L. TowardaCognitiveSemantics,2vols,Cambridge,Massachusetts:TheMIT ConceptStructuringSystems概念構(gòu)造系統(tǒng)第一部分語言中概念構(gòu)造的基礎(chǔ)第一 語法與認(rèn)知的關(guān)（cognitiverepresentation（structure（content（Fundamentalsystem（Schematicframework（even由語法界定的概念——語法概念——的性質(zhì)（區(qū)別于詞匯概念范疇的成分有限：有單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)、雙數(shù)、少量數(shù)，沒有奇數(shù)偶數(shù)，dozenno,some,many,most,all等自由形式體現(xiàn)的數(shù)范疇。reference拓?fù)湫裕簣D式保持不變（橡皮泥變形后畫在上面的幾何圖形保持不變）Thisspeckissmallerthanthatspeck.ThisplanetissmallerthanthatThisthat，比較句體現(xiàn)的大小遠(yuǎn)近關(guān)系，都與對(duì)象的絕對(duì)大小和距離的遠(yuǎn)近無關(guān)。 Theantcrawledacrossmypalm.Thebusdroveacrossthecountry.across界定的概念圖式：Iswamacrossthelake的大小形狀無關(guān)（shapeneutral,magnitude一張紙團(tuán)成一團(tuán)后仍然叫它“一張 inthethimble/volcano (大小neutral)inthe ( 語言的in更抽象：closureneutral:inthediscontinuityneutral:inthe更具體：across

Thecloserglassiswaterandthefurtherglassiswine,Thisglassiswaterandthatglassis實(shí)詞的所指也能夠含有拓?fù)湫裕╬revious表達(dá)過去，但是虛詞的所指一定含有拓?fù)湫浴oncept-structuringcontentfill-in的功效。Bulkneutral:Thecaterpillarcrawledupalongthefilament/theflagpole/theredwoodtree.Tokenneutral:指型不指例。有專用名詞，但沒有專用介詞，如*JesuswalkedAstationthehillnamedCalvary.（Astation指專門的途徑（tokensubstanceneutral:abubblepassedthroughthe（概念框架不容易變動(dòng)Sheissomewhatsomewhatpregnant不表程度。解決沖突的措施是實(shí)詞讓（可能是天生的，可能是從其它認(rèn)知系統(tǒng)復(fù)制（copy）語法范疇又叫圖式范疇（schematiccategories，它們構(gòu)成某些圖式系統(tǒng)（SchematicsystemsConfiguratioanal Distributionof ForcedynamicsCognitivestate域與域之間的對(duì)應(yīng)和投射（如空間域與時(shí)間域：他在廚房他在做飯調(diào)適（somewantpregnant的詞義做對(duì)應(yīng)變化。疊套圖式范疇之一：domain域（空間、時(shí)間等）空間域—事物：個(gè)體objects（離散）集 （持續(xù)時(shí)間域—行動(dòng)：動(dòng)作 （離散）盛碗活動(dòng)activity （持續(xù)）盛魚Johncalledme.Johngavemeacall.Shebathedthechild.ShegavethechildaThechildwasbathedbyher.Thechildgotabathfromher.Thechildbathed(himself).Thechildhad/tookabath.由一種活動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)化為一種集合（兩者都是無界/持續(xù)的Johnhelpedme.JohngavemesomeIwashelpedbyJohn.IgotsomehelpfromHail(stones)cameinthroughthewindow.Ithailedinthroughthewindow Iceisformingoverthewindshield.Itisicingupoverthewindshield. Iremovedthepitfromthecherry.Ipittedthecherry. Hehasbloodcomingfromhisnose.Heisbleedingfromhis 流水/Sheejectedspitintothecuspidor.Shespatintothecuspidor.Crowdsofpeoplewenttothefair.Peoplethrongedtothefair.