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文檔簡介
定語從句全解
IDefinition.
在名詞性從句中修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句,被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,從句放在所
修飾詞(即先行詞)之后由關(guān)系副詞或關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)。
e.g.:ThestorythatyoureadisTheRescue.你讀的故事叫《營救》。
Sheisthegirlwhogotthefirstprize.她就是那個(gè)得了第一名的女孩。
IIRelatives.
1.RelativePronouns:that,which,who,whom,whose
Antecedent^^^^^^^ReferringtoFunction
whopeoplesubject/object
whompeopleobject
thatpeople/thingssubject/object
whichthingssubject/object
whosepeople/thingsattribute
(1)當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)使用who和whom,若在句中作主語用who;如果作賓語用whom,但在口語中,常用
who代替whom,也可省略。
e.g.Theforeignerwho/thatvisitedourschoolyesterdayisfromCanada.(作主語)
Theboywho/thatbrokethewindowiscalledJack.(作主語)
Thegirlwho/whom/thatMwemetyesterdayisLiFei'ssister.(作賓語)
Heisthemanwhom/that/who/xIvisitedlastweek.(作賓語)
(2)that先行詞即可指人又可指物,在從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時(shí)可以省略。
e.g.Hehasjustmovedintothehousethat/whichwasbuiltlastyear.(作主語)
Thenoodles(that)Icookedweredelicious.(作賓語)
Lefsaskthemanthat/whoisreadingthebookoverthere.(作主語)
Thegirl(that/whom/x)wesawyesterdayisJim'ssister.(作賓語)
(3)當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)用which,在從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時(shí)可以省略。
e.g.Theyplantedthetreeswhichdon'tneedmuchwater.(作主語)
Thebooks(which/that)weboughtwerenotinteresting.(作賓語)
(4)whose引導(dǎo)定語從句,先行詞可是人也可是物,在從句中作定語。
e.g.MissSmithistheteacherwhosehousecaughtfirelastweek.(作定語)
HarryistheboywhosemotherisourChineseteacher.(作定語)
?、歷se+名詞,〃心沛這一結(jié)構(gòu)在定語從句中既能作主語,又能作賓語。whose的先行詞常用來指人,
但有時(shí)也可以用來指具體事物或抽象概念,這時(shí)可以與4卬位兇結(jié)構(gòu)互換,詞序是:“名詞+4卬/加〃”,
如:
Theycametoahouse卬backwallhadbrokendown..(=thebackwallofwhich)
He'swrittenabookthenameofwhichI'vecompletelyforgotten.(=whosename)
★當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞缺少先行詞時(shí),需用theone來補(bǔ)充
e.g.Isthemuseumtheone(that)youvisited?
(5)介詞和關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
i關(guān)系代詞whom,which在從句中作介詞賓語時(shí),可以和介詞一起放在先行詞和從句之間。為了使關(guān)
系代詞緊跟它所修飾的詞,也可以把介詞放在從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞的后面。
e.g.Theathletetowhomyoutalkedisafamousrunner.(whom不能省略,不能用who代替)
—Theathletewhom/that/'xyoutalkedtoisafamousrunner.
Mr.Whiteistheprofessortowhomyoushouldwrite,(whom不能省略,不能用who代替)
ThisisthepenwithwhichIwrotetheletter,(which不能省略,不能用that代替)
—Thisisthepenthat/which/lwrotetheletterwith.
3含有介詞的短語動(dòng)詞一般不拆開,介詞仍放在動(dòng)詞的后面。
e.g.Isthisthewatchwhichheislookingfbr?(不能說成:Isthisthewatchforwhichheislooking?)
Theoldmanwhomthenursearelookingafterisverywellnow.
Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtalltree.
3關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作介詞賓語時(shí),介詞不能放在它的前面,只能放在從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞的后面;而
當(dāng)介詞位于定語從句的末尾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可用that/which(指物);that/whom/who(指人)作介詞的賓語,
而且作介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞可省略。
e.g.Thecitythat/which/xshelivesinisveryfaraway.=Thecityinwhichshelivesisveryfaraway.
Thisistheherothat/who/whoni/'xweareproudof.不能說:Thisistheheroofwhomweareproud.
