2025年高考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)《閱讀理解之議論文》專項(xiàng)測(cè)試卷及答案

學(xué)校:姓名：班級(jí)：考號(hào)：

0考向分析

議論文是英語(yǔ)中的重要文體，在每年的高考閱讀理解中占有一定的比例。

議論文就是說(shuō)理性的文章，一般由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證過(guò)程組成。議論文都要提出論題、觀點(diǎn)、提供充

分的證據(jù)，使用一定的邏輯方法證明觀點(diǎn)或得出結(jié)論。議論文的寫法通常有以下三種形式：

寫法一：正方（甲方），反方（乙方），我認(rèn)為……

寫法二：提出問(wèn)題，分析問(wèn)題，解決問(wèn)題。

寫法三：論點(diǎn)，理由（證據(jù)），重申論點(diǎn)。

議論文的內(nèi)容涵蓋文化、歷史、文學(xué)、科學(xué)和教育等各個(gè)方面。在這類體裁的文章中把握好論點(diǎn)、論

據(jù)和論證很重要。此類體裁的文章中有關(guān)主旨大意和推理判斷的題目會(huì)較多，這也是得分比較難的題型。

在閱讀這類文章的時(shí)候，我們要認(rèn)真把握作者的態(tài)度，領(lǐng)悟弦外之音，從而更好地依據(jù)文章的事實(shí)做出合

理的推斷。

注意事項(xiàng)：

1.避免讀得太快，做題靠印象和直覺(jué)。（要求每一道題回到原文去找答案）

2.要先看題目，后讀文章。（與先讀文章，后看題目的比較）

高考材料閱讀方法：先通讀全文，重點(diǎn)讀首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略讀，再審題

定位，比較選項(xiàng)，選出答案。要有把握文章的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)、中心句的能力。

3.閱讀中需要特別注意并做記號(hào)的有：

（1）標(biāo)志類、指示類的信息。

①表示并列關(guān)系：and,also,coupledwith等;

②表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：but,yet,however,bycontrast等；

③表示因果關(guān)系：therefore,thereby,consequently,asaresult等；

④表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：inadditionto,even,what,smore,furthermore等；

⑤表示重要性的詞：prime,aboveall,first等。

以上關(guān)鍵詞有助于我們對(duì)文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。

（2）具有感情色彩、顯示作者態(tài)度的詞：blind盲目的（貶）,excessively過(guò)分的（貶）,objective（客觀）等。

4.常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題：

（1）讀不懂怎么？

問(wèn)題本身太空泛，應(yīng)該仔細(xì)分析問(wèn)題到底在哪兒。首先要能意識(shí)到自身問(wèn)題所在。

unconsciousincompetent（無(wú)意識(shí)無(wú)能力）屬于問(wèn)題認(rèn)知的第一階段；

consciousincompetent（有意識(shí)無(wú)能力）屬于問(wèn)題認(rèn)知的第二階段；

第1頁(yè)共30頁(yè)

consciouscompetent(有意識(shí)有能力)屬于問(wèn)題認(rèn)知的第三階段；

unconsciouscompetent(無(wú)意識(shí)有能力)屬于問(wèn)題認(rèn)知的第四階段。

從認(rèn)知的第三階段達(dá)到第四階段，是一個(gè)反復(fù)熟練的過(guò)程。

(2)讀懂了文章之后還做錯(cuò)題怎么辦？

(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么辦？

(4)做題技巧用不上怎么辦？

能夠不由自主地按照正確的思路解題了，才表明我們正確掌握了這些技巧。

在課堂聽(tīng)明白之后，還需要回去自己思考，針對(duì)自己的實(shí)際進(jìn)行分析，從而對(duì)癥下藥。

%:考點(diǎn)導(dǎo)航

議論文說(shuō)理性強(qiáng)，語(yǔ)言莊重，邏輯縝密，常用難詞、長(zhǎng)詞和復(fù)雜句，給我們的閱讀理解帶來(lái)一定難度。

議論文是運(yùn)用邏輯推理和證明來(lái)闡述某一觀點(diǎn)、看法和主張的文體。這類文章或從正面提出某種見(jiàn)解，

或駁斥別人的錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)，以說(shuō)服讀者同意自己的觀點(diǎn)為主要目的。

議論文一般有論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證三個(gè)要素。論點(diǎn)是議論文的核心，即中心思想，是論據(jù)和論證的服務(wù)

對(duì)象。論據(jù)是作者所引用的用以支持和證明論點(diǎn)的材料，這些材料可以是名人名言、事實(shí)例證或統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)

