186歷年真題2016年廈門大學博士研究生入學考試英語試題PartⅡStructure&WrittenExpressionDirections:Ineachquestiondecidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.PuttheletterofyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(25%)1．ThomasWolfeportrayedpeoplesothatyoucametoknowtheiryearnings,theirimpulses,andtheirwarts-thiswaseffective______．A．motivationB．pointofviewC．characterizationD．background2．Theappealtothesensesknownas______isespeciallycommoninpoetry．A．imaginativeB．imaginableC．ingeniousD．imagery3．Ifyou'vegotacomplaint,thebestthingistoseethepersonconcernedand______withhim．A．tellitB．haveitoutC．sayitD．haveitknown4．Therehavebeenseveralattemptstointroducegayercolorsandstylesinmen'sclothing,butnoneofthem______．A．hascaughtonB．hascaughthimoutC．hascaughtupD．takeroots5．Theretiredengineerplunkeddown＄50,000incashforamid-sizeMercedesasapresentforhiswife______apurchasewithmoneymadeinthestockmarkettheweekbefore．A．paidoffB．paidthroughC．paidoutD．paidfor6．Hehascourageallright,butinmattersrequiringjudgment,hehasoftenbeenfoundsadly______．A．lackitB．a(chǎn)bsentC．inneedofitD．wanting7．DanisHayesraisedtheessentialparadoxandaskedhowpeoplecouldhavefoughtsohardagainstenvironmentaldegradation______themselvesnowonthevergeoflosingthewar．A．onlyfoundB．findingonlyC．onlytofindD．haveonlyfound8．Theonceseparateissueofenvironmentanddevelopmentarenow______linked．A．intangibleB．indispensableC．inextricablyD．incredibly9．Theneedtoseethatjusticeisdone______everydecisionmadeinthecourts．A．implantsintoB．imposesonC．impingesuponD．imprecatesupon10．TwothirdsoftheU.S.basketballplayersareblack,andthenumberwouldbegreater______thecontinuingpracticeofpickingwhitebenchwarmersforthesakeofbalance．A．wasitnotbecauseofB．haditnotbeenforC．wereitnotforD．woulditnothavebeenfor11．Noonewouldhavetimetoreadorlistentoanaccountofeverything______goingonintheworld．A．itisB．thereisC．a(chǎn)sisD．whatis12．Ifthereistheneedtocompeteinacrowd,tobattle______theedgethesureststrategyistodeveloptheunexpected．A．onB．forC．a(chǎn)gainstD．with13．Justasthereareoccupationsthatrequirecollegeorevenhigherdegrees,______occupationsforwhichtechnicaltrainingisnecessary．A．sotoothereareB．soalsothereareC．sotherearetooD．sotooarethere14．ItisamyththatthelawpermitstheFoodandDrugAdministrationtoignorerequirementsfor______drugswhilebrand-namedrugsstillmustmeettheserigidtests．A．specificB．genericC．intricateD．a(chǎn)crid15．Theverybiggestandmostmurderouswarsduringtheindustrialagewereintra-industrialwarsthat______SecondWavenationslikeGermanyandBritainagainstoneanother．A．pittedB．droveC．keptD．embarked16．Theprivatelifeofhavingeachindividualmakehisorherownchoiceofbeliefsandinterest______withouttheoverarchingpublicworldofthestate,whichsustainsastructureoflawappropriatetoaself-determiningassociation．A．isnotpossibleB．wouldnotbepossibleC．willnotbepossibleD．cannotbepossible17．FromChristianityandthebarbariankingdomsofthewestemergedthemedievalversionofpolitics______intumevolvedthepoliticsofourmodernworld．A．ofwhichB．fromwhichC．onwhichD．bywhich18．ThePortuguesegiveagreatdealofcredittoonemanforhavingpromotedseatravelthatman______PrinceHenry,thenavigator,wholivedinthe15thcentury．A．wasB．wascalledC．callingD．being19．Grantwasoneofabodyofmenwhowereself-reliant______,whocaredhardlyanythingforthepastbuthadasharpeyeforthefuture．A．onthemselvesB．onnotmakingafaultC．toafaultD．toremainahead20．Huntingtonandmanyofitscompetitorsareworkingtomakeremedialinstructionacommodityas______andaccessibleasfrozenyogurt．