第第二講虛擬語(yǔ)氣一、語(yǔ)氣的定義和種類(lèi)1.語(yǔ)氣：語(yǔ)氣是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，它表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。2.語(yǔ)氣的種類(lèi)：1)陳述語(yǔ)氣：表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實(shí)的、確定的或符合事實(shí)的，用于陳述句、疑問(wèn)句和某些感嘆句。如：Wearenotready.Whatafinedayitis!2)祈使語(yǔ)氣：表示說(shuō)話人的建議、請(qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng)、命令等。如:Openthedoor,please.3)虛擬語(yǔ)氣：表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，而是說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測(cè)等。如:IfIwereyou,IshouldstudyEnglish.Mayyousucceed!二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件從句中的用法條件句有兩類(lèi)，一類(lèi)是真實(shí)條件句，一類(lèi)是虛擬條件句。如果假設(shè)的情況是有可能發(fā)生的，就是真實(shí)條件句，謂語(yǔ)用陳述語(yǔ)氣。如果假設(shè)的情況是過(guò)去或現(xiàn)在都不存在的，或?qū)?lái)不大可能發(fā)生的，則是虛擬條件句。Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,wewillgotothepark.Ifhehadseenyouyesterday,hewouldhaveaskedyouaboutit.(事實(shí)上他昨天沒(méi)見(jiàn)到你，因此也未能問(wèn)你這件事。)在含有虛擬條件句的復(fù)合句中，主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)都要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。所述情況從句主句例句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反If+主語(yǔ)+did(be動(dòng)詞用were)主語(yǔ)+would/could/might/should+動(dòng)詞原形IfIwereyou,Iwouldworkhard.與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反If+主語(yǔ)+haddone主語(yǔ)+would/could/might/should+havedoneIfhehadtakenmyadvice,hewouldhavesucceededinthetest.與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反1.If+主語(yǔ)+did2.If+主語(yǔ)+weretodo3.If+主語(yǔ)+shoulddo主語(yǔ)+would/could/might/should+動(dòng)詞原形Ifitrained/shouldrain/weretorain,thecropswouldbesaved.三、虛擬條件句的特殊情況1.省略if的虛擬語(yǔ)氣如果從句中含有were/should/had時(shí)，則可以把這三個(gè)詞置于句首，省略if，采用倒裝語(yǔ)序。Ifitshouldhappen,whatwouldyoudo?→Shouldithappen,whatwouldyoudo?Ifhehadrecognizedme,hewouldhaveeover.→Hadherecognizedme,hewouldhaveeover.Ifitweretorain,thecropswouldbesaved.→Wereittorain,thecropswouldbesaved.2.含蓄虛擬條件句有時(shí)候假設(shè)的情況不以if引導(dǎo)的條件從句形式表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，而是通過(guò)一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)，連詞或其他形式表示。常用的詞或短語(yǔ)有：without,with,butfor(要是沒(méi)有),otherwise,or,but等。Withoutyourhelp(=Ifwehadnothadyourhelp),wecouldnothavesucceeded.Butforelectricity(=Iftherewerenoelectricity),therewouldbenomodernindustry.Hefeltverytiredyesterday,or/otherwisehewouldhaveattendedtheparty.3.混合/錯(cuò)綜型虛擬語(yǔ)氣當(dāng)條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，稱(chēng)為‘錯(cuò)綜條件句’，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間作出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。Ifyouhadfollowedmyadvice,youwouldbebetternow.(從句說(shuō)的是過(guò)去，主句是現(xiàn)在)IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavetakenhisadvice.(從句是現(xiàn)在，主句是過(guò)去)四、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在名詞性從句中的用法1.主語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣這種虛擬語(yǔ)氣主要用在itis+形容詞/名詞/過(guò)去分詞+that+主語(yǔ)+should+動(dòng)詞原形這種結(jié)構(gòu)中（should可以省略）。