等。論證是作者組織、運(yùn)用論據(jù)的手法。

演繹論是從已知的一般原理，規(guī)律出發(fā)，推知個(gè)別事物本質(zhì)的論證方法。該類文體一般

證議論先提出一個(gè)總論點(diǎn)，然后分別進(jìn)行論述，分析各個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，最后得出結(jié)論。

文

文

革.歸納論是一種由個(gè)別到一般的論證方法。它通過(guò)許多個(gè)別的事例或分論點(diǎn)，然后歸納出

證議論它們所共有的特性，從而得出一個(gè)一般性的結(jié)論。

類文

型比較論是一種由個(gè)別到個(gè)別的論證方法。通常分為類比法和對(duì)比法兩類。類比法是將性

證議論質(zhì)或特點(diǎn)在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比較而引出結(jié)論的方法。對(duì)比法

議

文是通過(guò)性質(zhì)或特點(diǎn)在某一方面相反或?qū)α⒌牟煌挛锏谋容^來(lái)證明論點(diǎn)的方法。

論

由于議論的目的是表明自己對(duì)事物的看法和態(tài)度，因此，命題時(shí)常考察其觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度以及根據(jù)

命題

文文章內(nèi)容歸納主旨大意等，有時(shí)也對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行考察。

要點(diǎn)

1.演繹論證議論文：注意文章的開(kāi)篇，因?yàn)槲恼碌拈_(kāi)篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓

解

住了作者的觀點(diǎn)，從而把握了文章的中心思想。

題

2.歸納論證議論文：注意文章的尾段，因?yàn)槲捕问菍?duì)前面所舉事例和分論點(diǎn)的歸納和概括。

技

3.比較論證議論文：注意事物的相同點(diǎn)以及不同點(diǎn)，并由此來(lái)把握文章的主旨。

第2頁(yè)共30頁(yè)

巧做題時(shí)可使用以下三個(gè)步驟：重首尾，明方式，細(xì)推測(cè)。

【答題技巧】

解答議論類閱讀理解試題，可以從以下幾個(gè)方面著手考慮:

作者在開(kāi)始敘述一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，然后對(duì)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋。這類文章的主題是文中最重要的解釋或作者所強(qiáng)調(diào)的解

釋，閱讀時(shí)要注意作者給出的原因，所以又被稱為原因一結(jié)果（Cause&Effect）型。還有一種比較常見(jiàn)的是問(wèn)

題一答案型，作者在一開(kāi)始或一段末以問(wèn)句提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)現(xiàn)象），然后給出該問(wèn)題的答案（相當(dāng)

于解釋）。針對(duì)文中問(wèn)題給出的主要答案就是這種文章的中心。

這里強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn)，答題時(shí)優(yōu)先考慮正面答題（直接從文章內(nèi)容得出答案），然后從中心、態(tài)度或利用解答特征等

其他角度對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)；如果從文章內(nèi)容中直接無(wú)法解決，則從中心和態(tài)度方面考慮；次之，從解答特

征方面考慮。

考生往往最怕此類體裁。山窮水盡時(shí)，記?。菏紫葟恼w上把握文章中心和作者所持的態(tài)度，靠近中心的

就是答案。

解題方法：

1.把握文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。此外，還要把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)言。

2.互推法：在議論之后，總會(huì)再列舉一些具體的例子來(lái)支持觀點(diǎn)或在一些例子之后，總要抒發(fā)一些議論。

考生在理解議論時(shí)，可以借助文中所給的實(shí)例，從而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的議論；或從議論中推理

理解具體例子的深刻含義，相互推斷。

3.推理法：推理的結(jié)論一定是原文有這層意思，但沒(méi)有明確表達(dá)的。推理要根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過(guò)語(yǔ)

篇、段落和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，各個(gè)信息所暗示和隱含的意義，作者的隱含意等對(duì)文章進(jìn)行推理判斷。

考生要由文字的表層信息挖掘出文章的深層含義，要能透過(guò)現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)。

歷年全國(guó)高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的題型無(wú)非基本都是考查主旨大意、詞義猜測(cè)、推理判斷和細(xì)節(jié)理解四大題型。

其中，命題以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，推理判斷題為輔，又兼顧詞義猜測(cè)題和主旨大意題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判

斷題主要考查的是對(duì)原文具體細(xì)節(jié)的理解和把控能力，難度相對(duì)較小，廣大考生除了平時(shí)必要的閱讀量和

詞匯量的積累以外，掌握一定的解題技巧對(duì)解答閱讀理解題來(lái)說(shuō)也是至關(guān)重要的。具體說(shuō)來(lái)：

1.主旨大意型

干擾項(xiàng)可能是文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。

干擾項(xiàng)可能是從文中某些（不完全的）事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。

干擾項(xiàng)可能是非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。

第3頁(yè)共30頁(yè)

