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關于語言學基本入門介紹2DifferencewiththeFreshmencourseTaughtinEnglishTextbookwritteninEnglishContent(內(nèi)容)moredemanding(很費心的,很費力的)EnglishisFun!第2頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月3PossibledifficultiesTerminology(術語)TheoreticalthinkingSystemofknowledgeProblem-solving第3頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月4Textbook《語言學教程》胡壯麟主編北京大學出版社E-book:–資源中心—課堂教學第4頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月5TeachingLecturesDiscussionAssignments(分配):shortessays,analysisoflinguisticdata(資料).第5頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月6Learning

ParticipationReadingandunderstandingtextbooksDoingexercisesandassignments(工作,任務)Developingtheabilityoflogical(邏輯的)thinking第6頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月7Assessment(評價,評估)Coursework:30%.Consistsofattendanceandassignmentsaftereachchapter.End-of-termexam:70%.第7頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月ChapterOne

Invitations(邀請)toLinguistics第8頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月91.WhyStudyLanguage?第9頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月10myths(神話)orfundamentalviews?Languageisatooltootherfieldsofknowledgeratherthanasubjectinandofitself.Languageisonlyameansofcommunication.Languagehasaform-meaningcorrespondence(通信).Thefunctionoflanguageistoexchangeinformation.EnglishismoredifficulttolearnthanChinese.BlackEnglishisnotstandardandshouldbereformed.第10頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月11Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly,efficientlyandwithoutinstruction.Languageoperatesbyrules.Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents:asoundsystem(語音系統(tǒng)),asystemoflexicogrammar(詞匯語法系統(tǒng))andasystemofsemantics(語義系統(tǒng)).Everyonespeaksadialect.Languageslowlychanges.第11頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月12Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstyles(語體)andasetofjargons(行話).Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem.Writingisderivative(衍生)ofspeech.第12頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月13Linguisticscanbeusedasawayoffindingoutmoreabout…Howlanguageoperates(chapter2-5)

speechsoundsmorphemetophrasewordtotextmeaningHowthebrainworks(chapter6:LanguageandCognition)Howchildrenlearnlanguage(chapter6)Howpeoplelearnandteachdifferentlanguages(chapter6&chapter11)Whattherelationshipbetweenmeaningandperception(感知)is(chapter5&chapter6)第13頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月14Whattheroleoflanguageisindifferentcultures(chapter7:language,cultureandsociety;Chapter9:LanguageandLiterature)Whypeopleusedifferentvarietiesoflanguage(chapter7&chapter8:Languageinuse)Whytherearelinguisticdifferencesbetweendifferentgroups(chapter6-9)Howscientistsmakethecomputerworkinamorehuman-likeorder(Chapter10:Languageandcomputer).第14頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月152.WhatisLanguage?Webster’sNewWorldDictionaryoffersseveralmostfrequentlyusedsensesoftheword“Language”[1](a)humanspeech;(b)theabilitytocommunicatebythismeans;(c)asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed(語音和語義的結(jié)合系統(tǒng)),usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelings;(d)thewrittenrepresentation(書寫形式)ofsuchasystem;

第15頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月16[2](a)anymeansofexpressingorcommunicating,asgestures,signs,oranimalsounds;(b)aspecialsetofsymbols,letters,numerals,rulesetc.usedforthetransmission(傳遞)ofinformation,asinacomputer;…Suffice(足夠)ittosayherethatthoughweusethewordinitsvarioussenses,wefocushereonitsprimarysense:namely,[1](a)(b)(c)(d).第16頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月172.WhatisLanguage?Language“isnottobeconfusedwithhumanspeech,ofwhichitisonlyadefinitepart,thoughcertainlyanessentialone.Itisbothasocialproductofthefacultyofspeechandacollectionofnecessaryconventionsthathavebeenadoptedbyasocialbodytopermitindividualstoexercisethatfaculty”.--FerdinanddeSaussure(1857-1913):CourseinGeneralLinguistics(1916)第17頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月18“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”--EdwardSapir(1884-1939):Language:AnIntroductiontotheStudyofSpeech(1921)第18頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月19“Alanguageisasystemofarbitrary(隨意的)vocalsymbolsbymeansofwhichasocialgroupco-operates.”--BernardBloch(1907-1965)