除了空間和時(shí)間兩個(gè)域，尚有其它域，如認(rèn)同域（identificationalspace）或心理空間域，辨Wherecanyoubuyorganicfoodaroundhere?Wheredotheysellorganicfoodaroundhere?you/theyyouWherecanyousellorganicfoodaroundhere?WheredotheybuyorganicfoodaroundThis/that辨別物理空間的遠(yuǎn)近，you/theyConfigurationalStructure，圖式系統(tǒng)之一7個(gè)圖式范疇單復(fù)數(shù)事 動(dòng) Abirdflewin. Hesighed(once).嘆了一口氣 Birdsflewin. Hekeptsighing.連連嘆氣的一定是有標(biāo)記形式：aflockofbirds,agroveoftrees,apateofsighsfurniture,timber,breathe，它們的單數(shù)化也是有標(biāo)記的：furnitureapieceoffurniture concentration.(breathein“吸入”有界)Stateof事 動(dòng) *weflewoverwaterinonehour. *Wesleptineighthours. weflewoveraseainonehour. Shedressedineighthours.有界化：waterabodyofwatersleepsleepforanateartearscatthereiscatalloverthemiletherearemilesofpencilinthatstationaryIatepopcornfor10eatpopcornpopcorn也理解為無界；Iwalkedthroughthetunnelin10minutes.walkedthroughthetunnelthetunnel也理解為有界。Iwalkedalongtheshorefor10minutes.walkedalongtheshoretheshore都為無界。BoundaryCoincidenceIwalkedalongtheshorefor10IwalkedthroughthetunnelforStateofDividednesswatersleep內(nèi)部持續(xù)timberbreathe內(nèi)部離散（盡管外部看是無界的）離散化：waterparticlesofwaterfilledthevessel.持續(xù)化：leavesamassofleaveswalk內(nèi)部持續(xù)性強(qiáng)keepstepping內(nèi)部離散性強(qiáng)Thistreeandthattreeandthattreearemature.Thosetressaremature.ThattimberisTheshamansteppedonce,steppedagain,andsteppedoncemoreacrossthecoals.Theshamancontinuedsteppingacrossthecoals.Theshamanwalkedacrossthe上述四域domain,plexity,boundedness,dividedness都與“量”有關(guān)，統(tǒng)稱“量性”（quantity’sdisposition）小結(jié)：圖（59頁）離 持無 有 family/to sea/to(thebird (thetank單 tree/todegreeof線（無界）：sheclimbedupthefireladderinfiveminutes.(段movingalongonthetrainingcourse,sheclimbedthefireladderatexactlymidday.(點(diǎn))shekeptclimbinghigherandhigherupthefireladder.(線)Thecowsalldiedinamonth.（段）Whenthecowsalldied,wesoldourfarm.（點(diǎn)）Thecowskeptdying(anddying)untiltheywereallgone.（線）死呀死，全死光了。點(diǎn)：theboxis20feetawayfromtheIreadthebook20yearsago.讀過面：theboxis2feetacross.寬二尺Ireadthebookin2hours.onthecampus（面），漢語在校園里（域在火車上（面），在車廂里（體英國人將校園看作“面”（無界），中國人將校園看作“域”（有界）patternof示圖（63頁）：1單向不可復(fù)原：die,單向可復(fù)原：fall,一種來回（必復(fù)原）：flash,breathebeat穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)：sleep,carryhefellthree*hediedthreeHefellandthengot*thebeaconflashedandthenwentoff.Theriverprogressivelywidened*sheprogressivelyawake狀態(tài)asleep單向（不復(fù)原）：Gotosleep一種來回：gobacktosleep一種來回半：gotosleepagain二個(gè)來回：gobacktosleepagainhediedaswelooked hewas(slowly)dyingasshelookedon.beingdie單向軸性well/sick加程度副詞slightlyalmost時(shí)，其體現(xiàn)與空間詞語attheborder/pasttheborder同樣呈不對(duì)稱：（狀態(tài)變化也是空間位移）Heisslightlysickpasttheborder.