1)常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)形容詞有：advisable,anxious,better,desirable,surprising,natural,necessary,strange,important,regretful.2)常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)過(guò)去分詞有：decided,demanded,remended,requested,desired,required,ordered,suggested.3)常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)名詞有：duty,pity,nosurprise,nowonder,regret,shame.Itwassuggestedthathe(should)jointheclubactivities.Itisstrange/surprising/disappointingthatshe(should)nothavebeeninvited.Itisapitythathe(should)refusetoaccepttheoffer.2.賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣1)wish后所跟賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣（意為要是，但愿…就好了），其形式主要有三種：☆表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬：wish后接一般過(guò)去時(shí)的從句☆表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬：wish后接過(guò)去完成時(shí)或should/couldhavedone☆表示對(duì)將來(lái)情況的虛擬：wish后接would/could+動(dòng)詞原形Iwishitwerespringallyearround.Shewishedshehadstayedathome.Iwishitwouldbefinetomorrow.2)wouldrather,wouldsooner等表示愿望，其賓語(yǔ)從句常用虛擬過(guò)去式。☆表示與現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)含義事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣要用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式☆用過(guò)去完成式（had+過(guò)去分詞）表示過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的含義Iwouldratheryoucametomorrow.我寧愿你明天來(lái)。I’dsoonershelefttheheavyendoftheworktosomeoneelse.我寧愿她把重活留給別人。3)在表示建議，命令，要求等動(dòng)詞后的從句要用(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：一堅(jiān)持：insist(堅(jiān)持要求)；一希望：desire；二命令：order,mand；四建議：suggest,advise,propose,remend；四要求：demand,require,ask,request.Theteacherorderedthatallthebooks(should)behandedinontime.P.S.當(dāng)suggest表示‘暗示，說(shuō)明’之意；insist表示‘堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，堅(jiān)持說(shuō)’之意時(shí)，從句不用虛擬，用正常的陳述語(yǔ)氣。Theyinsistedthathe(should)bepresentattheceremony.他們堅(jiān)決要求他出席這次典禮。Themaninsistedthathehadneverstolenthemoney.那人堅(jiān)持說(shuō)他從來(lái)沒(méi)有偷過(guò)錢(qián)。Shesuggestedthatwe(should)leaveearly.她建議我們?cè)琰c(diǎn)走。Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathewassatisfiedwithlife.他臉上的微笑表明他對(duì)生活很滿意。3.表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣在表示建議、命令、要求的名詞后的表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。常見(jiàn)名詞有：advice,desire,request,demand,proposal,suggestion,requirement,order.Hegaveordersthattheguests(should)beentertained.Hisproposalisthatwe(should)getridofthebadhabits.五、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在定語(yǔ)從句中的用法在Itis(high/about)timethat…句型中也用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，從句常用過(guò)去式，有時(shí)也用should+動(dòng)詞原形，should不可省略，表示早該做而沒(méi)做的事，含建議的意味。Itistimethatwewenthome.Ithinkit’shightimethatshemadeuphermind.我想她該拿定主意了。P.S.此句型中，注意與It/Thisisthe+序數(shù)詞+timethat+現(xiàn)在完成式的區(qū)別。ThisisthefirsttimethatIhavebeenhere.六、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法