4關(guān)系代詞whose也可以在從句中與它所修飾的名詞一起作介詞賓語。
e.g.Thebossinwhosecompanymyfatherworkedisaverykindperson.
2.RelativeAdverbs:where,when,why
PlaceFunctionReplacedby
Antecedent
whereplaceadverbialofplaceat/in+which
whentimeadverbialoftimeat/in/on+which
whyreasonadverbialofreasonfor+which
(1)where指地點(diǎn),在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。
e.g.Thisisthehousewhere/inwhichwelivedlastyear.
Thefactorywhere/inwhichhisfatherworksisinthewestofthecity.
(2)when指時(shí)間,在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。
e.g.Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichIfirstcametoBeijing.
We'llneverforgetthehappytimewhen/atwhichweworkedonthefarm.
⑶why指原因,在定語從句中作原因狀語。
e.g.Thereareseveralreasonswhy/forwhichwecan'tdothat.
Hecouldn'tgivemeagoodreasonwhy/forwhichhewaslatefbrschool.
IllTypes:RestrictiveAttributiveClause&Non-RestrictiveAttributiveClause
限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句
形式上不用逗號(hào)“,”,與主句不隔開用逗號(hào)“,”,與主句隔開
是先行詞不可缺少的定語,如刪只是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明,如刪
意義上除,主句則失去意義或意思表達(dá)不除,主句仍能表達(dá)完整的意思
完整
作賓語時(shí)可省略不可省略
關(guān)系詞使用
可用that不用that
上
可用who代替whom不可用who代替whom
1.限制性定語從句說明先行詞的情況,對(duì)先行詞起限定作用,與先行詞關(guān)系十分密切,不用逗號(hào)隔開,
也不可省略,否則全句意義就不完整。
e.g.Thisisthetelegramwhich/thatherefersto.
Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?
2.非限制性定語從句只是對(duì)先行詞作補(bǔ)充說明,沒有限定作用,它與先行詞的關(guān)系比較松散,不是關(guān)
鍵性的,如果省略,原句的意義仍然完整。這種從句在朗讀時(shí)要有停頓,在文字中通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔
開。
e.g.ThisnotewasleftbyTom,whowashereamomentago.
Asaboy,hewasalwaysmakingthings,mostofwhichwereelectric.
?引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞有:who,whom,whose,which,when和where,不可以用that和why。
另外,非限制性定語從句從意義上講,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句,在口語中使用并不普遍,在日常生活中,
人們通常用并列句或簡單句來表達(dá)。如:
ItoldthestorytoJohn,wholatertoldittohisbrother.=ItoldthestorytoJohn,andhelatertoldittohis
brother.
YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohn,whowaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.
=YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohnandhewaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.
3.兩種定語從句的內(nèi)涵不同,限制性定語從句具有涉他性,而非限制性定語從句具有唯一性,這在理
解和翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意。試比較:
{Hisbrother,whoiseighteenyearsold,isaPLAman.(只有一個(gè))
Hisbrotherwho/thatisaPLAmaniseighteenyearsold.(不止一個(gè))
{Mybrotherwho/thatlivesinNewYorkhassixchildren.(可能還有其他兄弟)
Mybrother,wholivesinNewYork,hassixchildren.(只有這一個(gè)兄弟)
{Allthebooksthere,whichhavebeautifulpicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.
Allthebookstherethathavebeautifulpicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.
4.在正式文體中,以theway為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常以inwhich或that引導(dǎo),如:
Thewayinwhichyouansweredthequestionswasadmirable.
?但在非正式文體中,人們通常省略inwhich或that:
e.g.Theway(inwhich)hespoketouswassuspicious.
Idon'tliketheway(that)youlaughather.
IV關(guān)系詞的選擇(當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞在句中做主語或賓語時(shí),要用關(guān)系代詞;當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞在句中做狀語時(shí),要用關(guān)
系副詞{「hisistheplacewhereheworks.
e.g.
Thisistheplacethat/whichwevisitedlast
Ioftenthinkofthedaysthat/whichIspentinBrown'slastsummer.
{Hekeptlaughingduringthetwohours(that)ittooktoflytoBeijing.