A．ubiquitousB．rationalC．necessaryD．credible21．Theschemeforrebuildingthecitycenter______owingtotherefusalofaCounciltosanctiontheexpenditureofthemoneyitwouldhaverequired．A．felldownB．felloffC．felloutD．fellflat22．Iftheythinktheyaregoingtowinoverusbyobstinately______andrefusingtomaketheslightestconcession,theyaremistaken．A．holdingoutB．holdingtoC．holdingoverD．holdingup23．Thepossibilitythattheexplosionwascausedbysabotagecannotbe______．A．brokenoutB．cancelledoutC．ruledoutD．wipedout24．Theex-presidenthadbeen______inthecountrytorefreshhismindbeforehepassedaway．A．giventowalkingB．givenawalkC．givenforawalkD．givingawalk25．Hedidnotrelishappealingamongsthisfriendsand______oftheircriticismorcensure．A．runningshortB．runningoutC．runningthegauntletD．runningaheadPartⅢReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionfouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestion.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(15%)Passage1ItwasanormaldayinthelifeoftheAmericanRedCrossinGreaterNewYork.First,partofabuildingonWest140thStreet,inHarlem,felldown.Bedstumbledthroughtheair,peopleslidoutoftheirapartmentsandontotheground,threepeopledied,andtheRedCrosswasthere,helpingshockedresidentsfindtemporaryshelter,andfoodandclothing.Thenitwasbackdowntownforthatevening'sbigfund-raiser,theEleventhAnnualRedCrossAwardDinnerDance,atthePierre.“That'swhyIhavebadhairtonight,”saidChristopherPeake,aRedCrossspokesmanwhohadspentmuchofthedayattheHarlemscene,inthedrizzlingrain.Hewasnowinatuxedo,andactuallyhishairdidn'tlooksobad,framedbyacenterpieceoftulipsandjonquils,andperhapsimprovedbysubduedlightingfromeightcrystalchandeliers．Definitelynothavingabad-hairnightwasElizabethDole,thewifeofSenatorRobertDoleandthepresidentoftheAmericanRedCross.PresidentDolehaschestnut-coloredRepublicanhair,whichwassoftlycoifed,andshewaswearingafittedburgundyvelveteveningsuit(“Someonemadeitforme!Ilovevelvet.”sheexclaimed,inherenthusiastic,NorthernCarolinahostessvoice)andsparklingdropearrings.Ofcourse,shehadn'tbeenstandingintheraininHarlem;shehadjustflownuponthethree-o'clockshuttlefromWashington.Doleisextremelypretty,withroundgreeneyesandafullmouthandadirectpersonality.Shetiltsherheadattentivelywhenshelistens.Shewastherecipientoftheevening'saward;previousawardwinnershaveincludedAliceTully,PrincessYasminAsaKhan,．．．a(chǎn)nd,mostrecently,BrookeAstor.NotexactlyasequenceattheendofwhichyouwouldexpecttofindElizabethDole,butawardgiversarefamousforhavingpoliticalinstinctsaswellasphilanthropicones．Surroundedbythedeep-blueswagsandgoldendraperiesoftheballroomweremorethanthirty-fivedinnertablessetwithgroupingsofcandlesandfloralcenterpiecesandRoyalDoultonchina.AmericanExpresswasthere.SowereBristol-MyersSquibb;Coopers＆Lybrand;theNewYorkTimesCompany;UnionBankofSwitzerland;ChemicalBank;NewYorkLife;...andPriceWaterhouse.TheactressArleneDahl,withherratherredhairandherbeardedhusband,presidedoveronetable.Otherwise,itwasatypical,faceless,captain-of-industryfundraiser(nomodels!nostars!),ofwhichthereseemstobeatleastoneeverynightinNewYorkCity.Itwasnotasocietynight,butstilltheeveningraisedfourhundredandthirtythousanddollars．26．Fromwhatwereadwecaninferthat“itwasanormaldayinthelifeoftheAmericanRedCrossinGreaterNewYork”meansitsstaff______．A．dealwiththefailofhousesinthecityeverydayB．a(chǎn)rebusyhelpingpeoplewhosufferfromdisasterseverydayC．workduringthedayandtohavebanquetintheeveningeverydayD．