&GeorgeTrager(1906-1992):OutlineofLinguisticAnalysis(1942)“Alanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsbymeansofwhichthemembersofasocietyinteractintermsoftheirtotalculture.”--GeorgeTrager:TheFieldofLinguistics(1949)第19頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月20“FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeaset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.”--NoamChomsky(1928-):SyntacticStructures(1957)第20頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月21Languageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.”--RobertA.Hall(1911-1997):IntroductoryLinguistics(1964)“Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.”--RonaldWardhaugh:IntroductiontoLinguistics(1977)第21頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月22“Thequestion‘Whatislanguage?’iscomparablewith--and,somewouldsay,hardlylessprofoundthan--

‘Whatislife?’,thepresuppositionsofwhichcircumscribeandunifythebiologicalsciences...itisnotsomuchthequestionitselfastheparticularinterpretationthatthebiologistputsuponitandtheunravellingofitsmoredetailedimplicationswithinsomecurrentlyacceptedtheoreticalframeworkthatnourishthebiologist'sday-to-dayspeculationsandresearch.Soitisforthelinguistinrelationtothequestion‘Whatislanguage?’”--JohnLyons(1932-):LanguageandLinguistics(1981)

第22頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月23“...inasensealldefinitions[oflanguage]are,bythemselves,inadequate,since,iftheyaretobemorethantrivialanduninformative,theymustpresuppose...somegeneraltheoryoflanguageandoflinguisticanalysis.”--R.H.Robins(1921-2000):GeneralLinguistics(1989)第23頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月24“Languageisaformofhumancommunicationbymeansofasystemofsymbolsprincipallytransmittedbyvocalsounds.”--StuartC.Poole:AnIntroductiontoLinguistics(1999)第24頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月25Tosumup:“Languageisameansofverbal(口頭的)communication.”instrumental(工具性):communicatingbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulactsocialandconventional(約定俗成性)

:languageisasocialsemiotic(符號學的)

andcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroadunderstandingofhumaninteractionincludingsuchassociatedfactorsasnonverbalcues(暗示,指示),motivation,andsocio-culturalroles.

Sophisticated(復雜性):Languagelearningandusearedeterminedbytheinterventionofbiological,cognitive,psycho-social,andenvironmentalfactors.第25頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月263.DesignFeatures(本質(zhì)特征)ofLanguageWhatmakeshumanlanguagesocomplicatedandflexible(靈活的),sounrestrained(不受抑制的)bytheimmediatecontextandsocapableofcreatingnewmeanings?第26頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月27Humanlanguageis‘unique’Arbitrariness(任意性)Duality(二重性)Creativity(創(chuàng)造性)Displacement(移位性)

第27頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月283.1Arbitrariness

Saussure:theformsoflinguisticsigns(signifiant)bearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning(signifie)Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning

dog

犬(いぬ)

第28頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月29Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel(穿)紅衣的女孩今天早晨在教室里看書。Thegirlinredreadabookintheclassroomthismorning.

今朝赤い服を著る女の子は教室に本を読んでいました。

Sequence:Chinese:

(穿)(A)紅衣的(B)女孩(C)今天早晨(D)在教室里(E)看(F)書(G)

Japanese:DBACEGF

English:CABFGED

第29頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月30Syntax(句法)islessarbitrarythanwords.Thehigher,thelessarbitrary聚合關系組合關系音素形素詞素句素第30頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月31ArbitrarinessandConventionalityArbitrarinessmakeslanguagepotentiallycreative.Conventionalitymakeslanguagesystemofsignsaccepted,understoodbyacommunity.Forlearnersofaforeignlanguage,itistheconventionality(idioms.e.g.)thatisworthnoticingthanitsarbitrariness.

第31頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月32Argument:Islanguagearbitraryinnature?Structurallinguists(語言學家):Yes.Systemicfunctionalists(機能主義者)

andAmericanfunctionalists:Yesinthedistinctive(有特色的,與眾不同的)

unitsofsounds,noatthesyntactic(句法的)

level.Cognitivelinguists:Iconicity(象似性)

ratherthanarbitrary第32頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月33Whatdidwedolasttime?GottoknowthecourseandsomelinguistsLearnedsomemythsandfundamentalviewsaboutlanguageDiscussedwhywestudylanguageLearnedwhatlanguageis:Languageisameansofverbal(口頭的)communication.---Itisinstrumental,socialandconventional,sophisticated.Dealtwithdesignfeaturesoflanguage:Arbitrariness,duality,creativity,anddisplacement第33頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月343.2Duality(二重性)

Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization:Primaryunits(上層單位):‘words’(meaningful)Secondaryunits(下層單位):‘sounds’(meaningless(毫無意義的))Elements:unitsthatcanbedividedintofurtherelements

第34頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月35Hierarchy(分層)oflanguage:stratification(分層)

as‘theinfiniteuseoffinitemeans’.Sounds>syllables(音節(jié))

>morphemes(形態(tài)素,詞素)

>words>phrases>clauses>sentences/utterances>texts/discourses(論文)

utterance發(fā)聲,表達;說話方式;語調(diào);言論;意見;言辭第35頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月36AQuestionforyouManyanimalscommunicatewithspecialcalls,whichhavespecialmeanings.Butwesayanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethepropertyofduality.Canyouexplainthat?

A:Thepropertyofdualityonlyexistsinasystemwithbothelementsandunits.Theanimal’sspecialcallsmighthavecorrespondingmeanings,thatistheprimaryunitshavemeanings.Butsuchunitscannotbefurtherdividedintoelements.第36頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月37Anin-classtaskIllustrate(闡明)

thisstatementthattheadvantageofdualityliesintheproductivepowerourlanguageisendowedwith.endowwith賦予...A:Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements-forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeendlessnumberofsentences,whichinturncanformunlimitednumberoftexts.第37頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月383.3Creativity

Languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness(遞歸性).Wecanuseittocreatenewmeanings.Why?Becauseofdualitythehumanspeakerisabletocombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences,mostofwhichareneverbeforeproducedorheard.Therecursivenatureoflanguageprovidesapotentialtocreateaninfinitenumberofsentences.第38頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月39Anin-classtaskComeupwithsomeexamplestoillustratethecreativityoflanguage.

第39頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月40加字對聯(lián)趣聞王羲之是晉代著名的書法大家,時人皆搶著去收藏他的墨跡,給他帶來不少麻煩。每年除夕,他書寫的春聯(lián)一貼出來就會不翼而飛。于是,他想出一個辦法:于某年除夕前數(shù)天,揮筆寫下一副內(nèi)容不吉利的春聯(lián):“福無重享;禍不單行”。然后把它貼于門上,人們看了,都不敢去剝它。到了除夕深夜,爆竹喧天迎新歲時,王羲之在春聯(lián)上下各加3個字,成了一副內(nèi)容相反的吉祥語:“福無重享今朝享;禍不單行昨夜行”第40頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月41清朝乾隆某日與紀曉嵐外出郊游,看見花叢里的蝴蝶蹁躚飛舞,隨口說:“兩蝶逗”。紀曉嵐以為乾隆出句要他對,立即答:“一鷗游?!鼻〔畔肫饘β?lián)游戲,便有意為難紀曉嵐說:“你答非所問,我講的是‘兩蝶豆’呀!”紀曉嵐說:“皇上聽錯了,我對的是‘一甌油’?!眱扇嘶ハ嘟器锏匦ζ饋怼G∮终f:“花間兩蝶逗”。紀曉嵐立即對:“水上一鷗游”。無論諧音、變字、加字,都難不住紀曉嵐。乾隆說:“紀卿真乃天才!”紀曉嵐說:“小臣謝皇上過獎!”

第41頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月42某日,兩位對聯(lián)愛好者約定互相對聯(lián)句,并商議以加字對。甲說“遊遠道”,并指明須用同一部首相對,否則算輸。乙思量片刻即對道:“遇迷途?!奔渍f:“對得妙!”隨即加兩字在前變作“逍遙遊遠道”。乙并不示弱,道:“邂逅遇迷途。”甲說:“果然了得,好!又加兩字——逐跡逍遙遊遠道。”乙深思一陣便答道:“逢迒邂逅遇迷途?!奔讍枺骸啊啞骱谓猓俊币业溃骸胺惨矮F走過的路叫‘迒’,喻荒郊野嶺的去處?!奔渍f:“我從后面加字給你對——沐浴?!?/p>

乙道:“澄清?!奔渍f:“澄清濁浪污流?!?/p>

乙道:“沐浴汪洋瀚海”。他們來一個交換加字對,兩人雙贏,互相翹起拇指哈哈大笑,結(jié)束了這個頗有難度的文字游戲。第42頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月433.4Displacement

Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolize(表達)objects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Thus,wecanrefertoConfucius,ortheNorthPole,eventhoughthefirsthasbeendeadforover2550yearsandthesecondissituatedfarawayfromus.第43頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月44Animalcommunicationisnormallyunder“immediatestimuluscontrol”.Forinstance,awarningcryofabirdinstantlyannouncesdanger.Humanlanguageisstimulus-free.Whatwearetalkingaboutneednotbetriggeredbyanyexternalstimulusintheworldoranyinternalstate.

stimulus刺激物;激勵物;促進因素

triggered觸發(fā)的external外面的

internal內(nèi)部的第44頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月45Thehoneybee'sdanceexhibitsdisplacementalittlebit:hecanrefertoasourceoffood,whichisremoteintimeandspacewhenhereportsonit.Adogcannottellpeoplethatitsmasterwillbehomeinafewdays.Ourlanguageenablesustocommunicateaboutthingsthatdonotexistordonotyetexist.honeybee蜜蜂remote微小的,輕微的第45頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月46Displacementbenefitshumanbeingsbygivingusthepowertohandlegeneralizations(普通化)

andabstractions(抽象化).Oncewecantalkaboutphysicallydistantthing,weacquiretheabilitytounderstandconceptswhichdenote(為...的名稱)“non-things”,suchastruthandbeauty.第46頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月474.Originoflanguage

The‘Divine’(神的)

origin:“InthebeginningwastheWord,andtheWordwaswithGod,andtheWordwasGod.”“詞是世界之源,詞與主同在,詞就是主?!?/p>

(Gospel,John1:1)

福音書,約翰第47頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月48“AndtheLordsaid,Behold,thepeopleisone,andtheyhaveallonelanguage;andthistheybegintodo;andnownothingwillberestrainedfromthem,whichtheyhaveimaginedtodo.”(Genesis,11:6)---Thesepiecesofscriptureseemtosuggestsomemysteriousoriginofthelanguage.第48頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月49Today,thepeopleoftheworldusemorethan6,000differentlanguagesandinnumerable(無數(shù)的)

dialects.Howistheunitygone?

ThetowerofBabel通天塔第49頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月50Thewholeearthhadonelanguageandwasofonespeech.Astheymigrated(遷移)fromtheeast,ithappenedthattheyfoundaplaininthelandofShinar,andtheysettledthere.Theysaidonetoanother,'Come,let'smakebricks,andbakethemthoroughly.'

(Genesis11:1-3)第50頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月51第51頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月52

Yahwehcamedowntoseethecityandthetowerwhichthesonsofmankindwerebuilding.第52頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月53第53頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月54第54頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月55第55頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月56

FromthereYahwehscattered(分撒)themabroadacrossthefaceoftheearth.第56頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月57Andtheystoppedbuildingthecity.第57頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月58Thatiswhyit'swascalledBabel,becausethereYahwehconfusedthelanguageofalltheearth.Fromthere,Yahwehscatteredthemabroadacrossfaceoftheearth.第58頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月594.1The“bow-wow”theory啵喔理論Inprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat.Onomatopoeic(擬聲的)

wordsseemtobeaconvenientevidenceforthistheory.Buttheyareverydifferentinthedegreeofresemblancetheyexpresswiththenaturalsounds.Thistheorylackssupportiveevidence.

第59頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月604.2The“pooh-pooh”theory噗噗理論Inthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutter(說)

instinctive(本能的)

soundsofpain,angerandjoy.Asforevidence,wecanonlycitetheuniversaluseofsoundsasinterjections(感嘆詞).Whatmakesthetheoryproblematicisthatthereisonlyalimitednumberofinterjectionsinalmostalllanguages.Besides,interjectionssuchasOh,Ah,Oopsbearlittlerelationshipwiththesoundsystemofalanguageandthereforearenotgoodevidence.第60頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月614.3The“yo-he-ho”theory喲嗨喲理論Asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmic(有節(jié)奏的)

grunts(咕噥著說)

whichgraduallydevelopedintochants(吟頌,詠詩)

andthenintolanguage.Wedohaveprosodic(作詩法的)

useofrhythmsinlanguages,butrhythmicgruntsarefardifferentfromlanguageinitspresentsense.Thetheoryisagainatmostaspeculation.第61頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月62Theby-now(到如今)

fruitless(沒有成果的)

searchfortheoriginoflanguagesreflectspeople'sconcernwiththeoriginofhumanityandmaycomeupwithenlighteningfindingsinfuture.enlighten啟發(fā),開導Onethingwecansayforcertainisthatlanguageevolves(演變,進化)

withinspecifichistorical,socialandculturalcontexts.第62頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月635.Functionsoflanguage