Pract__{Doyoustillrememberthedaysthat/whichwespentinQingdao?
DoyoustillrememberthedayswhenwespentthesummerholidaysinQingdao?
★在非正式場(chǎng)合,that可代替where,when,why;常見的情況是:此時(shí)的先行詞通常是theplace,thetime,
thereason,而且that常可省略。
Thisistheplace(that)heworks.(=where)
Thatwasthetime(that)hearrived.(=when)
Thisisthereason(that)hecame.(=why)
Practice:Isthisthefactorythat/which/'xhisfathervisitedlastyear?
Isthisfactorytheonethat/which/xhisfathervisitedlastyear?
Isthisthefactorywhichhisfatherworkedlastyear?
Isthisfactorythetowhichhisfatherpaidavisitlastyear?
Attention:
1.在Non-A.C.中,關(guān)系代詞作主語,只能用who指人,which指物;關(guān)系代詞做賓語,常用whom(口
語中有時(shí)用who)指人,which指物,它們都不能用that代替。
2.關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語,不論是在限制性定語從句中,還是在非限制性定語從句中,當(dāng)介詞前置時(shí),只
能用whom指人,which指物;但如果介詞后置,則不受這種限制,關(guān)系代詞還可以省去,特別是在口
語中。如:
Doyouknowtheboytowhomshewastalking?
Doyouknowtheboy(that)shewastalkingto?
Thepencil(which/that)hewaswritingwithsuddenlybroke.
在R-AC中,只能用that,不用which指物的情況
(1)當(dāng)先行詞為不定代詞all,much,little,only,just,every,last,oneof,no,little,few,any,something,
everything,anything,nothing,none,theone.....及thevery,thelast,thenext,theonly或被不定代詞修飾時(shí)
e.g.Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.
Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.InthisfactoryIsawlittle/muchthatwasdifferentfromours.
TheonlythingthatIwanttodoistohavearest.ThisistheverybookthatI'mlookingfor.
Weheardclearlyeverywordthathesaid.Sheistheonlypersonthatunderstandsme.
(2)當(dāng)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、形容詞的最高級(jí)或被它們修飾時(shí)
e.g.Hewasthefirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatIhave
everseen.
Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetthetickets.Isthatthebestthatyoucando?
That'sthemostexpensivehotelthatwe'veeverstayedin.ThisnovelisthesecondbestonethatIhaveever
read.
WhenpeopletalkaboutHangZhou,thefirstthatcomestomindistheWestLake.
(3)當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)
e.g.Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?
Thefilmstarandheafilmthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywell-known.
Shedescribedinhercompositionsthepeopleandplacesthatimpressedhermost.
TheguestsspokehighlyofthechildrenandtheirperformancesthattheysawattheChildren'sPalace.
(4)由which或who等特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的句子
e.g.Whichisthebikethatyoulost?Whichisthecarthatkilledtheboy?
Whoistheboythatwonthegoldmedal?Whoisthemanthatisreadingthenewspaperover
there?
(5)當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語,而關(guān)系代詞也在從句中作表語時(shí)
e.g.Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.Heisnotthepersonthatheusedtobe.
c.f.:Shanghaiisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.
(6)如果兩個(gè)從句,其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞用which,另一個(gè)用that以避免重復(fù)。
e.g.Hebuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.
4.用which而不用that的場(chǎng)合
(1)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)e.g.Thisisthehouseofwhichthewindowsfacesouth.
(2)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句which可代表先行詞或者前句,“這一點(diǎn),這件事”
e.g.Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.(他建立了一個(gè)生產(chǎn)以前從未見過
的東西的工廠)
Tomcameback,whichmadeushappy.
(3)先行詞為that,those時(shí)e.g.What'sthatwhichwasputinthecar?
(4)一個(gè)句子有兩個(gè)定語從句,為避免重復(fù),一個(gè)用that,另一個(gè)用which
e.g.LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.
讓我給你看這本從圖書館借的剛剛向我們開放的書。
5.在限制性定語從句中,當(dāng)先行詞指囚時(shí),關(guān)系詞可用who(m)或that,二者??苫Q。
但在下列情況中,用who(m),而不用that
(1)當(dāng)先行詞是指人的不定4弋詞口寸,如one,ones,any,few,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,
everybody等詞時(shí)。e.g.Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?