正確答案根據(jù)文章全面理解而歸納概括出來(lái)；不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過(guò)其實(shí)或以偏概全。

主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。根據(jù)多年的備考及高考實(shí)踐，這類題目考

查的范圍是：基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概

括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型

細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要考查考生對(duì)文章中某些細(xì)節(jié)或重要事實(shí)的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解題和語(yǔ)意理

解題兩種。直接理解題的答案與原文直接掛鉤，從閱讀材料中可以找到。這種題難度低，只要考生讀懂文

章，就能得分，屬于低層次題。

做此類題時(shí)可以使用定位法與跳讀法。定位法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息直接從原文中找到相應(yīng)

的句子（即定位），然后進(jìn)行比較和分析（尤其要注意一些同義轉(zhuǎn)換），從而選出正確答案。跳讀法即根據(jù)題干

和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息跳讀原文，并找到相關(guān)的句子（有時(shí)可能是幾個(gè)句子）或段落，然后進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單分析、推理

等，從而找出正確答案。

（1）解題原則：忠實(shí)于原文上下文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，決不能主觀臆斷。

文章中心是論點(diǎn)，事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)是論據(jù)或主要理由；有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題常對(duì)文中某個(gè)詞語(yǔ)、某句子、某段落等

細(xì)節(jié)及事實(shí)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)，所提問(wèn)題一般可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。

提問(wèn)的特殊疑問(wèn)詞常有：what,who,which,where,how,why等。

（2）干擾項(xiàng)：范圍過(guò)大、過(guò)?。煌祿Q概念；正誤并存，某個(gè)分句是正確的。

閱讀理解中細(xì)節(jié)理解題的干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置有以下幾個(gè)原則：

①包含項(xiàng)原則

在答案選項(xiàng)分析中，假如對(duì)A選項(xiàng)的理解概括了對(duì)其他三項(xiàng)（或其中某一項(xiàng)）的理解，那么我們就說(shuō)選項(xiàng)

A與其他三項(xiàng)是包含或概括關(guān)系，包含項(xiàng)A往往就是正確答案。如在"花"與"玫瑰"兩選項(xiàng)中，正確答

案肯定是"花"，花包含了玫瑰。

②正反項(xiàng)原則

所謂正反項(xiàng)，是指兩選項(xiàng)陳述的命題完全相矛盾。兩個(gè)相互矛盾的陳述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。

所以，假如四選項(xiàng)中A、B互為正反項(xiàng)，那我們通常先排除C、D項(xiàng)，正確答案一般在A、B項(xiàng)當(dāng)中。

③委婉項(xiàng)原則

所謂委婉，這里是指說(shuō)話不能說(shuō)死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項(xiàng)中語(yǔ)氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。

這些選項(xiàng)一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)，如：probably,possibly,may,usually,might,mostof,more

orless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition,tendto等等，而含有絕對(duì)語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)往往

不是正確答案，如：must,always,never,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。

④同形項(xiàng)原則

命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個(gè)大命題范圍，然后通過(guò)語(yǔ)言形式的細(xì)微變化來(lái)考查考生的理解能

力與分析能力。同形項(xiàng)原則告訴我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相似的選項(xiàng)中有正確答案的存在。

⑤常識(shí)項(xiàng)原則

第4頁(yè)共30頁(yè)

議論文中，那些符合一般常識(shí)、意義深刻富有哲理、符合一般規(guī)律、屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的往往是正確答案。

⑥因果項(xiàng)原則

閱讀理解的邏輯推理基本都是通過(guò)因果鏈進(jìn)行的，前因后果，一步步循序漸進(jìn)。然而，在推理題的選

項(xiàng)中，有的選項(xiàng)會(huì)推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理過(guò)頭(止于后果)，這就是所謂的干擾項(xiàng)。因果項(xiàng)原則啟

示我們：假如四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)互為同一事物推理過(guò)程中的因果關(guān)系，那么正確答案就是兩個(gè)因果項(xiàng)中的

其中之一。如果因項(xiàng)可產(chǎn)生幾個(gè)結(jié)果，那么答案就是因；如果果項(xiàng)可以對(duì)應(yīng)幾個(gè)原因，那么答案就是果。

解題方法：原文定位法。

查讀法：(1)帶著問(wèn)題找答案，把注意力集中在與who,what,when,where問(wèn)題有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)上。

⑵細(xì)心！

3.詞義猜測(cè)型

閱讀理解的測(cè)試中經(jīng)常有猜測(cè)詞、短語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)、句子意義的題目，近幾年高考閱讀中詞義猜測(cè)題的考

