【選項(xiàng)】A.銀行保函B.履約保函C.投標(biāo)保證金D.預(yù)付款保險(xiǎn)【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】預(yù)付款擔(dān)保（選項(xiàng)A）通常采用銀行保函，而投標(biāo)保證金（選項(xiàng)C）和履約保函（選項(xiàng)B）用于其他階段。選項(xiàng)D非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形式?！绢}干17】BIM技術(shù)在施工階段的應(yīng)用不包括（）【選項(xiàng)】A.模型碰撞檢測(cè)B.進(jìn)度模擬C.材料清單生成D.設(shè)計(jì)變更管理【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】BIM施工階段核心應(yīng)用為碰撞檢測(cè)（選項(xiàng)A）、進(jìn)度模擬（選項(xiàng)B）和變更管理（選項(xiàng)D）。材料清單（選項(xiàng)C）屬于設(shè)計(jì)階段功能?！绢}干18】環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)的范圍不包括（）【選項(xiàng)】A.工程總投資B.環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)C.環(huán)境措施費(fèi)用D.生態(tài)補(bǔ)償方案【參考答案】D【詳細(xì)解析】環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)（EIA）范圍包括環(huán)境影響范圍（選項(xiàng)A）、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)（選項(xiàng)B）和環(huán)保措施費(fèi)用（選項(xiàng)C）。生態(tài)補(bǔ)償（選項(xiàng)D）屬于后評(píng)價(jià)范疇。【題干19】勞動(dòng)保護(hù)措施中，必須配備的防護(hù)用品不包括（）【選項(xiàng)】A.安全帽B.防塵口罩C.防爆手套D.防護(hù)眼鏡【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建設(shè)工程施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安全防護(hù)、場(chǎng)容衛(wèi)生及消防保衛(wèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》，必須配備的防護(hù)用品為安全帽（選項(xiàng)A）、防護(hù)眼鏡（選項(xiàng)D）和防爆手套（選項(xiàng)C）。防塵口罩（選項(xiàng)B）需根據(jù)具體作業(yè)環(huán)境配置。【題干20】工程結(jié)算的依據(jù)不包括（）【選項(xiàng)】A.合同價(jià)款B.設(shè)計(jì)變更簽證C.材料調(diào)差單D.質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收?qǐng)?bào)告【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】工程結(jié)算依據(jù)為合同價(jià)款（選項(xiàng)A）、設(shè)計(jì)變更簽證（選項(xiàng)B）和質(zhì)保金（選項(xiàng)D）。材料調(diào)差單（選項(xiàng)C）需經(jīng)雙方確認(rèn)后作為調(diào)價(jià)依據(jù)，非直接結(jié)算依據(jù)。2025年二級(jí)造價(jià)工程師-土建類(lèi)（官方）-第一章基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)歷年參考試題庫(kù)答案解析(篇2)【題干1】根據(jù)《建設(shè)工程施工合同（示范文本）》，工程變更的提出順序應(yīng)為（）?！具x項(xiàng)】A.先施工后補(bǔ)簽協(xié)議B.先審批后執(zhí)行C.先申請(qǐng)變更后審批D.先備案后實(shí)施【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建設(shè)工程施工合同（示范文本）》規(guī)定，工程變更需先由承包方提出書(shū)面變更申請(qǐng)，經(jīng)監(jiān)理、業(yè)主審核批準(zhǔn)后實(shí)施，屬于法定流程。選項(xiàng)A和B違反合同管理順序，D未體現(xiàn)審批環(huán)節(jié)。【題干2】下列材料中，抗壓強(qiáng)度等級(jí)不宜低于C30的工程是（）?！具x項(xiàng)】A.普通混凝土用于梁B.預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土用于板C.素混凝土用于基礎(chǔ)D.鋼筋混凝土用于柱【參考答案】D【詳細(xì)解析】鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)中，柱的荷載較大且需承受長(zhǎng)期荷載，規(guī)范要求其混凝土強(qiáng)度等級(jí)不低于C30。選項(xiàng)A（梁）通常不低于C25，選項(xiàng)B（預(yù)應(yīng)力板）不低于C40，選項(xiàng)C（素混凝土基礎(chǔ)）允許C15~C30?！绢}干3】鋼筋冷彎試驗(yàn)中，冷彎次數(shù)與鋼筋直徑的關(guān)系為（）?！具x項(xiàng)】A.3倍直徑B.4倍直徑加30度C.5倍直徑加45度D.6倍直徑加60度【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)工程施工質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收規(guī)范》（GB50204），冷彎試驗(yàn)要求彎曲至3倍直徑加30度，若表面無(wú)裂紋、起皮即為合格。選項(xiàng)C、D的彎曲角度過(guò)大，選項(xiàng)A未體現(xiàn)角度要求?！