gotoHarlem,thepoorestdistrictofNewYork,everydayandhelppeoplethere27．Thefund-raisermentionedinthepassagerefersto______．A．RobertDoleB．ElizabethDoleC．theEleventhAnnualRedCrossAwardDinnerDanceD．a(chǎn)llthebusinesscompaniesattendingtheDinnerDance28．ChristopherPeake'shairdidn'tlooksobadbecause______．A．hewaswearingahandsometuxedoB．hewaswearingtulipsonhissuitC．hewasseenamongflowersD．hewassittingnearflowersandinverysoftlight29．ElizabethDolewas______．A．thepresidentoftheAmericanRedCrossandactedattheDinnerasaNorthCarolinahostessB．a(chǎn)republicanandwifeofthepresidentoftheAmericanRedCrossC．thepresidentoftheAmericanRedCrossanditsmainrepresentativeattheAnnualDinnerDanceD．borninNorthCarolina,becameanair-hostessandlatermarriedSenatorRobertDole30．ThepresenceofanactressattheDinnermadethefundraising______．A．lessimpersonalB．a(chǎn)typicalfund-raisingeventC．lesspersonalD．morebusiness-likePassage2Forlaymenethnologyisprobablythemostinterestingofthebiologicalsciencesfortheveryreasonthatitconcernsanimalsintheirnormalactivitiesandtherefore,ifwewish,wecanassessthepossibledangersandadvantagesinourownbehavioralroots.Ethnologyalsoisinterestingmethodologicallybecauseitcombinesinnewwaysveryscrupulousfieldobservationswithexperimentationinlaboratories．Thefieldworkershavehadsomehandicapsinwinningrespectforthemselves.Foralongtimetheywereconsideredaslittlebetterthanamateuranimal-watcherscertainlynotscientists,sincetheirfactswerenotgainedbyexperimentalprocedures:theycouldnotconformtothehard-and-fastrulethataproblemsetupandsolvedbyonescientistmustbetestedbyotherscientists,underidenticalconditionsandreachingidenticalresults.Ofcoursemanysituationsinthelivesofanimalssimplycannotberehearsedandcontrolledinthisway.Thefallflockingofwildfreebirdscan'tbe,orthehomingofanimalsoverlongdistances,orevendetailsofspontaneousfamilyrelationships.Sincethesenevercanbereproducedinalaboratory,aretheythennotworthknowingabout?Theethnologistswhochoosefieldworkhavegotthemselvesoutofthisimpassebygreatlyrefiningthetechniquesofobserving.Atthestartofaprojectalltheanimalstobestudiedarelive-trapped,markedindividually,andreleased.Motionpictures,oftenincolor,providepermanentrecordsoftheirsubsequentactivities.Recordingoftheanimals'voicesbyelectricalsoundequipmentisconsideredessential,andthemostmeticulousnotesarekeptofallthatoccurs.Withthismaterialotherbiologists,farfromthescene,latercanverifythereports.Moreover,twofieldobserversoftengoouttogether,checkingeachother'sobservationsrightthereinthefield．Ethnology,theword,isderivedfromtheGreekethos,meaningthecharacteristictraitsorfeatureswhichdistinguishanyparticulargroupofpeopleor,inbiology,agroupofanimalssuchasaspecies.Ethnologistshavetheintentionofstudying“thewholesequenceofactswhichconstituteananimal'sbehavior.”Inabridgeddictionariesethnologyissometimesdefinedsimplyas“theobjectivestudyofanimalbehavior,”andethnologistsdoemphasizetheirwishtoeliminatemyths．31．Inthefirstsentence,theword“l(fā)aymen”meansA．peoplewhostandasideB．peoplewhoarenottrainedasbiologistsC．peoplewhoareamateurbiologistsD．peoplewholoveanimals32．Accordingtothepassage,ethnologyisA．a(chǎn)newbranchofbiologyB．a(chǎn)noldGreekscienceC．a(chǎn)pseudo-scienceD．a(chǎn)scienceforamateurs33．“Thefieldworkershavehandicapsinwinningrespectforthemselves.”ThissentencemeansA．ethnologistswhenworkinginthefieldarehandicappedB．ethnologistshaveproblemsinwinningrecognitionasscientistsC．