有點(diǎn)兒不舒適/*Heisslightlywell/attheborder.*有點(diǎn)兒舒適/到界了Heisalmostwell/atthe 差不多快好了/到界？Heisalmostsickpasttheborder差不多快病了/過界了infivedays后意思也不樣：Hegotwell/totheborderinfivedays.五天恢復(fù)/達(dá)成邊界Hegotsickpasttheborderinfivedays.五天后病倒/過邊界 isslightlysick/passthe isalmostwell/atthe gotwell/totheborderinfive gotsick/pasttheborderatdawn(after5“反例”：(afterexposuretovirus,hefeltworseandworseand)hewasalmostsickatone/hefinallygotsickinthreesickwellattheborder是軸點(diǎn)（目，sickservethehostservedmesomedessertfromthekitchen.（主體和對(duì)象同現(xiàn)Iservedmyselfsomedessertfromthekitchen.主體和對(duì)象合一Iwentandgotsomedessertfromthekitchen.（只出現(xiàn)主體（introjection） onetwinsang.bothtwinssangtogether.thetwinsduelted.由單體變雙體，這叫“外射（extrajection） （一價(jià)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)槎r(jià)動(dòng)詞觀察（者）perspective房內(nèi)：Thelunchroomdoorslowlyopenedandtwomenwalkedin.走進(jìn)來，施事（開門者）房外：Twomenslowlyopenedthelunchroomdoorandwalkedin.走進(jìn)去，施事（開門者）觀察距離（鏡頭拉遠(yuǎn)推近）perspective遠(yuǎn)距離：ladder為點(diǎn)中距離：ladder近距離：ladder為線（視域變窄，對(duì)象實(shí)體相對(duì)變大，其內(nèi)部構(gòu)造變細(xì)遠(yuǎn)距離靜態(tài)整體掃描，視線靜止：Therearesomehousesinthe近距離動(dòng)態(tài)逐個(gè)掃描，視線移動(dòng)：ThereisahouseeverynowandthenthroughtheAllthesoldiersinthecircledifferedgreatlyfromeachother.Eachsoldieraroundthecircledifferedgreatlyfromthelast/next.Thewells’depthformagradientthatcorrelateswiththeirlocationsontheroad不慣用)Thewellsgetdeeperthefurtherdowntheroadtheyare.(慣用)Itookanaspirintimeaftertimeduringthelasthour.(過去時(shí))Ihavetakenanumberofaspirinsinthelasthour.（完畢體直視前視（直視為主句，前后視為從句IshoppedatthestorebeforeIwent A采購 B回家 后視AfterIshoppedatthestore,IwentA采 B回（同英語Ishoppedatthestore,andthenIwent觀察 觀察A采 B回（同英語前視BeforeIwenthome,IshoppedattheA采 B回（同英語直視IwenthomeafterIshoppedattheA采 B回Iwenthome,butfirstIshoppedatthe觀察 觀察A采 B回漢語：我回家，但先采購。（同英語闡明：-------------- 代表前視后視（Thisfestivaldatesfrom1630. 從1630年起始終延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在Thisfestivaldatesbackto1630. 從現(xiàn)在始終追溯到1630年注意力的分布（distributionofattention）：圖式系統(tǒng)之三1．注意強(qiáng)度（strengthofattention）：凸顯Figure/Ground2．