绢}干4】腳手架搭設(shè)高度超過(guò)（）時(shí)，必須設(shè)置剪刀撐?！具x項(xiàng)】A.4步B.5步C.6步D.8步【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建筑施工扣件式鋼管腳手架安全技術(shù)規(guī)范》（JGJ130），當(dāng)腳手架高度超過(guò)6步（約3.6米）時(shí)，需連續(xù)設(shè)置剪刀撐以增強(qiáng)整體穩(wěn)定性。選項(xiàng)A、B未達(dá)臨界值，D超出常規(guī)設(shè)置范圍。【題干5】下列施工機(jī)械中，屬于垂直運(yùn)輸設(shè)備的是（）?！具x項(xiàng)】A.塔吊B.挖掘機(jī)C.混凝土攪拌車(chē)D.輸送帶【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】塔吊通過(guò)吊臂垂直提升物料，屬于典型垂直運(yùn)輸設(shè)備。挖掘機(jī)（B）為水平運(yùn)輸，混凝土攪拌車(chē)（C）為道路運(yùn)輸，輸送帶（D）為連續(xù)輸送設(shè)備?！绢}干6】工程進(jìn)度計(jì)劃中，關(guān)鍵線(xiàn)路的確定依據(jù)是（）。【選項(xiàng)】A.總工期最短B.資源投入最少C.工序邏輯關(guān)系復(fù)雜D.作業(yè)持續(xù)時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】關(guān)鍵線(xiàn)路是總工期最長(zhǎng)的線(xiàn)路，其確定依據(jù)是網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖中持續(xù)時(shí)間之和最大，而非資源或邏輯關(guān)系。選項(xiàng)D表述相反，選項(xiàng)B、C與關(guān)鍵線(xiàn)路無(wú)關(guān)?！绢}干7】下列工程文件中，需由監(jiān)理單位簽署確認(rèn)的是（）?！具x項(xiàng)】A.材料進(jìn)場(chǎng)檢驗(yàn)記錄B.隱蔽工程驗(yàn)收單C.施工日志D.質(zhì)量事故報(bào)告【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】隱蔽工程驗(yàn)收需監(jiān)理、施工、業(yè)主三方共同簽字確認(rèn)，屬于必須監(jiān)理簽署的關(guān)鍵文件。選項(xiàng)A由施工方自檢，選項(xiàng)C為日常記錄，選項(xiàng)D由業(yè)主組織處理。【題干8】混凝土試塊養(yǎng)護(hù)條件中，溫度應(yīng)控制在（）℃?！具x項(xiàng)】A.10~25B.15~30C.20~35D.25~40【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《普通混凝土試塊強(qiáng)度檢驗(yàn)方法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（GB/T50081），標(biāo)準(zhǔn)養(yǎng)護(hù)室溫度應(yīng)保持10~25℃，濕度≥95%。選項(xiàng)B、C、D超出規(guī)范范圍。【題干9】工程網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃中，浮動(dòng)時(shí)間分為總時(shí)差和（）?！具x項(xiàng)】A.自由時(shí)差B.邏輯時(shí)差C.計(jì)算時(shí)差D.工藝時(shí)差【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】總時(shí)差（TF）和自由時(shí)差（FF）是網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃中的兩個(gè)核心浮動(dòng)時(shí)間概念?？倳r(shí)差反映工序可延遲的時(shí)間，自由時(shí)差表示工序可獨(dú)立浮動(dòng)的時(shí)間。其他選項(xiàng)為干擾項(xiàng)?！绢}干10】施工企業(yè)資質(zhì)等級(jí)中，房屋建筑承包資質(zhì)分為（）個(gè)等級(jí)。【選項(xiàng)】A.3B.4C.5D.6【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建筑業(yè)企業(yè)資質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》，房屋建筑承包資質(zhì)分為特級(jí)、一級(jí)、二級(jí)、三級(jí)四個(gè)等級(jí)。選項(xiàng)A、C、D均與現(xiàn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不符?！绢}干11】下列鋼筋連接方式中，屬于機(jī)械連接的是（）?！具x項(xiàng)】A.綁扎搭接B.焊接C.螺紋套筒D.電渣壓力焊【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】螺紋套筒連接通過(guò)預(yù)埋套筒和螺紋鋼筋咬合實(shí)現(xiàn)，屬于機(jī)械連接。選項(xiàng)A為傳統(tǒng)手工綁扎，B、D為焊接方式?！绢}干12】工程變更審批中，業(yè)主代表需在收到申請(qǐng)后（）日內(nèi)答復(fù)?！具x項(xiàng)】A.7B.10C.14D.21【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建設(shè)工程施工合同（示范文本）》專(zhuān)用條款，業(yè)主應(yīng)在收到變更申請(qǐng)后10日內(nèi)答復(fù)，逾期視為默認(rèn)同意。其他選項(xiàng)不符合合同約定?！绢}干13】腳手架基礎(chǔ)埋深要求中，軟土地區(qū)不應(yīng)小于（）米?！具x項(xiàng)】A.0.5B.0.6C.0.8D.1.0【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建筑施工扣件式鋼管腳手架安全技術(shù)規(guī)范》，軟土地區(qū)腳手架基礎(chǔ)埋深不應(yīng)小于0.8米，以增強(qiáng)抗傾覆穩(wěn)定性。