ethnologistsarelookeddownuponwhentheyworkinthefieldD．ethnologistsmeetwithlotsofdifficultieswhendoingfieldwork34．Accordingtotheexplanationofthescientificruleofexperimentinthepassage,“hard-and-fast”meansexperimentproceduresA．a(chǎn)redifficultandquicktofollowB．mustbecarriedoutinastrictandquickwayC．mustbefollowedstrictlytoavoidfalseandlooseresultsD．hardandunreasonableforscientiststoobserve35．Themeaningoftheunderlinedwordsin“thedetailsofspontaneousfamilyrelationships”canbeexpressedasA．naturalfamilyrelationshipsB．quicklyoccurringfamilyrelationshipsC．a(chǎn)nimalsactinglikeanaturalfamilyD．a(chǎn)nimalfamilybehaviorthatcannotbepreplannedorcontrolledPassage3Thesinglegreatestshiftinthehistoryofmass-communicationtechnologyoccurredinthe15thcenturyandwaswelldescribedbyVictorHugoinafamouschapterof“NotreDamedeParis”.Itwasacathedral.Onallpartsofthegiantbuilding,statuaryandstonerepresentationsofeverykind,combinedwithhugewindowsofstainedglass,toldthestoriesoftheBibleandthesaints,displayedtheintricaciesofChristiantheology,advertedtotheexistenceofhighlyunpleasantdemonicwingedcreatures,referreddiplomaticallytothemajestiesofpoliticalpower,and,inaddition,bymeansofbellsinbelltowers,toldtimeforthebenefitofallofParisandmuchofFrance.Itwasanawesomeengineofcommunication．Thencamethetransitiontosomethingstillmoreawesome.Thenewtechnologyofmasscommunicationwasportable,couldsitonyourtable,andwaseasilyreplicable,andyet,paradoxically,containedmoreinformation,moresystematicallypresented,thaneventhelargestofcathedrals.Itwastheprintedbook.Thoughitprovidednobellsandcouldnottelltime,theover-allsuperiorityofthenewinventionwasunmistakable．Inthelasttenortwentyyears,wehavebeenundergoingamoreorlessequivalentshift-thistimetoanewlifeasacomputer-usingpopulation.Thegaininportability,capability,ease,orderliness,accuracy,reliability,andinformation-storageoveranythingachievablebypenscribbling,typewriting,andcabinetfilingisrecognizedbyall.Theprogressforcivilizationisundeniableand,plainly,irreversible.Yet,justasthebook'striumphoverthecathedraldividedpeopleintotwogroups,oneofwhichprospered,whiletheotherlapsedintogloom,thecomputer'striumphhasalsodividedthehumanrace．Youhaveonlytobringacomputerintoaroomtoseethatsomepeoplebeginatoncetobuzzwithcuriosityandexcitement,sitdowntoconductexperiments,ohandahattheboxesandbeeps,andmastertheuseofthecomputeroranewprogramasquicklyasathletesplayingadelightfulnewgame.Buthowdifficultitis-howgrimandfrightfulfortheotherpeople,thedefeatedclass,whosetemperamentdoesnotnaturallyrespondtocomputers.Themachinewhirrsandglowsbeforethemandtheirfacestwitch.Theymaybesplendidlyeducated,asmeasuredbybook-reading,yettheirinstinctsareallwrong,andnoamountofmanual-studyingandmouse-clickingwillmakethemright.Computersrequireasharplydifferentsetofaptitudes,and,iftheaptitudesaremissing,littlecanbedone,andmiseryisguaranteed．Isthecomputerindustryawarethatcomputershavedividedmankindintotwonew,previouslyunknownclasses,thecomputerpersonalitiesandthenon-computerpersonalities?Yes,theindustryknowsthis.Vastsumshavebeenexpendedinordertoadaptthecomputertothelimitationsofnoncomputerpersonalities.Apple'sMacintosh,withitszoominganimationsandpull-downmenusandlittlepicturesoffilefoldersandwatchfacesandtrashcans,pointedtheway.Suchseductionshavesoothedtheapprehensionsofacertainnumberofthecomputer-averse.Thisspring,thecomputerindustry'seffortsarereachingaculminationofsons.Microsoft,BillGates'giantcorporation,istobringoutaprogrampackagecalledMicrosoftBob,designedbyMr.Gates'wife,MelindaFrench,andintendedtorendercomputertechnologyavailableeventopeoplewhoareopenlyterrifiedofcomputers.Bob'sprincipleistotaketheseveraltasksofoperatingacomputer,renametheminafolksystyle,andassigntothemtheimagesofanidealroominanidealhome,withfurnitureandbookshelves,andwithchummycartoonhelpers(“FriendsofBob”)toguidethecomputeruserovertheroughspots,and,inthatway,simulateanatmospherethatfeelsnothinglikecomputers．