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HeatTransfer,GeneralIntroduction,
V4.4HeattransferphenomenaConductionHeattransferbytranslationofsolidsConvectioninfluidsRadiationBioheatingMultiphysicscouplingsJouleHeatingConjugateHeatTransferPhaseChangeInductiveHeatingThermalExpansionCOMSOLVersion4.4ProductSuiteHeatTransfer
MODELINGcapabilities
HeattransferinsolidsIsotropicoranisotropic,linearornonlinearmaterialsHeattransferinthinshellsThinthermallyresistivelayersSinglelayerMultiplelayersstructureHeattransferbytranslationofsolidsHeatsource,userdefinedorfromotherphysicsTemperatureofadiscbrakeofacarinbrake-and-releasesequenceHeattransferinfluidsLaminarandturbulentflowsk-emodelk-wmodel*SSTmodel*LowReynolds,k-emodelSpalart-Allmarasmodel*ViscousheatingPressureworkFluid/solidinterfacewithtemperaturecontinuitywithboundarylayerapproximationDedicatedboundaryconditionsInflowheatflux,OutflowOpenboundaryScreen,fan*RequirestheCFDmoduleHeatTransferinterfacelistinCOMSOLMultiphysicsHeattransferinfluidsConjugateheattransferNaturalconvection(freeconvection)ForcedconvectionLaminarandturbulentflowregimesTemperatureboundarylayerfor
turbulencemodelsPredefinedlibraryofheattransfercoefficientsbasedonNusseltcorrelationsFanandscreenboundaryconditionTemperatureprofileinapowersupplyunit.Anextractingfanandaperforatedgrillecauseanairflowintheenclosuretocoolinternaldevices.PipeflowHeattransferinpipesConductionandadvection(convection)Non-isothermalflowinpipesAutomatictransitionbetweenlaminarandturbulentflowBidirectionalcouplingsbetween
pipesand2Dor3DdomainsPipepropertiesCross-sectionsSurfaceroughnessCoolingofasteeringwheelplasticmoldincludingpipeflowandheattransferincoolingchannels.HeattransferwithphasechangeTheHeatTransferwithPhaseChangeusingapparentheatcapacityformulationMaterialpropertiesforeachphasePhasechangetemperatureLatentheatMaterialpropertiessmoothingduringphasechangePhasechangemodelingforcontinuouscastingofametalrodfrommeltedtosolidstate.HeattransferinporousmediaCouplingbetweenfluidandsolidmatrixpartsGeothermalheatingImmobilefluidsThermaldispersionduetotortuous
pathsinpoursmediaVolumeaveragingofmaterialpropertiesVelocityfield(left)andtemperature(right)profileduetobuoyancyinporousmediaHeattransferinbiologicaltissuesHeattransferinlivingtissueTissueandbloodpropertiesBloodperfusionrateArterialbloodtemperatureMetabolicheatrateBioheatsourceDamageinlivingtissuesTemperaturethresholdmodelEnergyabsorptionmodelExternalheatsources(RF,DCcurrent)Tissuenecrosisareaduringtumorablationprocessat100s(top)and300s(bottom).Surface-to-surfaceradiationCalculationofgreybody
radiationviewfactorswithshadowingeffectsWavelengthdependentpropertiesDiffusereflectionTemperature-dependentemissivityExternalradiationsourcesUserdefinedFromthesun(automaticpositioncomputation)TemperaturedistributioninalightbulbgeneratedbytheradiatingfilamentRadiationinparticipatingmediaEmission/absorptionin
participatingmediaRayscatteringIsotropic,Linearanisotropic,NonlinearAnisotropicScatteringRadiationdiscretizationmethodsRosselandapproximationP1approximationDiscreteOrdinateMethodRadiativeheattransferinautilityboilerwithinternalobstaclesThermoelectriceffectMultiphysicscouplingbetween HeattransferinterfacesandElectriccurrentsinterfacesCombinesJoule,Peltier,Seebeck,Thomsoneffects.TemperaturedropdemonstratingPeltiereffectinathermoelectricleg.ThermalcontactPredefinedmodelsforpressuredependantthermalconductance(constrictionconductance)conductancethroughthefluid(gapconductance)surface-to-surfaceradiationcontribution(radiativeconductance)CouplingwithstructuralmechanicscontactandelectricalcontactFrictionheatsourcewithpartitioncoefficientdefinitionTemperatureintwocontactingpartsofaswitchinductedbyJouleheating.Electricalcurrentandtheheatflowfromoneparttotheotherthroughthecontactsurface.Thermalandelectricalapparentresistancesarecoupledtothemechanicalcontactpressure.AdditionalfeaturesoverviewGeometry,assemblyHeatcontinuityacrosspairsThermallyResistiveLayersbetweenpairsidesPeriodicityInfiniteelementsPredefinedpropertiesforliquidsandgasesincludingtemperatureandpressuredependencyArbitraryuserdefinedpropertiesTwoaluminumplates,modeledasinfinitelylong,arejoinedbygeneratingfrictionheatwitharotatingtool.Completefeatureslistavailableonsol.fr/products/specifications/heat-transfer/