Hewasamongthefewwhomanagedtolivethroughtheenemyprisoncamp.
(?在非正式文體中可以說:You'retheonethatknowswheretogo.)
(2)當(dāng)先行詞是I,you,he,they,those,people,person等詞時(shí)。如:
e.g.Hewhowantstocatchfishjustnotmindsgettingwet.Thosewhoareagainsttheproposalputup
yourhands.
(?在固定結(jié)構(gòu)的諺語或習(xí)語中,可用hethat…。如:Hethatpromisestoomuchmeansnothing.)
(3)當(dāng)先行詞是人,后面有較長的定語修飾時(shí)。如:
Doyouknowthewriterinbluewiththickglasseswhoisspeakingatthemeeting?
你知道那位穿藍(lán)色衣服,戴厚眼鏡在會(huì)上發(fā)言的作家嗎?
(4)在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中,先行詞指人時(shí),只用whoe.g.Thereisayoungmanwhowantstoseeyou.
(5)兩個(gè)定語從句同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)指人的先行詞,一個(gè)用that,另一個(gè)常用who(m)來引導(dǎo),如:
e.g.ThemanthatspokeatthemeetingisournewheadmasterwhohasjustcomefromShanghai.
Sheistheonlygirl(that)Iknowwhocanplaytheguitar.
6.注意way和time后接定語從句的情況
(1)當(dāng)先行詞是way"方式、方法”時(shí),引導(dǎo)的定語從句的關(guān)系詞有下列三種形式:
e.g.Idon'tunderstandthewayinwhich/that/xtheyworkedouttheproblem.
c.f:Thewaythat/which/y-heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.(作賓語)他向我們解釋的那種方法很
簡單。
Thewaythat/inwhich/'xheexplainedthesentencetouswasnotdifficulttounderstand.(作賓語)
他向我們解釋句子的那種方法并不難理解。
Ex:表示……的……時(shí)可以有三種方式:例如:封面是白色的書(在定語從句中whose可以指人的…和
物的…)
...thebookwhosecoveriswhite.../...thebookthecoverofwhichiswhite.../...thebookofwhichthecover
iswhite
⑵先行詞是time時(shí),若time表示“次數(shù)”時(shí),應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句,that可省略;若表示“一
段時(shí)間”時(shí),應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when或介詞at/during+which引導(dǎo)定語從句。
e.g.Thisisthesecondtime(that)thePresidenthasvisitedthecountry.
Icouldhardlyrememberhowmanytimes(that)Ihavefailedinexams.我不記得我考試有多少次失敗了。
Thiswasatatimewhen/duringwhichtherewerenoradios,notelephonesornoTVsets.
7.定語從句的主謂一致
(1)關(guān)系代詞作從句的主語時(shí),從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要與先行詞保持一致,先行詞是個(gè)句子時(shí),
從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。
e.g.Therecorderthathasbeengiventomeishome-made.
I,whoamyourclassmate,willsharetheworkwithyou.
⑵“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”位于關(guān)系代詞前作先行詞時(shí),從句的動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù);但當(dāng)one前有the(only),the
(very)等修飾時(shí),從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。
e.g.Heisoneofthestudentswhohavemadegreatprogress.
Mr.Wangisthe(only)oneofmyfriendswhohasbeeninvitedtohavedinnerwithus.
王先生是我的唯一一位被邀請(qǐng)與我們共進(jìn)晚餐的朋友。
TheGreatWallisoneoftheworld-famousbuildingthatdrawlotsofvisitors.長城是吸引大批游客的偉
大建筑物之一。
TheGreatWallisthe(only)oneofthebuildingsontheearththatisseenfromthemoon.
長城是地球上唯一一個(gè)從月球上可以看到的建筑物。
nottheonlyoneof.....=onlyoneof
e.g.Tomisn'ttheonlyoneoftheboyswhohavepassedtheexam.通過考試的男孩,Tom并非唯一。
=Tomisonlyoneoftheboyswhohavepassedtheexam.Tom只是通過了考試的男孩子們中的一個(gè)(不是
唯一)。
(3)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,修飾主句內(nèi)容時(shí),若as與which作主語,則從句的
謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
e.g.GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina,asisknowntoall.