注意方式（patternofattention）聚焦部分（focusofattention）：Theclerksoldthevasetothe Thecustomerboughtthevasefromthe 開視窗截取方式（windowofattention）：截取不同的部分分層方式（levelsofattention）：注意不同的層次離析/theclusteroftreesis 樹叢很 凸顯整合層次thethetreesintheclusterare 那叢樹很 凸顯離析層次thetrees（中心Thebricksinthepyramidcamecrashingtogether/*inuponthemselves.Thepyramidofbrickscamecrashinginuponitself/*together.fourcooks afoursomeofcooksThetwohalvesoftheicebergbrokeapart(*intwo).Theicebergbrokeintwo.統(tǒng)說/分舉（levelofOystershavesiphons.統(tǒng)說人人有自己的特點(diǎn)。Anoysterhassiphons.分舉各人有各人的特點(diǎn)。Alloystershavesiphons.全部Everyoysterhassiphons.每個(gè)Allthemembersraisedtheirhands.Eachmemberraisedtheirhands.Manymembersraisedtheirhands.Manyamemberraisedhishands.Somemembershereandthereraisedtheirhands.Amemberhereandthereraisedhishands.Membersoneafteranotherraisedtheirhands.Onememberafteranotherraisedhishands.Hardlyanymembersraisedtheirhands.Hardlyamemberraisedhishands.Nomembersraisedtheirhands.Nomember(Notamember)raisedhisOnbothsidesoftheroomstooda Oneithersideoftheroomstooda 每邊（都）整體/部分（levelofbaselinewithinahierarchyTheboy’sfacehasfrecklesonit.Theboyhasfrecklesonhis具體/（levelofYouhavemadeamistake Someonehasmadeamistake X。（足量準(zhǔn)則）3．注意的投射（mappingofattention）：將一種注意方式從一種場(chǎng)景投射到另一種場(chǎng)景Thebeaconflashed(asIglanced 一點(diǎn)（一種來回Thebeaconkept 無界復(fù)數(shù)點(diǎn)（多個(gè)來回Thebeaconflashedfivetimesina 有界復(fù)數(shù)點(diǎn)（多個(gè)來回Thebeaconkeptflashingfivetimesatastretch.有界復(fù)數(shù)點(diǎn)變?yōu)橐环N大點(diǎn)（無界復(fù)數(shù)Thebeaconflashedfivetimesatastretchforthreehours. IsawaIsawIsawagroupoffiveIsawgroupsoffiveduckseachIsawthreepondsfullofgroupsoffiveducksAtthepunchbowl,Johnwasabouttomeethisfirstwife-to--------|-------|-------|-------|------- E為出發(fā)點(diǎn)觀看前面整個(gè)過程（was）。ThecustomerboughtaThecustomerwassolda兩句都是凸顯買主，但是a賣方完全隱退為Groundb賣方仍是次焦點(diǎn)（secondaryb聚焦于買主。后者疊套前者。（passivesold重要）注意的投射（mappingofattention）：語言系統(tǒng)含有將某些概念連貫起來的功效（conceptualcoherence），語法構(gòu)造的功效就Gestalt構(gòu)式。視覺系統(tǒng)也含有將某些概念連 Cognitiveassessment“認(rèn)知估價(jià)”：實(shí)在的虛擬的實(shí)在的這種投射（mapping）fictivefactive感知（ception）：覺到（sense）fictive，見到（see）factive(Gestalt的光語言中的虛擬運(yùn)動(dòng)（emanation）第一類放射途徑叫“方向途徑”（orientationpaths）shecrossedinfrontofme/theShecrossed??behind/*besideme/the面對(duì)途徑（prospectThecliffwallfacestoward/awayfromthevalley. The