查方法呈多樣化，其中根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境推測(cè)詞義將會(huì)越來(lái)越多。有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需猜測(cè)其意義的詞或

短語(yǔ)，后文接著會(huì)出現(xiàn)其定義、解釋或例子，這就是判斷該詞或短語(yǔ)意義的主要依據(jù)。

除此之外，我們還可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷：根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but,however,otherwise

等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義來(lái)確定另一句的含義。另外，分號(hào)(；)也可以

表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義。還可以根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說(shuō)，"有因必有果，有果必有因”。

根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。當(dāng)然了，這些詞、短語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)要么是生詞，要么是熟

詞新義，單靠平時(shí)積累是不夠的，還要掌握以下做題技巧。

(1)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生)進(jìn)行判斷。

(2)根據(jù)文中的定義、事例、解釋猜生詞。用事例或解釋猜生詞；用重復(fù)解釋的信息猜生詞。

⑶根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇。文章中的代詞it,that,he,him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其

中it和that還可以指一件事。

(4)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。根據(jù)上下句的連接詞如but,however,otherwise等可以看到前后句在意

義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來(lái)確定另一句的含義。

(5)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說(shuō)，”有因必有果，有果必有因"。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也

可以找出原因。

(6)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。閱讀中有時(shí)出現(xiàn)新詞、難詞，后面跟著一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)，對(duì)前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋。

(7)利用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和提示詞猜測(cè)詞義。分號(hào)還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義；破折號(hào)表示解釋說(shuō)明。

常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題形式有：

(l)Thewordn..."inLine...means/canbebestreplacedby...

(2)Asusedinthepassage,thephrase"..."suggests...

(3)Fromthepassage,wecaninferthattheword/phrase/thesentence"..."is/refersto/means...

(4)Theword'*..."isclosestinmeaningto...

常用應(yīng)對(duì)方法：

第5頁(yè)共30頁(yè)

同義法：常在詞或短語(yǔ)之間有并列連詞and或or,它們連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此

可以推測(cè)詞義。

反義法：如hotandcold,giveandreceive等，或前句為肯定，后句為否定?？傊?，互為反義的詞與詞間都起

著互為線索的作用。

釋義法：對(duì)文章中的生詞用定語(yǔ)(從句)、表語(yǔ)，甚至用逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)引出并加以解釋說(shuō)明。

此外，還有情景推斷法、代詞替代法等。

做題要領(lǐng)

(1)從文中找線索或信息詞；

(2)根據(jù)熟悉的詞及詞義判斷新詞的意思；

(3)根據(jù)上下文判斷新詞在特定句中的確切意思。

(4)要特別注意熟詞新意！

4.推理判斷型

做題要領(lǐng)：既要求學(xué)生透過(guò)文章表面文字信息推測(cè)文章的隱含意思，又要求學(xué)生對(duì)作者的態(tài)度、意

圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作出正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度考慮而不是固守自己的看法。常見(jiàn)的命題

方式有：

【題型分析】

Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmen

ofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownan

outstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.Thetwobelong

together.

Together,thesedeephumanurges(馬區(qū)策力)countformuchmorethatambition.Galileowasnotmerely

ambitiouswhenhedroppedobjectsofvaryingweightsfromtheLeaningToweratPisaandtimedtheirfalltothe

ground.LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,Z/Why?Why?Why?"

Fortunately,curiosityanddiscontentdon'thavetobelearned.Wearebornwiththemandneedonly

recapturethem.

“Thegreatman/saidMencius(孟子)，“ishewhodoesnotlosehischild'sheart/Yetmostofusdoloseit.

Westopaskingquestions.Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.Andthecrowddesiresrestful

average.Itencouragesustooccupyourownlittlecorner,toavoidfoolishleapsintothedark,tobesatisfied.

Mostofusmeetnewpeople,andnewideas,withhesitation.Butoncehavingmetandlikedthem,wethink

howterribleitwouldhavebeen,hadwemissedthechance.Wewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestowaken

ourcuriosityanddiscontentandkeepthemawake.

Howshouldyoustart?Modestly,soasnottobecomediscouraged.Ithinkofonefriendwhocouldn'tarrange

flowerstosatisfyherself.Shewascuriousabouthowtheexpertsdidit.Howsheisoneoftheexperts,writing

booksonflowerarrangement.

第6頁(yè)共30頁(yè)

Onewaytobeginistoansweryourownexcuses.Youhaven'tanyspecialability?Mostpeopledon't;there

areonlyafewgeniuses.Youhaven'tanytime?That'sgood,becauseit'salwaysthepeoplewithnotimewhoget

thingsdone.HarrietStowe,motherofsix,wrotepartsofUncleTom/sCabinwhilecooking.You'retooold?