36．Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A．ItisbecausethecathedralofNotre-DameinParishadmanybell-towersandcouldtelltimetopeoplethatthewriterregardsitasanengineofmasscommunication．B．Fromcathedralstobookstocomputersthetechnologyofcommunicationhasbecomemoreconvenient,reliableandfast．C．Everytimewhenanewcommunicationmeanstriumphedovertheold,itdividedmankindintotwogroups．D．Computerindustryhasbeentryingbardtomakepeopleacceptcomputers．37．Theprintedbookismoreprogressivethanthecathedralasacommunicationmeans,because______．A．itcouldsitonyourtableanddidnolongertelltimeB．itwasmorereliableanddidnottellthestoriesofsaintsanddemonsC．itwassmall,yetcontainedmoreinformationD．itdidnotflatterreligiousandpoliticalpower38．Theword“awesome”inthepassagemeans______．A．frighteningB．causingfearandrespectC．a(chǎn)mazinglynewD．a(chǎn)wful39．Peoplewhofeelmiserablewithcomputersarethose______．A．wholovereadinghooksandwritingwithapenoratypewriterB．whopossessthewrongaptitudesofdislikingandfearingnewthingsC．whohavenotbeentrainedtousecomputersD．whoarebornwithatemperamentthatdoesnotrespondtocomputers40．MelindaFrenchdesignedMicrosoftBobwhichwastoeasethemiseryofcomputerusersby______．A．makingusersfeelthattheyarenotdealingwithmachinesB．makingtheprogrammoreconvenientandcartoon-likeC．a(chǎn)ddinghomepicturestotheprogramdesignD．renamingthecomputertasksinafolksystyleDirections:Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenparaphrasethenumberedandunderlinedparts.(“Paraphrase”meanstoexplainthemeaninginyourownEnglish.)(15%)Charmistheultimateweapon,thesupremeseduction,againstwhichtherearefewdefenses.Ifyou'vegotit,youneedalmostnothingelse,neithermoney,looks,norpedigree.(41)Itisagift-onlygiventogiveaway,andthemoreusedthemorethereis.Itisalsoaclimateofbehaviorsetforperpetualsummerandcontrolledbytasteandtact．Realcharmisdynamic,anenvelopingspellwhichmysteriouslyenslavesthesenses.Itisaninnerlight,fedonreservoirsofbenevolencewhichwelluplikeathermalspring.Itisunconscious,oftennothingbutthewishtoplease,andcannotbeturnedonandoffatwill．(42)Yourecognizecharmbythefeelingyougetinitspresence.Youknowwhohasit.Butcanyougetittoo?Probably,youcan't,becauseit'saquicknessofspirit,anoriginalityoftouchyouhavetobebornwith.Orit'ssomethingthatgrowsnaturallyoutofanotherquality,likethesimpledesiretomakepeoplehappy.Certainly,charmisnotaquestionoflearningtricks,likewrinklingyournose,orhavingalaughinyourvoice,orgailytossingyourhairoutofyourdancingeyes.(43)Suchsigns,tothenervous,areominouswarningswhichmaywellsendhimstreakingforcover.Ontheotherhand,thereisanantenna,abuilt-inawarenessofothers,whichmostpeoplehave,andwhichcarecannourish．Butinastudyofcharm,whatelsedoesonelookfor?Apartfromtheabilitytolistenrarestofallhumanvirtuesandmostdifficulttosustainwithoutvaguenessapartfromwarmth,sensitivity,andthepowertoplease,whatelseistherevisible?