CliffFG對(duì)準(zhǔn)途徑（alignmentThesnakeislyingtoward/awayfromthe3）指導(dǎo)途徑（demonstrativepaths）I/Thearrowonthesignpostpointedtoward/awaythe指導(dǎo)人的注意力（視線）定向途徑（targetingIpointed/aimed(mygun/camera)into/awayfromtheliving-調(diào)向途徑（laterallineofIslowlyturnedmycameratowardthedoor.Iquicklylookeddownintothewell.（radiationThesun/thelightisshininginto/ontothebackwallofthe*Thelightisshiningfrommyhandontothe即使物理上有光子運(yùn)動(dòng)，但是人看不見，因此還是虛擬運(yùn)動(dòng)。太陽是放射源，是（shadowThetreethrewitsshadowdownintothevalley.Thepillar’sshadowfellinto/againstthewall.（sensoryTheenemycanseeusfromwherethey’repositioned.（感知者為放射源?Theenemycanseeusfromwherewe’re （刺激物為放射源Wecanbeseenbytheenemyfromwherethey’repositioned.Wecanbeseenbytheenemyfromwherewe’repositioned.Icanhear/smellhimallthewayfromwhereI’mstanding.Icanhearsmellhimallthewayfromwherehe’sstanding.Evenacasualpasserbycanseetheoldwallpaperthroughthepaint.Theoldwallpapershowsthroughthepainteventoacasualpasserby.（詞匯化語言有偏向感知者充當(dāng)放射源的傾向。see即使兩個(gè)方向都能夠，但是agentiveverbIlookedintothe*Itlookedoutofthevalley(intomy（active-Agency（因此活躍意圖的實(shí)現(xiàn)（因此主導(dǎo)，變化環(huán)境）（agent--Theclifffacesthevalleycliff-Superman’s“X-rayJanelookeddaggersatJohn目光像劍同樣穿透evileye(毒眼)的說法，惡毒的感情從眼睛輻射出去。型式途徑（patternAsIpaintedtheceiling,(alineof)paintspotsslowlyprogressedacrossthespots自己朝前走，是人認(rèn)為它們朝前走。Spots的實(shí)在運(yùn)動(dòng)方向是垂直的，虛擬運(yùn)動(dòng)方向是水平的。Gestalt的光點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)也屬這類。以不同事物為參考系的運(yùn)動(dòng)（frame-relativemotion）見圖（131頁）Irodealonginthecarandlookedatthescenerywewerepassingthrough..(Globalframe,無虛擬運(yùn)動(dòng)，觀察者運(yùn)動(dòng)，被觀察的景色靜止，后者為參考系)Isatinthecarandwatchedthesceneryrushpastme.(localframe，是虛擬運(yùn)動(dòng)，靜I為參考系，被觀察者景色運(yùn)動(dòng))Iwaswalkingthroughthewoodsandthisbranchthatwasstickingouthitme.(這是從globalframelocalframe)AsIsatinthestream,itswaterrushedpast*AsIsatinthestream,Irushedthroughits外界事物在運(yùn)動(dòng)（opticflow。人快速旋轉(zhuǎn)后站定，覺得周邊事物在旋轉(zhuǎn)。嬰兒身體AsIquicklyturnedmyhead,Ilookedoveralltheroom’s*AsIquicklyturnedmyhead,theroom’sdecorationspedbyinfrontof聚散/顯現(xiàn)途徑（Adventpaths）Thepalmtreesclusteredtogetheraroundtheoasis.Termitemounds（白蟻冢）arescatteredallovertheplain.散布在Thisrockformationshowsupnear通達(dá)途徑（accessThebakeryisacrossthestreetfromthebank.Thecloudis1000feetupfromtheground.虛擬途徑始于bank,streetbakery。這是想象中的通達(dá)途徑。如果你在街對(duì)bankbakery。延伸途徑（coextensionThefencegoesfromtheplateautotheThefieldspreadsoutinalldirectionsfromthegranary.Thesoilreddenstowardtheeast.Ception感知 Perception感覺+知覺perceptionconception13個(gè)因素在起作用，它們有關(guān)聯(lián)，有共變（palpability1．