RememberthatThomasCostainwas57whenhepublishedhisfirstnovel,andthatGrandmaMosesshowedher

firstpictureswhenshewas78.

Howeveryoustart,rememberthereisnobettertimetostartthanrightnow,foryou'llneverbemorealive

thanyouareatthismoment.

51.InwritingParagraph1,theauthoraimsto.

A.proposeadefinition

B.makeacomparison

C.reachaconclusion

D.presentanargument

52.WhatdoestheexampleofGalileotellus?

A.Trialanderrorleadstothefindingoftruth.

B.Scientiststendtobecuriousandambitious.

C.Creativityresultsfromchallengingauthority.

D.Greatnesscomesfromalastingdesiretoexplore.

53.Whatcanyoudotorecapturecuriosityanddiscontent?

A.Observetheunknownaroundyou.

B.Developaquestioningmind.

C.Leadalifeofadventure.

D.Followthefashion.

54.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraphs6and7?

A.Gainingsuccesshelpsyoubecomeanexpert.

B.Thegeniustendstogetthingsdonecreatively.

C.Lackoftalentandtimeisnoreasonfortakingnoaction.

D.Youshouldremainmodestwhenapproachingperfection.

55.Whatcouldbethebesttileorthepassage?

A.CuriousMindsNeverFeelContented

B.ReflectionsonHumanNature

C.TheKeystoAchievement

D.NeverTooLatetoLearn

Q檢測(cè)訓(xùn)練

1、

Forsomereasonwewereremindedthatweprimates（靈長(zhǎng)目）needlove.KimBardoftheUniversityof

PortsmouthinEnglandandhercolleaguescarriedoutastudyon46babychimpanzeesorphans（黑猩猩孤兒）,

第7頁(yè)共30頁(yè)

whichhadlosttheirmothers.Thestudyshowedthatprimatebabiesthathavetightrelationshipswithmotherfigures

domuchbetteroncognitive（認(rèn)矢口的）teststhanbabieswhoonlygrewupwithpeers（同伴）,butthisisnotbreaking

news.Infact,it*soldnews.

Inthe1950s,HarryHarlowdidaseriesofexperimentswithbabymonkeysthatshowed,thatlackofloveand

comfortmakesforacrazymonkey.

Harlowmadeacagethatincludedawiremonkey“mother“withaplasticface.Thenheequippedthe“mother”

withamilkbottle.Thecagealsohadanotherwire“mother“whowascoveredwithsoftcloth.Thebabymonkeys

spentalltheirtimewiththecloth“mother“andonlywenttothewire“mother“tofeed.

Harlow'smonkeyexperimentwasimportant,becauseatthetime,childcareexperts,andeverybody's

grandmotherhada“notouch,nocomfort“policy（方針）towardchildren.Theyadvisedparentsnottorespondto

cryingbabies.Theythoughtthatbabiesshouldsleepalonetobecomeindependent,andputthatkiddown.

ButHarlow*sworkchangedthatpolicy.Mothersweresoonallowedtohavetheirbabiesnexttotheminthe

hospital.

Thecurrentchimpresearch（研究）basedonHarlow*sworkshowsthatmother*slovedoesn*tjustmakefora

psychologically（精神上地）healthychild,italsomakesforasmartchild.

Thehighlyraisedchimpsdobetterthanthosethatarenotloved,andthewell-raisedchimpsdoevenbetter

thanhumankidsonIQtests.

Weareprimates,socialanimalswhichneedlove.Weneedtobeheldandtalkedtoandmadetofeelthatat

leastonepersonwantstobewithusallthetime.

1.ThestudyKimBardandhiscolleaguesdid.

A.included46babyandmothermonkeys

B.isnothingnewtopeopleaboutthefindings

C.showedthatmanychimpanzeeslackoflovewhentheywereyoung

D.showedmanychimpanzeeshadgoodrelationshipwiththeirmothers

2.Theunderlinedpart"makesfbr“inthethirdparagraphmeans.

A.dosomethingforB.headforC.bringaboutD.connectto

3.Harlowbuilttwo“mothers“forbabymonkeysto.

A.makethemlivecomfortablyB.letthemhavemorechoices

C.givethemmoreloveD.makecomparisonwell

4.Whichofthefollowingcanweinferfromthepassage?

A.Well-raisedchimpsarebetterthanpeopleinIQ.

B.Sometimesit'snotwrongtohavenotouchandnocomforttobabies.

C.Chimpsgrowingupincagesarelesssmarterthanchimpsgrowingupinwild.

D.Babieswhosleepwithmotherstendtobeclevererthanbabiessleepalone.