選項(xiàng)A、B、D均小于規(guī)范要求?！绢}干14】工程進(jìn)度計(jì)劃中，關(guān)鍵工序的最早開(kāi)始時(shí)間（ES）等于（）。【選項(xiàng)】A.ESpredecessor+持續(xù)時(shí)間B.EFpredecessor+持續(xù)時(shí)間C.ESsuccessor-持續(xù)時(shí)間D.EFsuccessor-持續(xù)時(shí)間【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】關(guān)鍵工序的ES由緊前工序的EF確定，即ESpredecessor+持續(xù)時(shí)間。選項(xiàng)B、C、D公式均不適用于關(guān)鍵工序計(jì)算。【題干15】工程簽證時(shí)效性要求中，設(shè)計(jì)變更應(yīng)在收到后（）日內(nèi)提出?！具x項(xiàng)】A.7B.14C.21D.28【參考答案】D【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建設(shè)工程施工合同（示范文本）》專(zhuān)用條款，設(shè)計(jì)變更應(yīng)在收到后28日內(nèi)提出，逾期視為放棄權(quán)利。其他選項(xiàng)未達(dá)法定時(shí)限。【題干16】鋼筋代換原則中，應(yīng)優(yōu)先保證（）?！具x項(xiàng)】A.強(qiáng)度等級(jí)B.直徑C.錨固長(zhǎng)度D.焊接性能【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】代換時(shí)必須保證代換后鋼筋的強(qiáng)度等級(jí)不低于原設(shè)計(jì)要求，同時(shí)考慮直徑、錨固長(zhǎng)度等參數(shù)。選項(xiàng)B、C、D為次要原則?！绢}干17】混凝土澆筑過(guò)程中，振搗器插入深度應(yīng)不小于鋼筋保護(hù)層厚度的（）倍?！具x項(xiàng)】A.1.5B.2.0C.2.5D.3.0【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)工程施工質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收規(guī)范》，振搗器插入深度應(yīng)≥1.5倍鋼筋保護(hù)層厚度，且不小于50mm。選項(xiàng)B、C、D超出規(guī)范要求。【題干18】工程網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃中，邏輯箭頭表示（）?！具x項(xiàng)】A.工序關(guān)系B.時(shí)間關(guān)系C.成本關(guān)系D.資源關(guān)系【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】邏輯箭頭（箭線(xiàn)）在網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖中表示工序之間的邏輯關(guān)系（如緊前、緊后、平行等），而非時(shí)間、成本或資源關(guān)系。其他選項(xiàng)為干擾項(xiàng)。【題干19】腳手架連墻件設(shè)置間距中，高層建筑不應(yīng)大于（）米。【選項(xiàng)】A.2B.3C.4D.5【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建筑施工扣件式鋼管腳手架安全技術(shù)規(guī)范》，高層建筑連墻件設(shè)置間距不應(yīng)大于3米，且水平間距不應(yīng)大于4米。選項(xiàng)A、C、D均不符合規(guī)范。【題干20】混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)工程最低保修期限為（）年?！具x項(xiàng)】A.1B.2C.3D.5【參考答案】D【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建設(shè)工程質(zhì)量管理?xiàng)l例》，混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)工程（含基礎(chǔ)）最低保修期限為5年，其他結(jié)構(gòu)部位為2年。選項(xiàng)A、B、C均低于法定要求。2025年二級(jí)造價(jià)工程師-土建類(lèi)（官方）-第一章基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)歷年參考試題庫(kù)答案解析(篇3)【題干1】根據(jù)《建設(shè)工程工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)規(guī)范》（GB50500-2013），分部分項(xiàng)工程費(fèi)中措施項(xiàng)目費(fèi)的計(jì)算基礎(chǔ)通常為（）?！具x項(xiàng)】A.分部分項(xiàng)工程單價(jià)B.分部分項(xiàng)工程工程量C.分部分項(xiàng)工程合同價(jià)D.分部分項(xiàng)工程清單價(jià)【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)規(guī)范要求，措施項(xiàng)目費(fèi)中的安全文明施工費(fèi)等計(jì)算基礎(chǔ)應(yīng)為分部分項(xiàng)工程工程量，按工程量清單項(xiàng)目編碼對(duì)應(yīng)計(jì)價(jià)。選項(xiàng)B正確，其他選項(xiàng)均不符合規(guī)范規(guī)定。【題干2】在工程網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃中，關(guān)鍵線(xiàn)路的確定依據(jù)是（）?！具x項(xiàng)】A.路徑總持續(xù)時(shí)間最短B.路徑總成本最低C.路徑資源需求均衡D.