HeatTransferExamples
AvailableintheModelLibraryortheModelGallery
moreon/showroom/product/ht/Thisfigureshowsthetemperatureprofileandthestreamlinesinashellandtubeheatexchanger.Twoseparatedfluidsatdifferenttemperaturesflowthroughtheheatexchanger,onethroughthetubes(tubeside,redstreamlines)andtheotherthroughtheshellaroundthetubes(shellside,bluestreamlines).HeatexchangerVentilationThemodelinvestigatestheperformanceofadisplacementventilationsystem.TheflowismodeledusingtheNon-IsothermalTurbulentFlow,k-omegaModelinterface.Thisfigureshowstheisotherms
inaroom.ElectroniccoolingThemodelexaminestheaircoolingofapowersupplyunit(PSU)withmultipleelectronicscomponentsactingasheatsources.Finsareusedtoimprovecoolingefficiency.Toachievehighaccuracy,thesimulationaccountsforheattransportincombinationwithfluidflow.Thisfigureshowsanhorizontalboardwithforcedconvection(fancooling).FurnacereactorThismodelshowsafurnacereactordesignthatheatsasusceptorofgraphite,usingan8kWRFsignalat20kHz.Thetemperaturedistributionoverthewaferisextracted,aswellasthetemperatureontheouterQuartztube.Atthesehightemperature(~2000oC)theheatfluxisdominatedbyradiation.
Thedesignofthechamberiscrucialtoreachauniformtemperature,efficientheating,andcontrolofhightemperatureregions.HeatlossesinwiresTemperatureraiseinacablewithPoE/PoE+technology.Inthismodel,theheatsourceisduetotheJouleheatingeffect.
This,developedbyNexans,takesintoconsiderationseveralconfigurationsofcablebundlesinordertooptimizetemperaturedistribution.FiniteElementAnalysisofCablesHeatingDuetoPoE/PoE+S.Francois1,andP.Namy2
1NexansResearchCenter,Lyoncedex,France
2SIMTEC,Grenoble,FrancePresentedatCOMSOLConference2010ParisFrictionstirweldingInthismodel,twoaluminumplatesarejoinedbygeneratingfrictionheatwitharotatingtool.Heatistransferredbyconductionfromthetoolintotheplates.Themovementofthetoolistakenintoaccountbyaddingtranslationasanadvectiveterm.Theplatesurfacesarecooledthroughfreeconvectionandsurface-to-ambientradiation.ThermalstressThismodelsaccountsforheattransportandstructuralstressesandstrainsresultingfromhightemperaturegradientsinastatorblade.
ItcouplestheHeatTransferinSolidsandSolidMechanicsinterfaces.ThisplotshowsthevonMisesstressandthedeformedshapeoftheblade.TinmeltingfrontPhasetransitioninacavitycontainingbothsolidandliquidtinissubmittedtoatemperaturedifferencebetweenleftandrightboundaries.Fluidandsolidpartsaresolvedinseparatedomainssharingamovingmeltingfront.ThepositionofthisboundarythroughtimeiscalculatedaccordingtotheStefanenergybalancecondition.Inthemelt,motiongeneratedbynaturalconvectionisexpectedduetothetemperaturegradient.Thismotion,inturn,influencesthefrontdisplacement.LightbulbThismodeltreatsthefreeconvectionofargongaswithinalightbulb.Itshowsthecouplingofheattransport(conduction,radiation,andadvection)tomomentumtransport(non-isothermalflow)inducedbydensityvariationscausedbytemperature(freeconvection).SolarandambiantradiationThismodelusestheexternalradiativeheatsourcefeaturewithsolarpositionoption.Thesun'spositionandshadoweffectsareautomaticallyupdatedduringthesimulation.ThewavelengthdependencyofsurfaceemissivityisconsideredPowertransistorThismodelsimulatesasystemconsistingofasmallpartofacircuitboardcontainingapowertransistorandthecopperpathwaysconnectedtothetransistor.Thesimulationestimatestheoperatingtemperatureofthetransistor.Weinvestigateifheatsinkmountingisnecessaryoriftheoperatingtemperaturecanbelowenoughintheabsenceofaheatsink.FluidflowwithJouleheatingThismodelesti
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