第8頁(yè)共30頁(yè)

2、

Theideaoflowmaterialdesire,lowconsumptionandrefusingtowork,marryandhavechildren,concludedas

a“l(fā)yingdown^^lifestyle,recentlystruckachordwithmanyyoungChinesewhoareeagertotakepausetobreathe

inthisfast-pacedandhighly-competitivesociety.

Manymillennials（千禧一代）andgenerationZscomplainedtotheGlobalTimesthatburdens,includingwork

stress,familydisputes（紛爭(zhēng)）andfinancialstrains,havepushedthem“againstthewall”.Theysaidtheyhatethe

""involution（內(nèi)卷）,“jokingthattheywouldrathergiveupsomeofwhattheyhavethangettrappedinanendless

competitionagainstpeers.

“Insteadofalwaysfollowingthe'virtues'ofstruggle,endureandsacrificetobearthestresses,theyprefera

temporarylyingdownascatharsis（宣泄）andadjustment,saidascholar.64Itisnowonderthatsomeyoungpeople,

underthegrowingpressuresfromchild-raisingtopayingthemortgage（按揭）today,wouldtrytoliveinasimple

wayandleavetheworriesbehind.^^

Interestingly,themajorityofmillennialsandGenZsreachedbytheGlobalTimes,whoclaimtobebigfansof

thelyingdownphilosophy,acknowledgedthattheyonlyacceptatemporarylyingdownasashortrest.Itistrue

thatwiththegreatimprovementoflivingconditions,someChineseyouthhavepartiallylostthespiritofhardship

andarenotwillingtobeartoomuchhardwork.Butinfact,lyingdownisnotentirelycomfortable.Youngpeople

wholiedownalwaysfeelguiltyabouttheirconstantlossofmorale（士氣）farbeyondtheirreach.

“Youngpeopleoncampushavebothaspirationsandconfusionabouttheirfuture,butmostofushaverejected

settingourselvesupinchainstowasteopportunitiesandchallenges,9,apostgraduatestudenttoldtheGlobalTimes.

“It'snouserunningaway.Ihaveto"standup'andfacetherealitysoonerorlater.9,

5.Whatdoestheunderlinedphraseinparagraph1mean?

A.Warned.B.Criticized.

C.Touched.D.Amused.

6.Whatmighthavecausedthe“l(fā)yingdown^^lifestyleamongtheyoung?

A.Improvementsinlivingconditions.

B.Growingpressurefromfamilyandsociallife.

C.Increasingmaterialpossessionsfromfamilies.

D.Temporaryadjustmenttofailureincompetitions.

7.Whafsthescholar'sattitudetowardthe"lyingdown^^group?

A.Understanding.B.Intolerant.

C.Supportive.D.Unclear.

8.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheyounggenerationfromthetext?

A.Theyneverreallydroptheirresponsibilities.

B.Theyreallyenjoythe“l(fā)yingdown^^lifestyle.

C.Theyfindtheirdreamsfarbeyondtheirreach.

D.Theywouldratherescapethantakechallenges.

3、

第9頁(yè)共30頁(yè)

IwasinthemiddleoftheAmazon（亞馬遜）withmywife,whowasthereasamedicalresearcher.Weflewon

asmallplanetoafarawayvillage.Wedidnotspeakthelocallanguage,didnotknowthecustoms,andmoreoften

thannot,didnotentirelyrecognizethefood.Wecouldnothavefeltmoreforeign.

Wewereraisedonbooksandcomputers,highwaysandcellphones,butnowwewerelivinginavillage

withoutrunningwaterorelectricityItwaseasyforustogotosleepattheendofthedayfeelingalittle

misunderstood.

ThenoneperfectAmazonianevening,withmonkeyscallingfrombeyondthevillagegreen,weplayedsoccer.

Iamnotgoodatsoccer,butthateveningitwaswonderful.Everyoneknewtherules.Weallspokethesame

languageofpassesandshots.Weunderstoodoneanotherperfectly.Asdarknesscameoverthefieldandthe

matchended,thegoalkeeper,Juan,walkedovertomeandsaidinamatter-of-factway,“Inyourhome,doyou

haveamoontoo?”Iwassurprised.

AfterIexplainedtoJuanthatyes,wedidhaveamoonandyes,itwasverysimilartohis,Ifeltasortofawe

（敬畏）atthepossibilitiesthatexistedinhisworld.InJuan'sworld,eachvillagecouldhaveitsownmoon.InJuan's

world,theunknownandundiscoveredwasvastandmarvelous.Anythingwaspossible.