路徑節(jié)點(diǎn)間邏輯關(guān)系最簡(jiǎn)單【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】關(guān)鍵線(xiàn)路的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是路徑持續(xù)時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)，而非最短或成本最低。選項(xiàng)A錯(cuò)誤表述，正確答案應(yīng)為最長(zhǎng)持續(xù)時(shí)間，但題目選項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)存在陷阱，需注意區(qū)分?！绢}干3】某工程預(yù)付款比例按合同價(jià)的20%計(jì)取，合同價(jià)為500萬(wàn)元，預(yù)付款應(yīng)支付（）萬(wàn)元。【選項(xiàng)】A.100B.50C.80D.70【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】預(yù)付款計(jì)算公式為合同價(jià)×預(yù)付款比例，500萬(wàn)×20%=100萬(wàn)。選項(xiàng)A正確，其他選項(xiàng)涉及混淆比例或計(jì)算錯(cuò)誤?！绢}干4】混凝土抗壓強(qiáng)度試塊養(yǎng)護(hù)條件為（）?！具x項(xiàng)】A.環(huán)境溫度20±2℃，相對(duì)濕度≥95%B.環(huán)境溫度25±2℃，相對(duì)濕度≤60%C.環(huán)境溫度30±2℃，相對(duì)濕度≥90%D.環(huán)境溫度15±2℃，相對(duì)濕度≤80%【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《普通混凝土力學(xué)性能試驗(yàn)方法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（GB/T50081-2019），標(biāo)準(zhǔn)養(yǎng)護(hù)條件為溫度20±2℃，相對(duì)濕度≥95%。選項(xiàng)A符合規(guī)范，其他選項(xiàng)為非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條件?！绢}干5】施工組織設(shè)計(jì)中，主要反映施工流向和空間布置的是（）?！具x項(xiàng)】A.施工進(jìn)度計(jì)劃B.施工部署圖C.平面布置圖D.施工方案比選表【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】施工部署圖（B）用于展示施工區(qū)域劃分、材料堆放區(qū)及機(jī)械布置，直接體現(xiàn)施工流向和空間關(guān)系。選項(xiàng)C為平面布置圖，側(cè)重場(chǎng)地布置而非動(dòng)態(tài)施工流程?！绢}干6】腳手架扣件抗滑移承載力試驗(yàn)中，允許承載力標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值為（）kN。【選項(xiàng)】A.8B.10C.12D.15【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建筑施工扣件式鋼管腳手架安全技術(shù)規(guī)范》（JGJ130-2011），扣件抗滑移承載力允許值為8kN，但抗扭承載力允許值為12kN。題目易混淆抗滑移與抗扭指標(biāo)，選項(xiàng)C為抗扭承載力值?！绢}干7】工程變更引起的合同價(jià)款調(diào)整應(yīng)在收到變更通知后（）日內(nèi)提出?！具x項(xiàng)】A.7B.14C.21D.28【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建設(shè)工程施工合同（示范文本）》（GF-2017-0201），合同變更價(jià)款應(yīng)在收到變更通知后21日內(nèi)提出，逾期視為無(wú)異議。選項(xiàng)C正確，其他選項(xiàng)為常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)?！绢}干8】下列不屬于工程網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)的是（）?！具x項(xiàng)】A.搭接網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃B.雙代號(hào)網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃C.單代號(hào)網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃D.PERT圖【參考答案】D【詳細(xì)解析】PERT圖（ProgramEvaluationandReviewTechnique）屬于關(guān)鍵路徑法（CPM）的擴(kuò)展，主要用于不確定性分析。選項(xiàng)D不屬于傳統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)，正確答案為D?！绢}干9】混凝土配合比設(shè)計(jì)中，水膠比是指（）。【選項(xiàng)】A.水泥漿與骨料質(zhì)量比B.水泥漿與膠凝材料質(zhì)量比C.水與水泥質(zhì)量比D.水與骨料質(zhì)量比【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】水膠比是混凝土配合比設(shè)計(jì)核心參數(shù)，定義為水與膠凝材料（水泥+摻合料）的質(zhì)量比。選項(xiàng)B正確，選項(xiàng)C為水灰比，適用于普通混凝土。【題干10】施工許可證的有效期一般為（）?！具x項(xiàng)】A.3年B.5年C.10年D.無(wú)固定期限【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建筑法》第eighttieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseighthieseigh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