可觸摸性（palpability）：具體的、顯現(xiàn)的、明確的、能觸摸的抽象的、不明顯、可意識(shí)性（accessibilitytoconsciousness）：故意識(shí)依賴性（stimulusdependence）：對(duì)刺激的依賴性強(qiáng)弱 抽象層 可觸摸程度最低，虛擬程度最senseseeICMThesensingofobjectstructure（感覺到物體構(gòu)造的存在，如把花瓶看作一種內(nèi)外有Thesensingofpathstructure（感覺到途徑構(gòu)造即途徑圖式的存在across的圖式3）Thesensingofreferenceframes（感覺到參考系的存在）（以地球?yàn)閰⒖枷礣heboatdriftedfurtherandfurtheraway/outfromtheisland. Thesensingofstructuralhistoryandfuture（感知到構(gòu)造的歷史和將來，如看到維納Thesensingofprojectedpaths（感覺到投射的途徑，如打乒乓球看到對(duì)方擊球的動(dòng)Thesensingofforce-dynamics（感覺到動(dòng)力作用 acrossTheloglayacrosstheroadceive到這Realitystatus:actual,conditional,potential,counterfactualTense:past,present,futureModality:deontic,Speaker’sknowledgestatus(evidentiality):本人經(jīng)驗(yàn)獲得的知識(shí)，據(jù)說的知識(shí)，常識(shí)，推Addressee’sknowledgestatus:次（圖式的感知。在語言的content分系統(tǒng)，實(shí)詞的體現(xiàn)發(fā)生在具體層次，在語言的structure分系統(tǒng)，虛詞的體現(xiàn)發(fā)生在半抽象層次。例如，structure的感知，content的感知，這樣才不會(huì) structure（fictivity 語 包容介 outfrom awayfrom Theboatdriftedfurtherandfurtheroutfrom/awayfromthesensesee見到的就用實(shí)詞來體現(xiàn)。隱喻：LOVEISJOURNEY.虛擬世 X是 (Loveisa實(shí)在世 X不是 (Loveisnotasourcedomain:targetdomain:隱喻或虛擬是將源域投射（mapping）Therearesomehousesinthevalley.Thereisahouseeverynowandthenthroughthevalley.??Thewell’sdepthsformagradientthatcorrelateswiththeirlocationsontheroad.Thewellgetdeeperthefurtherdowntheroadtheyare.第三 語言如何構(gòu)建空間物質(zhì)內(nèi)容：個(gè)體事物和集合事物（占據(jù)某一區(qū)域，處在某一位置事物與事物之間有關(guān)聯(lián)：Xisnear/on/in Xmovedtoward事物與事物構(gòu)成一種整體型式：aclusteroftreesmovethrougharegion，這是目的體（聚焦對(duì)象 參考體（處在背景 幾何解決上較簡樸（視為點(diǎn) 幾何解決上較復(fù)雜（視為點(diǎn)、段、線面、體 直接感知的程度 直接感知的程度一旦被感知后明顯程度 前者一旦被感知后就退隱為背景（明度由高變低依賴程度 獨(dú)立程度Figure和種變項(xiàng)，它的值是目前關(guān)注的對(duì)象。Ground是一種參考實(shí)體，它在一種參考系中的位置是Figure的處所、途徑和方向。Figure/GroundFillmore的格語法優(yōu)越，由于格語法中的Locative,Source,GoalGround/G的空間圖式。認(rèn)知特點(diǎn)是把F的幾何特性看得比G（F為線，則G為面：Theboardlayacrosstherailwaybed.）刻畫的是拓?fù)鋷缀翁匦远皇菤W幾里德幾何特性。F而言，移動(dòng)的點(diǎn)是基本的，靜止的線是非基本的：Theballrolledthroughthetube.*Thesnakelaythroughthetube.Theballrolledpasttherock.*ThesnakelaypasttheThecardrovefromBurneyto*TheroadlayfromBurneyto即：ApointmovedacrossaboundedAlinewaslocatedacrossaboundedGround分割程度（degreeof G為單個(gè) Thebikestoodnearthe G為一對(duì) Thebikestoodbetweenthe G為多個(gè)點(diǎn)，不多，稀松 Thebikestoodamongtheboulders.（礫石） G為多個(gè)點(diǎn)，多，密集 Thebikestoodamidsttheboulders. G為一有界 Thebikespedacrossthe G為一linearenclosure有界管線 Thebikespedthroughthefield. G為單一的體 Thebikedroveintothesportshall.AtsugewiG50種幾何特性。