1.方式狀語(yǔ)從句

由as

if

或as

though引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句可以用陳述語(yǔ)氣表示可能符合事實(shí)的情況，也可以用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示與事實(shí)不符或與事實(shí)相反的情況。

☆表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)不相符，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)

The

teacher

treats

the

pupil

as

if

he

were

her

own

child.

(這位學(xué)生并不是她的親生孩子)

☆表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)不相符，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)

I

felt

as

though

we

had

known

each

other

for

years.

(其實(shí)并沒(méi)有認(rèn)識(shí)多年)

☆表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)不相符，用would/might/could+do

It

looks

as

if

it

might

rain.

天看上去好像要下雨。(不大可能下雨)

對(duì)比：

He

looks

as

if

he

is

young.

看樣子他好像很年輕。(他就是年輕)

He

looks

as

if

he

were

young.

看樣子他好像很年輕。(實(shí)際上他不年輕)

2.目的狀語(yǔ)從句

①由in

case,

lest,

for

fear

that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句，動(dòng)詞用“should

+

動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示憂慮或目的。

Please

remind

me

of

it

again

tomorrow

in

case

I

(should)

forget.

She

emphasized

it

again

and

again,

lest

he

(should)

forget.

We

talked

the

matter

over

face

to

face

for

fear

that

there

should

be

any

misunderstanding.

②在in

order

that和so

that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中，往往用can/could或may/might。

I

shall

write

down

your

telephone

number

so

that

I

may

not

forget.

They

worked

harder

than

usual

in

order

that

they

could

finish

the

work

ahead

of

time.

3.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

讓步狀語(yǔ)從句指事實(shí)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用陳述語(yǔ)氣。若從句內(nèi)容表示現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的假設(shè)情況，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

Though

he

(should)

fail,

there

would

still

be

hope.

I

should

say

the

same

thing

even

if

he

were

here.

Whether

he

(should)

succeed

or

fail,

we

shall

have

to

do

our

part.

However

hard

it

might

rain

rains,

we

shall

go

there

together.

No

matter

what

his

social

position

(might)

be,

a

man

is

equal

in

the

eye

of

the

law.

七、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其他情況中1.ifonly“但愿，要是…就好了”，后接從句也用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其用法與wish類(lèi)似。與此句型容易混淆的還有一種結(jié)構(gòu)“only

if...”，only置于if前表示強(qiáng)調(diào)if條件，意為“只要...”，用于引導(dǎo)陳述語(yǔ)氣的真實(shí)條件句。If

only

you

had

worked

with

greater

care!

If

only

we

had

arrived

in

time,

we

would

not

have

missed

the

train!IfonlyIhadenoughmoney!If

only

she

would

win!但愿她能贏!

Only

if

you

study

hard,

you

will

pass

the

test.

只要你努力學(xué)習(xí)，就會(huì)通過(guò)考試。2.動(dòng)詞hope,intend,mean,plan,want,think等詞用過(guò)去完成的形式，表示的意思為“本想，本打算，本認(rèn)為”。Hehadmeanttobuythefurniturelastweek,butitrained.(他上周本打算去買(mǎi)那件家具，但卻下雨了。)Ihadthoughthehadbeendeadforatleast20years.IhadhopedthatshewouldgototheUSAandstudythere,butshesaidshelikedtostayinChina.3.在表示祝愿的感嘆句中，用動(dòng)詞原形，表示愿望。

Long

live

the

People’s

Republic

of

China!

中華人民共和國(guó)萬(wàn)歲！

May

you

be

happy!

祝您快樂(lè)！

God

bless

you!

上帝保佑你！

Success

attend

you!

祝你成功！

The

Lord

save

us!

