2ProjectParticipants3.1IntroductionThelifeofafacilitygoesthroughmanyphases.Itstartsoutasanidea.Theideaiscombinedwithmoney,andaprojectisborn.Theprojectisdevelopedasdrawingsandspecifications.Itisthenbuilt.Whenitiscomplete,itisturnedovertotheownersasafinishedfacilityandisoccupied,maintained,andrepairedasitagesandeventuallydies.Afacilitycanlastforhundredsofyears,buttheperiodinwhichitisactuallydesignedandbuiltisverysmall.Figure5.1illustratesadesign/build/use/disposescenarioforashoppingmall.Chapter3-ProjectchronologyAtsomepointinitslifetimeafacilityislikelytoberenovated,eithertorenewobsoletesystemsorchangeitsuse.Forexample,duringthelate1800smanyNewEnglandmillbuildingswereconstructedtohouseagrowingmanufacturingindustry.Astheeconomychangedfrommanufacturingtoservice,thesebuildingsoutlivedtheirusefulness.Manywereboughtbydevelopersforreuseashousing.Becauseofthespanofthestructuralelementsrequiredforamilloperation,theymadeattractiveresidentialunits;andsinceoftentheywerelocatedalongariver(atransportationadvantageformovingmaterials),thesitewasalsodesirable.Chapter3-ProjectchronologyTobeuseashousing,however,theinteriorofthebuildingshadtobeentirelygutted.Newsystemshadtobeinstalled,thefa?adehadtoberepairedandwindowsreplaced,andtheroofingsystemhadtoberenewed.Althoughitwasnotnewconstruction,thefacilitynowbegananewlifespan.Chapter3-Projectchronology3.2InitiationoftheProjectAllconstructionactivityistheresultofbasiceconomicdemand.Individualconsumershaveongoingneedsforhomes,stores,roads,manufacturingplants,andsimilarfacilitiesthatprovidefood,shelter,andothergoodsandservicestomeettheneedsofdailylife.Chapter3-ProjectchronologySpecificconstructionprojectsarisebecausecorporationsorgovernmentbodiesrecognizetheneedforfacilitiestoservethisdemandandacttocreatethem.Constructionactivitytendstofosterfurtherconstructionactivity.Forexample,alargeautomobilemanufacturingcorporationmaydecidetobuildafacilitytoassemblecarsinaregionthatwillprovidegoodtransportationoptions.Chapter3-ProjectchronologyHomebuildersrecognizethatthisregionislikelytogrowinpopulationandthattheworkersneededforthemanufacturingplantwillbeshoppingforshelterhere.Atthesametime,grocerychains,departmentstores,gasstations,andotherretailbusinessesrecognizethatconsumerswillneedservicesoncetheymovein.Governmentagenciesrecognizethattherewillbeaneedfornewschools,newroads,andnewutilities.Chapter3-ProjectchronologyRecognizingneedsisthefirststep,buttheremustbeawaytomovefromrecognitiontoreality.Theanswerliesintheeconomicstructureofthecountry.Privatecorporationsareconstantlysearchingfornewopportunitiestoinvestprofitsfrompreviousbusinessventure-opportunitiesthatinturnresultinexpansionofbusinessactivity.Demographicandmarketanalysesareusedtoforecastfuturegrowthareasinthecountry.Opportunities,onceidentified,arefinancedandthenprojectsinitiated.Sincealmostallbusinessactivityneedsafacilityfromwhichtooperate,constructionisadirectresultoftheincreasedbusinessactivity.Chapter3-ProjectchronologyAsbusinessesincrease,populationsgrowtoworkinthem.Becausethesepeoplemusttraveltowork,roadsandothertransportationmodesbecomenecessary.Ashousesarebuilt,sewage,water,andotherutilityinfrastructureaccompanythem.Schools,libraries,andotherpublicfacilitiesarealsoneeded.Thesefacilitiesarefundedwithpublicmoneythatcomesmostlyfromtaxespaidbythebusinessesthatmoveinandtheworkerswhobuilthomes.Chapter3-Projectchronology3.3FeasibilityAnalysisBeforedecidingtoinvestinaspecificarea,aninvestorwantstobereasonablysurethatheorshewillseeanadequatereturnonthespecificproductorservicesproducedforthatenvironment.Therefore,beforeanyseriousmoneyiscommitted,analysisisusuallyperformedtoexaminetheproposedinvestmentformseveralstandpoints.Chapter3-ProjectchronologyFirst,theremustbeademandforthespecificserviceorproduct.Anexampleissingle-familyhomes.Generally,intimesofexpandingbusinessactivity,thereisalsoanincreaseinthedemandforsingle-familyhomes.However,iftheareainquestionwasrecentlyineconomicrecession,itmayhaveanoversupplyofexistinghousingandthereforelittledemandfornewhomes.Anydeveloperwillexaminenotonlytheissueofoveralleconomicactivitybutalsothespecifictypeofprojectandspecificenvironmentalfactorstoensurethathomesbuiltwillsell.Chapter3-ProjectchronologySecond,thecostofactualconstructionmustbetakenintoaccount.Intimeofeconomicexpansion,costsalsoincrease.Thepriceofmaterialssuchaslumberorbrickmayincreasebecausethelocalsupplierhastroublekeepingenoughtomeetanincreaseddemand.Thesuppliermayhavetobuyfromothergeographicareaswherepricesarehigher.Thiscostispassedontothebuilder.economicexpansion經(jīng)濟膨脹geographic地理學(xué)上旳地域Chapter3-ProjectchronologyTheremayalsobeashortageonskilledlabor,whichmeansimportinglabororusingless-skilledlabor.Eitherway,bothcostsandrisktotheprojectincrease.Suchfactorscouldmakeittoocostlytoconstructafacilityandstillrealizeareasonablereturnoninvestment.skilledlabor技工Chapter3-ProjectchronologyThird,thecostofmoneyitselfcanbeakeyfactor.Mostconstructionprojectsuseborrowedmoney.Ifinterestratesarehigh,thenthecostofservicingtheinvestor’sdebtmaymakethereturnoninvestmenttoolow.Theinvestorsmayelecttoputtheirmoneyintoanothertypeofinvestment.borrowedmoney借入資本returnoninvestment投資酬勞率，投資利潤率Chapter3-ProjectchronologyFinally,thetimingoftheprojectcanbeveryimportant.Constructionprojectsofteninvolvelongperiodsoftimebetweenconceptionandcompletion.Duringthisinterimperiod,whichcansometimesbeseveralyears,theanticipatedmarketscanchangeradically.Sometimes,iftheinvestorislucky,thischangecanbeforthebetter;butjustaslikelyitcanbefortheworse.Radically根本上，徹底地interim臨時旳，臨時旳forthebetter好轉(zhuǎn)fortheworse惡化Chapter3-ProjectchronologyDuringtheearlyanalysisstage,theowneroftenconsultswitharchitectsandconstructionprofessionals.Architectsprovideearlyadvice,andconstructionprofessionalsoffercostandconstructabilityadvice.Theiradvicehelpsanownermakeamoreinformeddecisionaboutthefeasibilityofaspecificproject.Costisofparticularconcernsincemostprojectsfailfromaneconomicstandpoint.Oncethiselements-marketneed,costofconstruction,financingcosts,andtimetomarket-havebeenanalyzed,adecisionwillbemadetogoforwardortocanceltheconstructionoftheproject.Constructability施工能力informeddecision知情決策financingcosts財務(wù)費用timetomarket上市時間Chapter3-ProjectchronologyUntilconstructionactuallybegins,aprojectmayhavemanygo/nogodecisionpoints.Thedecisiononfeasibilityisoneofthefirstmajorones-thetimewhenmany,ifnotmost,projectsdonotgoforward.Manyareanalyzedandfoundtofallshortwhentherateofreturniscalculated.Investorssimplymoveontomorelucrativeprojects.decisionpoints決策點fallshort不符合原則Lucrative有利可圖旳，盈利旳Chapter3-Projectchronology3.4FinancingIftheprojectgetspastthefirsthurdleofprofitabilityfortheinvestor,theownermustnextlineupfinancialbackingforsomeofthework.Althoughinvestorswalkintoprojectswithsomemoney,mostareunabletofund100percentofthework.Commonly,theinitialinvestoracquiresoutsidefundstosupplementhisorherown.Adevelopermightborrowfrombanksoraninsurancecompanyorinviteoutsideinvestorstoshareinfutureprofits.hurdle欄桿，障礙supplement補充Chapter3-ProjectchronologyAcorporationwishingtobuildafactorycouldborrowfromabankorselladditionalstocksorbonds.Whateverthesourceofadditionalfunds,otherindividualsorfirmsdecidetolendorinvestfundsbasedontheirownexpectationofreturnoninvestment.They,too,mustbesatisfiedthattheprojectwillreturntheirinitialinvestmentplussupportareasonablerateofreturnontheirmoney.Whatmightlooklikeasignificantopportunitytoadevelopermayseemtooriskyintheeyesofabanker.Ifthedeveloperandthelenderarenotoflikemind,thentheprojectisindangerofbeingcanceled.intheeyesof在…看來Chapter3-Projectchronology3.5DesignoftheProjectIftheownerdecidestoproceedatthispoint,heorshetypicallyhiresadesignprofessional.Iftheownerelectstoproceedusingconstructionmanagementmodes,thenheorshenowchoosesaconstructionprofessionalaswell.Theconstructionprofessionalprovidescost,schedule,andconstructionadvicethroughoutthedesignprocess.Proceed繼續(xù)進行constructionmanagementmodes施工管理模式Chapter3-ProjectchronologyDesignisusuallydividedintodistinctstagessothattheownercanreviewtheprocessatmilestonepointsalongtheway.Forconvenience,thediscussionofthedesignstageswillbebasedonbuildingconstruction.Milestone里程碑Forconvenience為了以便起見Chapter3-Projectchronology3.5.1Programming規(guī)劃設(shè)計Aprogramisawrittenstatementoftherequirementofthebuilding.Itisthebasisofthedesign.Theprogramdescribesthespacesneeded,theservicesrequiredinthosespacesandtherelationshipsofthefunctionstobeperformedinthebuilding.Itcanbewrittenbytheowneroruserofthebuilding,bythearchitect,orbyaprofessionalhiredespeciallyforhisorherexpertiseinprogramming.Whateverthemeans,thekeytotheprogramisextensiveinvolvementoftheuserbecausethisiswhereuniqueandspecificrequirementsarewrittendown.writtenstatement書面申明Chapter3-ProjectchronologyThenatureoftheprogrammingprocessdependsontwothings:thesophisticationoftheownerandthecomplexityoftheproposedfacility.Ownersvaryconsiderablyintheirdegreeofunderstandingaboutthebuildingprocess.Thosewhorarelybuildarenotveryknowledgeableandneedagreatdealofassistanceastheprogramisdeveloped.Theprofessionalhiredforthistaskneedstoeducatetheownerabouttheimportanceofcertaininformationandmustensurethatallthatinformationisgatheredandincorporatedintotheprogram.Proposed被提議旳knowledgeable知識淵博旳Chapter3-ProjectchronologyRegardlessoftheowner’slevelofsophistication,however,thecomplexityoftheprojectitselfcandeterminehowtheprogrammingneedstobeaccomplished.Withverycomplexprojects,itisnecessarytodevotemoretimeandresourcestoprogrammingtoensurethatanaccuratedepictionoftheneedsandfunctionsofthefacilityareincorporated.Insuchcases,aprofessionalwhospecializesinthatparticulartypeoffacilitymaybehiredtocompletetheprogram.Depiction描寫，論述Chapter3-ProjectchronologyIfaconstructionprofessionalhasbeenengaged,heorsheisprovidingearlycostestimates,earlyschedules,andadviceonconstructability.Atthisstagetheownerusesorderofmagnitudeorsquarefootestimatestofurthercheckthefinancialfeasibilityoftheproject.orderofmagnitude數(shù)量級squarefoot平方英尺financialfeasibility財務(wù)可行性Chapter3-ProjectchronologyCostsarealsoconsideredatthisstageinrelationshiptotheschedule.Sinceborrowedmoneyisfrequentlyusedtopayforconstruction,interestcostsbecomeafactorthroughouttheprocess.Participantsareawareofthedailycostofinterestthataccumulatesrelentlessly.Delaysofanysortaddtotheburdenofthiscost,requiringallprojectparticipantstoexpeditetheirworkasmuchaspossiblewhilemaintaininganecessarylevelofdesignquality.interestcosts利息費用relentlessly無情地，殘酷地Chapter3-ProjectchronologyWhenprogrammingiscomplete,theownerhasinformationabouttheneededsizeoftheprojectinrelationtotherequirementsoftheusers;themechanical,electrical,andplumbingsystems;verticalandhorizontalcirculation;andpublicareas.Usually,anestimateandscheduleareproducedtogivetheownerpreliminaryinformationthatcanbecheckedagainsttheinitialprojections.Usingtheinformationgainedatthisstage,theownermaychoosetoproceedortocanceltheproject.verticalandhorizontalcirculation水平垂直流通publicareas公共區(qū)域checkagainst檢驗，核對Chapter3-Projectchronology3.5.2SchematicDesign方案設(shè)計Oncetheprogramiscompleteandtheownerhasdecidedtoproceed,thedesignerbeginsactualdesignoftheproject.Theprocessbeginswiththeschematicdesign-thestageinwhichthedesignerdefinesthebuilding’scharacteristicsinnumberofways.Chapter3-ProjectchronologyBeforeschematicdesignbegins,theownerselectsasiteforthebuildings.Siteinvestigationsdonebytheownergivethedesignerinformationaboutsoilconditionsandmakeupthatinlargepartdeterminethetypeoffoundationandstructurepossiblefortheparticularsite.Thearchitectdevelopspreliminaryfloorplansthatreflecttherelationshipsofthevariousfunctionalareastooneanother.Sitingandlocationofthebuildingaredeterminedaswellasitsvisualform.Preliminarydecisionsregardingstructural,environmental,andothersystemsaremadeandoutlinespecificationsdeveloped.Siteinvestigations現(xiàn)場調(diào)查soilconditionsandmakeup土質(zhì)和構(gòu)成floorplans樓面布置圖Siting選址outlinespecifications簡要規(guī)范Chapter3-ProjectchronologyDuringthisstageseveraloptionsareoftenpursued.Sometimestheownerdoesnotseealloftheseoptions.Thearchitect’sdesignteamgeneratesmanyalternativesandrejectsmanybeforetheyaredevelopedintomaterialspresentedtotheowner.Thistypicalpartofthedesignprocesshelpsthearchitectfindthebestdesignsolutionamongmanypossiblealternatives.Usually,twoorthreealternativessurvivetheprocess,whicharepresentedtotheownerforconsideration.Chapter3-ProjectchronologyIftheconstructionprofessionalscontinuetheirinvolvementduringthisstage,theymaydevelopearlyconceptualestimatesfortheowner.Theiradviceregardingconstructionfeasibilityoftheproposeddesignoptionshelpsidentifymaterialthatmaybedifficulttoobtaininthecurrentmarketplaceanditemsthatwillneedtobepurchasedearlybecauseoftheleadtimeneededforfabricationanddelivery.conceptualestimates概念性估價leadtime提前期Chapter3-ProjectchronologyWhentheschematicdesigniscomplete,theownerisagainfacedwiththedecisiontoproceedfurtherortocanceltheproject.Atthistime,allinformationdevelopedtodate-marketinformation,financingcosts,constructioncosts,anddesign-arefactoredintothedecision.Ifallelementsstillindicateafavorableprojectfromaninvestmentstandpointandifthearchitect’sdesignmeetstheowner’sprogramandaestheticcriteria,thentheprojectproceedstothenextstageofdesign.factored作為原因考慮Chapter3-Projectchronology3.5.3DesignDevelopment設(shè)計深化Whentheprojectteamentersdesigndevelopment,itpursuesasingledesignconcept.Thepurposeofthisstageistorefinethedesignandobtaindetailedinformationfromtheusersabouttheirrequirements.designconcept設(shè)計理念refine優(yōu)化Chapter3-ProjectchronologyDuringthisphase,theowner,thearchitect,and(ifapplicable)theconstructionprofessionalfinalizethedesignofthemajorbuildingsystems-forexample,structural,plumbing,elevator,roofing,mechanical,exteriorfa?ade,electrical.Specialtyconsultantsareoftenaskedtodesignthesesystemsandareusuallycoordinatedbythearchitect,whoensuresthattheirworkisconsistentwiththeintentofthedesign.Applicable合適旳beconsistentwith與…一致Chapter3-ProjectchronologyLocationofmechanicalductwork,thetypeofheatingandcoolingsystems,thesizeandtypeofelevatorsystems:allmustbecarefullycoordinatedwithhowtheoccupantsexpecttousethespaceandwhatthearchitectvisuallyintends.Conversationswithusersduringthisphasecenteraroundhowmanytypeofcomputerworkstationsareneededintheoffices,whatspecialservicesareneededforspecificequipment,andsoon.Occupant居住者，購置者，租賃者visually