Hehaspassedthecollegeentranceexamination,whichmakeshisparentsquitehappy.
Vas引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞as既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,又可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,as在從句中做主語、賓語、
表語。
as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句。
(l)such+名詞+as.......”像…一樣的”“像...之類”
thesame+名詞+as.......”和....同樣的“
其中關(guān)系代詞as在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語
e.g.Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.(as作主語)我們已經(jīng)找到了像他們公產(chǎn)里用的
那種材料。
Suchpeopleasyoudescribearethoughttobefoolsnowadays.(as作賓語)當(dāng)今像你描述的這種人被看作
傻瓜。
Heisnotthesamemanashewas.(as作表語)
※派當(dāng)先行詞被thesame所修飾時(shí),關(guān)系詞既可以用as,也可以用that。That表示同一事物;as表示
同一種類。
e.g.ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.這就是我昨天用過的那臺(tái)儀器。
ThisisthesameinstrumentasIusedyesterday.這臺(tái)儀器跟我昨天用過的那臺(tái)一樣。
X在抽象概念上,同種類和同一事物是沒有絕對(duì)區(qū)別的,所以兩個(gè)詞可換用:
Ihavethesameopinionas/thatyouhave.
這里要注意的是:
①使用as時(shí),它引導(dǎo)的定語從句中的動(dòng)詞可以省略,但使用that時(shí),定語從句中的動(dòng)詞不可省略。如:
Womenreceivedthesamepayasmen.
Womenreceivedthesamepaythatmenreceived.
2在“thesame…that”結(jié)構(gòu)中,that只是用來加強(qiáng)語氣,強(qiáng)調(diào)“相同that可以省去而不改變句子原意,甚
至連名詞前的same也可以省去。如:
ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.=ThisisthesameinstrumentIusedyesterday.
=ThisistheinstrumentIusedyesterday.
但在“thesame…as”結(jié)構(gòu)中,same和as都不能省略。
3當(dāng)“thesame…that”結(jié)構(gòu)中的that作為關(guān)系副詞用時(shí),不可以直接與as互換。
e.g.HelivesinthesamebuildingthatIlive.=Helivesinthesamebuildingas/thatIlivein.
Shallwemeetatthesameplacethatwelastmet?=Shallwemeetatthesameplacethat/aswelastmetat?
(2).......suchas.......(當(dāng)先行詞前有such,so,as時(shí),關(guān)系詞應(yīng)當(dāng)用as)
such為代詞“這樣的人或物”,as在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分,修飾先行詞such
e.g.ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpect.(as作賓語)這不是一本我所希望的書。
Awisemanseldomtalksaboutsuchthingsashedoesn'tunderstand.一個(gè)聰明男人很少會(huì)談這些他不懂的事
物。
HespokeinsucheasyEnglishaseverybodycouldunderstand,他用這樣人都能聽懂的簡單英語說話。
Atthistimeoftheday,allbusesandtrolleyshavetocarryasmanypassengersastheycan.
Itissoeasyabookaseveryschoolboycanread.
Lefsdiscusssuchthingsaswecantalkoffreely.讓我們討論這些能夠自由談?wù)摰氖虑椤?/p>
另需注意:
ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishasbeginnerscanunderstand.(定語從句)這本書用初學(xué)者都懂懂
的簡單英語寫成。
ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishthatbeginnerscanunderstand.(結(jié)果狀語從句)
這本書用如此簡單的英語寫成以至于初學(xué)者都懂。
關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
小相同的是兩者都可代指主句的整個(gè)內(nèi)容,而不是主句中的某一個(gè)詞。
3as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,既可以在主句前,又可在主句后,有時(shí)還可插入主句中,而which引導(dǎo)的非限
制性定語從句只能位于主句后。
e.g.Heturnedouttobeverysuccessful,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.
Asisknowntoall,Edisoninventedthetelephone.
=Edisoninventedthetelephone,asisknowntoalL=Edison,asisknowntoall,inventedthetelephone.
3當(dāng)先行次受such,thesame修飾時(shí),關(guān)系詞常用ase.g.Tveneverheardsuchs
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