愿主救我們！例1.選擇題Youdidn’tletmedrive.Ifwe___________inturn,you___________sotired.A.drove...didn’tB.drove…wouldn’tgetC.weredriving...wouldn’tgetD.haddriven...wouldn’thavegotItisessentialthattheseapplicationforms___________outasearlyaspossible.A.mustbegivenB.willbegivenC.aregivenD.shouldbegivenHowIwisheveryfamily___________alargehousewithabeautifulgarden!A.has B.had C.willhaveD.hadhadJane’spalefacesuggestedthatshe___________ill,andherparentssuggestedthatshe___________amedicalexamination.A.be...shouldhave B.was…h(huán)aveC.shouldbe…h(huán)ad D.was...hasLookatthetroubleIamin!IfonlyI___________youradvice.A.followed B.wouldfollow C.hadfollowed D.shouldfollow___________fired,yourhealthcareandotherbenefitswillnotbeimmediatelycutoff.A.Wouldyoube B.Shouldyoube C.Couldyoube D.MightyoubeHehesitatedforamomentbeforekickingtheball,otherwisehe___________agoal.A.hadscored B.scored C.wouldscore D.wouldhavescoredItisrequiredthatapassenger’sluggage___________forsecuritybeforeheboardstheplane.A.checked B.wouldbecheckedC.shouldbechecked D.hadbeencheckedHetalkedasifhe___________alltheworkhimself,butactuallyhejustbossedhisinferiorsaround.A.haddone B.did C.hasdoneD.wouldhavedoneIt’shightimeyou___________.A.starttowork B.wouldstarttoworkC.startedtowork D.hadstartedtowork【難度】★★【答案】DDBBCBDCAC一、填空IfI___________(notsee)itwithmyowneyes,Iwouldn’thavebelievedit.IwishI___________(be)atmysister’sweddinglastTuesday,butIwasonabusinesstripinNewYorkthen.Itisluckywebookedaroom,orwe___________(have)nowheretostaynow.Expertsadvisedthatparents___________(discourage)childrenfromdoinghomeworkbyusingelectronicequipmenttoomuch.Ifit___________(repair)earlier,theprintingmachinewouldnothavebrokendown.Theymetforthefirsttime,buttheytalkedhappilyasifthey___________(be)goodfriendsforalongtime.IfJuliahadpractisedhardenoughlastnight,she________(be)moreconfidentonthestagenow.I’mfedupwiththewetweather.ItistimeI___________(have)apicnicforsomesunshine.Itisrequiredbylawthatadrivingtest___________(be)takenbeforeamangetsalicense.Wewouldratherourdaughter___________(stay)athomewithus,butitisherchoice,andsheisnotachildanylonger.【難度】★★★【答案】1.hadn’tseen2.hadbeen3.wouldhave4.(should)discourage5.hadbeenrepaired6.hadbeen7.wouldbe8.had/shouldhave9.(should)be10.stayed一、聽(tīng)力It’sthefact. B.It’sagoodreflection.C.It’sjustanexcuse. D.It’sawhitelie.A.Stayuplateforexams. B.Don’tpaytoomuchattentiontoexams.C.Studyhardthroughouttheterm. D.Giveuponthemathtest.A.Gabywasagoodneighbour. B.Gabydidn’tthinkhighlyofhisneighbours.C.Gabyoftentoldwrongstories.D.Garyoftenquarrelswithhisneighbours.A.Themandidn’twantthewomantohaveherhaircut.B.Thewomanfollowedtheman’sadvice.C.Thewomaniswearinglonghairnow.D.Themandidn’tcareifthewomanhadherhaircutornot.A.Shetookpartintheshow,too. B.Shehadagoodtimeattheshow.C.Shewatchedjustpartoftheshow. D.Shewasclearofthewholething.A.Itsendingisnotgoodenough. B.Itsspecialeffectsarenotsatisfying.C.Itdeservesanaward. D.Itisgoodexceptforthescarypart.A.Thewomanshouldgotoanothercounter. B.Thewomangivesthemansomanychoices.C.Themandislikesthesandwichesofferedthere. D.Themanishavingtroubledecidingwhattoeat.