外表上centeraround以…為中心workstation工作站specialservices特殊服務(wù)Chapter3-ProjectchronologyAsinalltheotherphasesofprojectdevelopment,costestimatesarerefigured.Theestimatesdoneatthispointareprobablythemostimportantofthejobbecausethereisnowsufficientinformationtogeneraterealnumbersfromrealsubcontractors.Theseestimatesarethefirstmarkettestofthedesign.Asaresult,theygivetheowneragreaterdegreeofcertaintyaboutthefinalcostoftheproject.Onceagain,heorsheisfacedwithdecidingwhethertogoforwardortoabandontheproject.refigure重新描述costestimates成本估算Chapter3-ProjectchronologyThelikelihoodthatitwillbecanceleddiminishesastheprocessgoesforward.Iftheearlyphasesweresufficientlythorough,thegrosscostsandscopeoftheprojectshouldbeknown.Barringasignificantchangeintheowner’sneedsorchangesintheconditionsofthejob,informationshouldbuilduponitselfandbecomeincreasinglyrefined.Thereshouldbenosurprisesbigenoughtocausetheprojecttobeabandoned.grosscosts總造價Barring除非buildupon依賴，建立于Chapter3-Projectchronology3.5.4ConstructionDocumentsAtthislaststageofdesign,thearchitectcreatesthefinalworkingconstructiondocumentusedtobidthejobforconstructionandtobuildthejobinthefield.Thesedocumentsareparticularlyimportantbecausetheyrepresenttheworkasitwillbeactuallyconstructed.constructiondocument施工文件Chapter3-ProjectchronologyTheyshouldmeettheprogramcriteriadeterminedduringtheprogrammingstage,reflectthedesignasagreeduponattheschematicphase,andrefineallthedetailedworkthatwentintothedesigndevelopmentphase.Ifthedocumentswaverfromanyoftheseagreed-uponcriteria,problemsmayensureduringconstructionthatcouldcosttheownermoneyandtime.agreedupon同意，約定waver猶豫，動搖Chapter3-Projectchronology3.6ProcurementProcurementisdefinedastheoverallprocessoffindingandpurchasingthematerialscalledforinthecontractandhiringthebestsubcontractorstobuildtheproject.Theconstructiondocuments,bothspecificationsanddrawings,mustbeaccurateandmustclearlycommunicatetothebiddersthescopeofworkasprogrammedbytheowner.Procurement采購Chapter3-ProjectchronologyThefirsttaskistohirethemanysubcontractorswhowillactuallyerectandassembletheproject.Thiscanbedoneinseveralways,dependingonthecontractualarrangementchosen.Inthetraditionalcontractingmode,theowner,withthearchitect’sassistance,requestsbidsfromalistofqualifiedcontractors.Contractorsandtheirsubcontractorspreparetheirbestestimateofwhattheybelievetheprojectwillcostthemtocomplete.erect建造alistof一系列qualifiedcontractor有資格旳承包商Chapter3-ProjectchronologyThiscostissubmittedtotheownerandthearchitectwithinaspecifiedamountoftime.Afterevaluatingcompetingbids,theownerentersintoacontractforconstruction.Intheconstructionmanagementmode,theprojectdocumentsaredividedintobidpackages,whicharelogicalsubdivisionsofworkbasedontypicalcontractorspecializations;forexample,thestructural,electrical,andplumbingworkareeachbidonseparately.Boththearchitectandtheconstructionmanagerhelptheownerevaluatethesebids.Intheircase,theowner’staskistofindthebestandleastcostlycontractingfirmtodotheworkinthefield.besubmittedto被提交給evaluatebid評標bidpackages標段subdivisions細分bidon投標，出價Chapter3-ProjectchronologySometimestheownermustpurchaseequipmentormaterialsbeforeacontractorarehiredtodothework.Suchmaterialsareknownaslong-leaditemsandareusuallypurchasedearlybecausetheytakealongertimetobefabricatedthantheconstructionscheduleallowfor.Duringdesigndevelopment,theseitemsareoftenidentified.Theownercaneitherpurchasethemdirectlyorusetheservicesofaconstructionmanagerwhoisskilledinprocuringsuchitems.Whenacontractorishired,long-leaditemsareusuallyassignedtohimorherforcoordinationandinstallation.long-lead長生產(chǎn)周期旳constructionschedule施工進度beskilledin精通于Chapter3-Projectchronology3.7ConstructionOncetheprocurementprocesshasbeencompleted,constructionoftheprojectcanbegin.Themainelementinvolvedinconstructionisthetaskofmanagingandcoordinatingthefieldoperations.Thismeansschedulingthecrewsinthepropersequence,choosingthemostofefficientandsafeconstructiontechniquesandmethods,anddirectingtheproductionprocessforthebuildingactivities.Toaccomplishthistask,theconstructionprofessionalmustorderthecorrectmaterials,ensureanadequatesupplyofthenecessarytoolsandequipment,andmonitorschedule,cost,andquality.fieldoperations施工作業(yè)productionprocess生產(chǎn)流程Chapter3-ProjectchronologyAparticulartaskisthecontractadministration.Thisjob-thepaperworkoftheproject-requiresmorethansimplerecordkeeping.Itinvolvescontrollingchangestothescopeoftheproject,accountingforpaymentsandothercoststoensureadequatefinancialcontrol,maintainingworkschedules,keepingtrackofallcontractdocumentation,andmonitoringquality-controltasks.Contractadministrationisateameffort,involvingtheconstructionmanager,thedesigner,andtheowner;anditoftenrequiresmeetingsandotherformsofcommunicationtodealwithproblemsquicklyandeffectivelysothattheprojectcanremainonschedule.contractadministration協(xié)議管理financialcontrol財務(wù)控制keeptrackof統(tǒng)計onschedule按時Chapter3-Projectchronology3.8TurnoverandStartup移交和開啟Afteractualconstructioniscomplete,theprojectmustbeturnedovertotheownerforuseduringtherestofitseconomiclife.Oftenthisturnoverinvolvescomplicatedtechnicalissuesandproblems.Forexample,thestartupofabuilding’smechanicalandotherenvironmentalsystemscaninvolvemuchtestingofpiping,ductwork,machinery,andothercomponents,bothindividuallyandasatotalsystem.economiclife經(jīng)濟壽命testing檢測totalsystem綜合系統(tǒng)Chapter3-ProjectchronologyThisprocessisneverwithoutcomplicationsandcanoftenbeoneofthemoreintensestagesofcreatingaproject.Itmustalsobedoneinconjunctionwiththeowner’semployees,whowillbetheultimateoperatorsofthefacility.Commonly,theinstallingcontractortrainstheuser’personnelintheoperationandmaintenanceofthemorecomplexsystems.Arrangementsforsuchtrainingmustbecoordinatedduringthisperiod.neverwithout每一必inconjunctionwith共同，連同Chapter3-ProjectchronologyInthecaseofuniqueequipment,itmaybenecessarytoordersparepartsthatmenmustbetagged,loggedin,andstoredinaknownlocation-ideallyinthenewfacility.Equipmentsuchaselevatorsandsystemssuchasroofswillbewarrantedbymanufacturersorinstallers.Thesecertificatesofwarrantymustberecordedsothattheemployeecanusethemwhentheneedarises.Finally,changesduringconstructionmustbedocumented.Thesefinaldocuments,whichreflecttheactualproject,arecalledas-builts.Theymustbesubmittedincompleteandusableformtotheenduser.spareparts備件，配件tag附以標簽,login注冊warranted確保旳as-builts竣工，竣工Chapter3-ProjectchronologyTurnoverisalsoalegalprocessduringwhichthebuildingbecomesthelegalpropertyandresponsibilityoftheowner.Thisinvolvesobtainingvariouslegalcertifications,suchasthecertificateofoccupancyandthecertificateofsubstantialcompletion,bothofwhichrepresentlegalandpracticalmilestonesthatarespelledoutintheoriginalcontractsforconstruction.legalprocess法律手續(xù)certificateofoccupancy占用證certificateofsubstantialcompletion實質(zhì)竣工證明originalcontract協(xié)議正本Chapter3-ProjectchronologyTheprocessisoftenlongandtediousasmanydocumentspassbackandforthamongtheparties.Examplesofsuchdocumentsincludeinsurancecertificates,inspectionreports,completedchangeorders,andvarioustypesofwaiversthatprojectallthepartiesafterthecontractualrelationshipisseveredattheendoftheproject.backandforth反復(fù)地，來回地insurancecertificates保險憑證inspectionrep