Linguiststalkaboutthefunctionsoflanguageinanabstractsense,thatis,notintermsofusinglanguagetochat,tothink,tobuyandsell,toreadandwrite,togreet,praiseandcondemnpeople,etc.

condemn譴責,責備;處刑;宣布...不能使用Theysummarizethesepracticalfunctionsandattemptsomebroadclassificationsofthebasicfunctionsoflanguage.第63頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月64ForJakobson,languageisaboveallforcommunication.Whileformanypeople,thepurposeofcommunicationisreferential(指代的),forhim(andthePragueschoolstructuralists布拉格結(jié)構(gòu)主義派學者),referenceisnottheonly,noteventheprimarygoalofcommunication.

第64頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月65sixprimaryfactorsofanyspeechevent,namely(即,也就是):Speaker發(fā)話人,addressee受話人,context語境,message信息,code語碼,contact接觸.Inconjunctionwiththese,Jakobsonestablishedawell-knownframework(構(gòu)架,結(jié)構(gòu))

oflanguagefunctionsbasedonthesixkeyelementsofcommunication,namely:第65頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月66Referential所指功能

(toconveymessageandinformation),Poetic

詩歌功能(toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake),Emotive感情功能

(toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions),Conative意動功能

(topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandrequests),Phatic寒暄功能

(toestablishcommunionwithothers)Metalingual元語言功能

(toclearupintentionsandmeanings).第66頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月67第67頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月68Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage(元語言功能),thatis,languagehasideational概念,interpersonal

人際andtextual

語篇functions.Ideationalfunctionconstructsamodelofexperienceaswellaslogicalrelations.interpersonalfunctionenactssocialrelationships.Textualfunctioncreatesrelevance(關聯(lián))tocontext.第68頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月69Inhisearlierworks,Hallidayproposedsevencategoriesoflanguagefunctionsbyobservingchildlanguagedevelopment:Instrumental工具功能Regulatory控制功能Representational表達功能Interactional互動功能Personal自指性功能Heuristic教導功能Imaginative想象功能第69頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月70Stillotherclassificationsemploy(使用)differentcategoriesandusedifferentterms,butallsharealotincommonaboutthebasicfunctionsoflanguage.Belowisasummaryofthemajorfunctionsoflanguage.第70頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月715.1Informative

function信息功能Languageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenfeelneedtospeaktheirthoughtsaloud.Theuseoflanguagetorecordthefactsisaprerequisite(前提,先決條件)

ofsocialdevelopment.Theinformativefunctionisindeedacrucial(決定性的,緊要關頭的)

functionoflanguage.

Itisalsocalledideationalfunctionintheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.

第71頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月72Hallidaynotesthat“Languageservesfortheexpressionof‘content’:thatis,ofthespeaker'sexperienceoftherealworld,includingtheinnerworldofhisownconsciousness....Inservingthisfunction,languagealsogivesstructuretoexperience,andhelpstodetermineourwayoflookingatthings,sothatitrequiressomeintellectualefforttoseetheminanyotherwaythanthatwhichourlanguagesuggeststous”.第72頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月735.2Interpersonalfunction

人際功能Byfarthemostimportantsociological(社會學的)

useoflanguage,andbywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.Intheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar,theinterpersonalfunctionisconcernedwithinteractionbetweentheaddresserandaddresseeinthediscoursesituationandtheaddresser'sattitudetowardwhathespeaksorwritesabout.

第73頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月74Forexample,thewaysinwhichpeopleaddressothersandrefertothemselves(e.g.DearSir,DearProfessor,Johnny,yours,yourobedientservant)indicatethevariousgradesofinterpersonalrelations.第74頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月75Attachedtotheinterpersonalfunctionisitsfunctionofexpressingidentity.Forexample,thechantingofacrowdatafootballmatch,theshoutingofnamesorslogansatpublicmeetings,thestage-managedaudiencereactionstoTVgameshowsTheyallsignalwhoweareandwherewebelong.