【難度】★★★【答案】1.CM:IFailedtheexamagain.IfIhaddonefewersports,Iwouldhavemoretimetoprepareforit.W:Justbecauseofit?Ithinkifyouhadspentlesstimeonputergames,then……Q:Whatdoesthewomanthinkofwhatthemansays?2.CM:IguessI’llhavetoburnthemidnightoiltonightfortomorrow’smathtest.W:Ifyoupaidmoreattentiontoyourstudyduringthesemester,youwouldn’tmakeyourselfsobusynow.Q:Whatdoesthewomanadvisethemantodo?3.BA:It’ssaidthatGabyhadagoodrelationshipwithhisneighbours.B:Butwasn’tithethatkeptspeakingillofhisneighbours?Youmusthaveheardthewrongstory.Q:Whatcanbelearnedfromtheconversation?4.AW:Iwishmyhairwaslonger.M:Yes,it’sapityyouhaditcut.Ifonlyyouhadlistenedtome.Q:Whatcanbelearnedfromtheconversation?5.CM:Ireallyenjoyedthatquizshowlastnight.Didyouseeit?W:Ohyes,butIwishedIcouldhavestayedawakelongenoughtoseethewholething.Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?6.AW:Ithinkthefilmisgoodbecauseitisscary.Andthespecialeffectsareamazing.M:Itwoulddeserveanawardifitweren’tforitslastpart.Q:Whatdoesthemanthinkofthefilm?7.DW:Andy,you’vebeenstandinginfrontofthatsandwichcounterforever.M:Sorry,Ijustwishtheydidn’tgivemesomanychoices.Q:Whatcanwelearnfromtheconversation?二、十一選十Directions:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.acknowledging B.bottled C.consequences D.demanding E.financial F.furtherG.handleH.inappropriately I.negative J.neglect K.unresolvedEmotionalDebtManypeopletodayliveundertheweightofdebtfromloansorcreditcards.Asharmfulas___31___debtis,thereisanotherformofdebtthatisevenmoredamaging—emotionaldebt.Dr.JamesRichardsstatesthatemotionaldebtoccurs“whenweexperienceemotionalpainthatremains___32___.”Ifthepainisnotdealtwith,itwillaffectusourentirelives.Throughouttheyears,wehavechancesforhappiness,loveandsuccess.Butunresolvedpaincanemerge,causingustorespondinwaysthataren’treasonable,resultingindestroyedrelationshipsandlostopportunities.Another___33___resultofemotionaldebtisthatourfriendsandlovedonesareaffectedbyitandpayahighprice.Whenwehaveatendencytorespond___34___,weoftenhurtthosearoundus.Unfortunatelyourunsettledproblemssometimesbeetoomuchforthemto___35___,causingthemtoabandontherelationship.Peoplewithdestructivepatternsshouldchecktheirlivesforsignsofunresolvedpain,foryouremotionaldebtcanefromvariousformsofpastunfair,cruelorviolenttreatmentor___36___.Youmaybeholdingontopainfulmemoriesofcontrollingparentsorvery___37___teachers,alsoyoumaynothavedealtwiththepainofabrokenrelationshiporthedeathofalovedone.Anynegativeemotionthatyouhavecontrolledovertheyearscanebacktocauseharmwhenyouleastexpectit.Recognizeyourfeelings,butdon’tfocusonthemallthetime,because___38___andchallengingyourpainisdifficult,butrecognizingitisthefirststeptowarddealingwithit.Admityouareangryaboutthepast,anddiscussitwithsomeoneyoutrust,orwriteitdownbecausethiswilleasesomeoftheangerandhatredyou’vekept___39___upforyears.Refusetobeavictimandacceptresponsibilityfordealingwithyourpainfulpastbecausethisputsyouinchargeandlimitsthepoweryouremotionshaveoveryou.Takespecificstepstoresolveyouremotionaldebtnowratherthandealwiththe___40___later.【難度】★★★★【答案】EKIHG JDABC一、填空Whydidn’tyoutellmeaboutyourtroublelastweek?Ifyou___________(tell)me,Icouldhavehelped.Butfortheirhelp,we___________(notget)overthedifficulty.TominsistedthatMike___________(apologize)tohisteacher,butMikeinsistedthathe__________(be)right.Itisimportantthatwe___________(keep)thebalanceofnature.Constantquarrelsbetweenmyparentsaredrivingmecrazy.IfonlyI___________(have)awarmandharmoniousfamily.HowIwishsuchausefulb