Inoursociety,weknowthatEarthhasonlyonemoon.Wehavelookedatourplanetfromeveryangleand

foundallofthewildestthingslefttofind.Ican,frommycomputerathome,pullupsatelliteimagesofJuan's

village.Therearenomorecontinentsandnomoremoonstosearchfor,littlelefttodiscover.Atleastitseemsthat

way.

Yet,asIthoughtaboutJuan'squestion,Iwasnotsurehowmuchmorewecouldreallyruleout.Iam,inpart,

anantbiologist,somythoughtsturnedtowhatweknowaboutinsectlifeandIknewthatmuchintheworldof

insectsremainsunknown.Howmuch,though?Howignorant（無(wú)知的）arewe?Thequestionofwhatweknow

anddonotknowconstantlybotheredme.

Ibegancollectingnewspaperarticlesaboutnewspecies,newmonkey,newspider...,andonandonthey

appear.Mydrawerquicklyfilled.Ibeganaseconddrawerformoregeneraldiscoveries:newcavesystem

discoveredwithdozensofnamelessspecies,fourhundredspeciesofbacteriafoundinthehumanstomach.The

seconddrawerbegantofillandasitdidIwonderedwhethertherewerebiggerdiscoveriesoutthere,notjust

species,butlifethatdependsonthingsthoughttobeuseless,lifeevenwithoutDNA.Istartedathirddrawerfor

thesebigdiscoveries.Itfillsmoreslowly,butallthesame,itfills.

Inlookingintothestoriesofbiologicaldiscovery,Ialsobegantofindsomethingelse,acollectionofscientists,

usuallybrilliantoccasionallyhalf-mad,whomadethediscoveries.Thosescientistsveryoftenseethesamethings

thatotherscientistssee,buttheypaymoreattentiontothem,andtheyfocusonthemtothepointofexhaustion

（窮盡），andattheriskoftheridiculeoftheirpeers.Inlookingforthestoriesofdiscovery,Ifoundthestoriesof

thesepeopleandhowtheirliveschangedourviewoftheworld.

Wearerepeatedlywillingtoimaginewehavefoundmostofwhatislefttodiscover.Weusedtothinkthat

insectswerethesmallestorganisms（生物），andthatnothingliveddeeperthansixhundredmeters.Yet,when

somethingnewturnsup,moreoftenthannot,wedonotevenknowitsname.

第10頁(yè)共30頁(yè)

65.HowdidtheauthorfeelonhisarrivalintheAmazon?

A.Outofplace.B.Fullofjoy.C.Sleepy.D.Regretful.

66.WhatmadethatAmazonianeveningwonderful?

A.Helearnedmoreaboutthelocallanguage.

B.Theyhadaniceconversationwitheachother.

C.Theyunderstoodeachotherwhileplaying.

D.Hewonthesoccergamewiththegoalkeeper.

67.WhywastheauthorsurprisedatJuan'squestionaboutthemoon?

A.Thequestionwastoostraightforward.

B.Juanknewsolittleabouttheworld.

C.Theauthordidn'tknowhowtoanswer.

D.Theauthordidn'tthinkJuanwassincere.

68.Whatwastheauthor'sinitialpurposeofcollectingnewspaperarticles?

A.Tosortoutwhatwehaveknown.

B.TodeepenhisresearchintoAmazonians.

C.Toimprovehisreputationasabiologist.

D.Tolearnmoreaboutlocalcultures.

69.Howdidthosebrilliantscientistsmakegreatdiscoveries?

A.Theyshiftedtheirviewpointsfrequently.

B.Theyfollowedotherscientistsclosely.

C.Theyoftencriticizedtheirfellowscientists.

D.Theyconductedin-depthandclosestudies.

70.Whatcouldbethemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?

A.ThePossibleandtheImpossible.

B.TheKnownandtheUnknown.

C.TheCivilizedandtheUncivilized.

D.TheIgnorantandtheIntelligent.

4、

Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenof

greatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownanoutstanding

manwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.Thetwobelongtogether.

Together,thesedeephumanurges（馬區(qū)策力）countformuchmorethatambition.Galileowasnotmerely

ambitiouswhenhedroppedobjectsofvaryingweightsfromtheLeaningToweratPisaandtimedtheirfalltothe

ground.LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,"Why?Why?Why?”

Fortunately,curiosityanddiscontentdon'thavetobelearned.Wearebomwiththemandneedonlyrecapture

them.

第11頁(yè)共30頁(yè)

“Thegreatman,“saidMencius（孟子），“ishewhodoesnotlosehischild'sheart.^^Yetmostofusdoloseit.

Westopaskingquestions.Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.Andthecrowddesiresrestful

average.Itencouragesustooccupyourownlittlecorner,toavoidfoolishleapsintothedark,tobesatisfied.