(44)Agenerosity,Isuppose,whichmakesnodemands,atransactionwhichstrikesnobargains,whichdoesn'tholditselfbacktillyou'vefilledupatest-cardmakingitdearthatyou'reworththetrouble.Charmcan'twithhold,butspendsitselfwillinglyonyoungandoldalike,onthepoor,theugly,thedim,theboring,onthelastfatmaninthecomer.(45)Itrevealsitselfalsoinasenseofease,incasualbutperfectmanners,andofteninaphysicalgracewhichspringslessfromanaccidentofyouththanfromaconfidentserenityofmind.Anypersonwiththisismorethanjustapopularfellow,heisalsoasocialhealer．PartⅣClozeTestDirections:FillineachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagewithONEsuitablewordtocompletethepassage.PutyouranswersintheANSWERSHEET.(10%)Onewayofimprovingone'swritingistogetintothehabitofkeepingarecordofyourobservations,ofstoring46inanotebookorjournal.Youshouldmakenoteonyourexperiencesandonyour47ofeverydaylifesothattheyarepreserved.Itissad48tobeabletoretrievealostideathatseemedbrilliantwhenitflashedacrossyour49,oraforgottenfactthatyouneedtomakeapointinanargumentortoillustrateaconclusion.Thejournalhabithasstill50value.Just51youneedtorecordobservations-hematerialforwriting,youneedtopracticeputtingthoughtsonpaper.Learningtowriteismorelikelearningtoski52itislikestudyingcalculusoranthropology.Practicehelpsyoudiscoverwaystoimprove.Writingdownideasforyourownuseforcesyoutoexaminethem.Puttingthoughtsonpaperforsomeoneelsetoread53youtoevaluatenot54thecontentwhatyousaybutalsotheexpression55yousayit.Manyratershavebenefitedfromthishabit．PartⅤProofreadingDirections:Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthispassage,therearealtogether20mistakes,oneineachunderlinedsentenceorpartofasentence.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addawordorjustdeleteaword.Ifyouchangeaword,crossitoutwithaslash(□andwritethecorrectword.Ifyouaddaword,writethemissingwordbetweenthewords(inbracket)immediatelybeforeandafterit.Ifyoudeleteaword,crossitoutwithaslash(□PutyouranswersintheANSWERSHEET.(20%)Examples:eg.1.(56)Themeetingbegun2hoursago．CorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:(56)begun→beganeg.2.(57)Scarcelytheysettledthemselvesintheirseatsinthetheatrewhenthecurtainwentup．CorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:(57)(Scarcely)had(they)eg.3.(58)NeverwillInotdoitagainCorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:(58)not(56)“Humanism”hasusedtomeantoomanything,tobeaverysatisfactoryterm.(57)Nevertheless,andinthelackofabetterword,(58)Ishalluseitheretoexplainforthecomplexofattitudeswhichthisdiscussionhasundertakentodefend．(59)Inthissenseahumanistisanyonewhoreiectstheattempttodescribeoraccountofmanwhollyonthebasisofphysics,chemistry,andanimalbehavior.(60)Heisanyonewhobelievesthatwill,reason,andpurposearerealandsignificant:thatvalueandjusticeareaspectsofarealitycalledgoodandevilandrestsuponsomefoundationotherthancustom;(61)thatconsciousnessissofarfromamereepiphenomenonthatitisthemosttremendousofactualities;(62)thattheunmeasured,maybesignificant;ortosumitallup;(63)thatthosehumanrealitieswhichsometimesseemtoexistonlyinhumanmindaretheperceptionsofthemind．(64)Heis,inotherwords,anyonewhosaysthattherearemorethingsinheavenandearththanthosedreamedofinthepositivistphilosophy．(65)Originally,tobesure,thetermhumanistmeantsimplyanyonewhothoughtthestudyofancientliteraturehischiefconcern.Obviouslyitmeans,asIuseit,verymuchmore.(66)ButthereremainsneverthelessacertainconnectionbetweentheaboriginalmeaningandthatIamattemptingtogiveit,(67)becausethose