第75頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月76Languagemarksouridentity,physicallyintermsofage,sex,andvoiceprints;psychologicallyintermsoflanguage,personalityandintelligence;geographicallyintermsofaccentsanddialects;ethnicallyandsociallyintermsofsocialstratification(分層),class,status,role,solidarity(團結(jié))

anddistance.第76頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月77Theinterpersonalfunctionissuchabroadcategorythatitisoftendiscussedundervariousothertermsasinthefollowingperformative,emotive,expressiveandphaticfunctionsoflanguage.Theyseemtoemphasizedifferentaspectsoftheinterpersonalfunction.第77頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月785.3Performativefunction施為功能ThisconceptoriginatesfromthephilosophicalstudyoflanguagerepresentedbyAustinandSearle,whosetheorynowformstheback-bone(骨干)

ofpragmatics(Chapter8).Forexample,Inowdeclarethemeetingopen.Ibetyoutwopoundsitwillraintomorrow.第78頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月79Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencing(宣判)

ofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.Thekindoflanguageemployedinperformativeverbalactsisusuallyquiteformalandevenritualized程序化.第79頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月80

Forexample,inChinesewhen

someonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay歲歲平安asameansofcontrollingtheinvisibleforceswhichthebelieversfeelmightaffecttheirlivesadversely(反對地).Theperformativefunctioncanextendtothecontrolofrealityasonsomemagicalorreligiousoccasions.第80頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月815.4Emotivefunction情感功能Theemotivefunctionoflanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.Itisameansofgettingridofournervousenergywhenweareunderstress,e.g.swearwords詛咒,obscenities說臟話,involuntaryverbalreactionstoapieceofartorscenery;conventionalwords/phrases,e.g.God,My,Damnit,Whatasight,Wow,Ugh,Oh.第81頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月82Itisalsodiscussedunderthetermexpressivefunction.Theexpressivefunctioncanoftenbeentirelypersonalandtotallywithoutanyimplicationofcommunicationtoothers.Forexample,amanmaysayOuch!(哎呦)

afterstriking(顯著的)

afingernailwithahammer,orhemaymutter(小聲抱怨)

Damnwhenrealizingthathehasforgottenanappointment.第82頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月83Exclamations(呼喊,驚叫)

suchasMan!Ohboy!andHurrah!(好哇)

areusuallyutteredwithoutanypurposeofcommunicatingtoothers,butasessentiallyaverbalresponsetoaperson'sownfeelings.Suchexpressiveutterancescanalsobeacommunal(社會的)

responseofagroupofpeoplewhoreinforce(增強,加強)

oneanother'sexpressiveuseoflanguagetoshowtheirsolidarity(團結(jié)).第83頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月845.5Phaticcommunion寒暄功能

Phaticcommunionreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage,originatingfromMalinowski'sstudyofthefunctionsoflanguageperformedbyTrobriandIslanders.Forexample,Mrs.Psneezesviolently.

Mrs.Q:Blessyou.Mrs.P:Thankyou.第84頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月85Weallusesuchsmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionstomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontent.Ritual(儀式)

exchangesabouthealthorweathersuchasGoodmorning,Godblessyou,Nicedayoftenstatetheobvious.Yettheyindicatethatachannel(渠道,途徑)

ofcommunicationisopenifitshouldbeneeded.第85頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月86Differentcultureshavedifferenttopicsofphaticcommunion.AccordingtoDavidCrystal,theweatherisnotauniversalconversationfillerastheEnglishmightliketothink.Rundiwomen(inBurundi,CentralAfrica),upontakingleave,routinely(常規(guī)地)

andpolitelysay“Imustgohomenow,ormyhusbandwillbeatme.”

第86頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月87Broadlyspeaking,thisfunctionreferstoexpressionsthathelpdefineandmaintaininterpersonalrelations,suchasslang,jokes,jargons(行話,黑話,隱語),ritualistic(儀式的,慣例的)

exchanges,switchesto(切換到)

socialandregionaldialects.Wehavetolearnalargerepertoire(全部節(jié)目)

ofsuchusagesifwearetointeractcomfortablywithdifferentpeople.第87頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月885.6Recreationalfunction

娛樂功能Therecreationalfunctionofalanguageisoftenoverlookedbecauseitseemssorestrictiveinpurposeandsupposedly(據(jù)認為)

solimitedinusefulness.However,noonewilldenytheuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy'sbabblingorachanter'schanting.

第88頁,共108頁,星期六,2024年,5月89IntheLatinan

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