Mostofusmeetnewpeople,andnewideas,withhesitation.Butoncehavingmetandlikedthem,wethink

howterribleitwouldhavebeen,hadwemissedthechance.Wewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestowakenour

curiosityanddiscontentandkeepthemawake.

Howshouldyoustart?Modestly,soasnottobecomediscouraged.Ithinkofonefriendwhocouldn'tarrange

flowerstosatisfyherself.Shewascuriousabouthowtheexpertsdidit.Howsheisoneoftheexperts,writing

booksonflowerarrangement.

Onewaytobeginistoansweryourownexcuses.Youhaven51anyspecialability?Mostpeopledon't;thereare

onlyafewgeniuses.Youhaven'tanytime?Thafsgood,becauseifsalwaysthepeoplewithnotimewhogetthings

done.HarrietStowe,motherofsix,wrotepartsofUncleTomsCabinwhilecooking.You'retooold?Remember

thatThomasCostainwas57whenhepublishedhisfirstnovel,andthatGrandmaMosesshowedherfirstpictures

whenshewas78.

Howeveryoustart,rememberthereisnobettertimetostartthanrightnow,foryou'llneverbemorealivethan

youareatthismoment.

13.InwritingParagraph1,theauthoraimsto.

A.proposeadefinitionB.makeacomparison

C.reachaconclusionD.presentanargument

14.WhatdoestheexampleofGalileotellus?

A.Trialanderrorleadstothefindingoftruth.

B.Scientiststendtobecuriousandambitious.

C.Creativityresultsfromchallengingauthority.

D.Greatnesscomesfromalastingdesiretoexplore.

15.Whatcanyoudotorecapturecuriosityanddiscontent?

A.Observetheunknownaroundyou.B.Developaquestioningmind.

C.Leadalifeofadventure.D.Followthefashion.

16.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraphs6and7?

A.Gainingsuccesshelpsyoubecomeanexpert.

B.Thegeniustendstogetthingsdonecreatively.

C.Lackoftalentandtimeisnoreasonfortakingnoaction.

D.Youshouldremainmodestwhenapproachingperfection.

5、

AttheWorldEconomicForumlastmonth,PresidentTrumpdrewclapswhenheannouncedtheUnitedStates

wouldrespondtotheforum'sproposaltoplantonetrillion（萬(wàn)億）treesjofightclimatechange.Thetrilliontree

ideawonwideattentionlastsummerafterastudypublishedinthejournalScienceconcludedthatplantingso

manytreeswas"themosteffectiveclimatechangesolutiontodate".

Ifonlyitweretrue.Butitisn't.Plantingtreeswouldslowdowntheplanet'swarming,buttheonlythingthat

第12頁(yè)共30頁(yè)

willsaveusandfuturegenerationsfrompayingahugepriceindollars,livesanddamagetonatureisrapidand

considerablereductionsincarbonreleasefromfossilfuels,tonetzeroby2050.

Focusingontreesasthebigsolutiontoclimatechangeisadangerousdiversion（偏離）.Worsestilbittakes

attentionawayfromthoseresponsibleforthecarbonreleasethatarepushingustowarddisaster.Forexample,

intheNetherlands,youcanpayShellGroupofCompaniesanadditional1eurocentforeachliterofregular

gasolineyouputinyourtanktoplanttreestobalancethecarbonreleasefromyourdriving.That'sclearlynomore

thandisasterslightlydelayed.Theonlywaytostopthisplanetfromoverheatingisthroughpolitical,economic,

technologicalandsocialsolutionsthatendtheuseoffossilfuels.

Thereisnowaythatplantingtrees,evenacrossthesizeoftheUnitedStates,canabsorbthehuge

amountsoffossilcarbonreleasedfromindustrialsocieties.Treesdotakeupcarbonfromtheatmosphereasthey

grow.Butthisuptakemerelyreplacescarbonlostwhenforestswereclearedinthefirstplace,usuallylongago.

Regrowingforestswheretheyoncegrewcanundosomedamagedoneinthepast,butevenatrilliontreescan't

storeenoughcarbontoheadoffdramaticclimatechangesthiscentury.

Inasharpcounterargumenttolastsummer'sPaperinScience,JustinGilliswroteinthesamejournalin

Octoberthatthestudy'sfindingswereinconsistentwiththedynamicsoftheglobalcarboncycle.Hewarnedthat

"theclaimthatglobaltreerestorationisourmosteffectiveclimatesolutionissimplyscientificallyincorrectand

dangerouslymisleading".

5.Whatdoweknowaboutthetrillion-treeidea?

A.Itwaspublishedinajournal.

B.Itwasproposed