英語也有某些細(xì)微的辨別：Iraninthehouse/intothehouse.Icrawledinthewindow/*intotheIranintothewall/*intheoG的撞擊，inTheballisin/fellintothe*Theballisinside/fellinsidethewater.Theballisinside/fellinsidethebox.inside不能表達(dá)液體 轉(zhuǎn)指：Icrawledin/outthewindow.=throughthewindowin/outthehouse(windowIwalkedacrossthebridge.=along/overthebridgeacrossthecanyon(bridge轉(zhuǎn)指Iranaroundthetrack.=alongthetrackaroundthefield(track轉(zhuǎn)指Theboatdriftedfurtherandfurtheraway/outoffromtheG與一種面接觸：Themosaicisonthefrontofthechurch.(thefront為名詞)Theboyisinthefrontoftheline.(同上)與一種面貼近：Thebikeinfrontofthechurch.(infrontof為介詞)Thepoliceofficerisinfrontoftheline.(同上)與一種面有一定距離：ThebikeistotherightoftheThebikeisrearward/*forwardofthechurch.Thebikeisawayofffromthefrontofthechurch.Theypassedhis$20billaheadintheline,andpassedhisticketbackdowntheThegrowingaxonmovesalong/againsttheinterstitialchemicalgradienttoencounterits（inland）（seaward）Janeswamwith/againstthecurrent (current有運(yùn)動(dòng)的方向)Janeswamupstream/downstream.（逆水/順?biāo)㎎aneranupwinddownwind.（上風(fēng)/下風(fēng)GTheballoonfloatednorth(ward).（以赤道為參考系）Theballoonfloatedwest(ward).（以經(jīng)線為參考系）Theballoonfloatedup/down.（以地面為參考系）Theoildrilltipmovedup/down.（以地心為參考系用兩個(gè)或多個(gè)參考物來描述處所，一種主參考物，一種次參考物（往往隱而不顯JohnisaheadofMary.(aheadofqueueMary；infrontof就沒有次參考物)Thebikeisontheeastsideofthechurch.(ontheleftsideof就Gonthetop/bottomofontopof/underneathover/underabove/belowhigherthan/lowerthan(over：正上方，無阻隔。above：正上方，有阻隔。higherthan：非正上方Thesixthfloorisabovethefirstfloor.（aboveinthebox(一種參考物overthebox（兩個(gè)參考物，一種為地球）Theflywalkedacrossthetablecloth/acrosstheblackboardfromrighttoleft/*acrosstheblackboardfrombottomtotop.(F的途徑必須是水平的，水平即以地球?yàn)閰⒖嘉?Thebulletflewpastmyhead,grazingmytemple/*grazingmypate.(F的途徑必須在headhead的上頭，即是水平的而不是垂直的)Iwentaroundthefence.(水平途徑Iwentover/underthefence.(垂直途徑

Thepearisinthebowl. Heisstandinginthetent.Thepearisunder/*inthebowl. Heisstandingon/*inthetent碗口朝上：在碗 碗口朝下：在碗下/*在碗帳篷口朝下：在帳篷 帳篷口朝上：在帳篷上/*在帳篷inG必須處在典型的垂直方向Thebikeisonthesideofthechurchtoward/awayfromthecemetery.(車在教堂朝向/背離墓 thecemetery是外部次參考物Thebikeisonthistheothersideofthechurch.Thetravelersarenowbeyondthecontinentaldivide(在分界限的那一頭)beyond本身Thebikeisontheeastsideofthechurch.(地球?yàn)榇螀⒖嘉?，它包含主參考物Thebikeistowardthecemeteryfromthechurch.(thecemetery外部次參考物，thechurch為Thebikeistotheleftofthesilo.(筒倉本身沒有左右之分,是仿照說話人這個(gè)次參考物才ThebikeisinfrontoftheThebikeisbehindthe英語在人和倉之間，（認(rèn)為倉和人面對(duì)面，朝相反的方向）豪薩b車在人和倉之間（認(rèn)為倉和人朝同一種方向F定位的方式見圖（213頁）光是主參考物：Thebikeisnearthe次參考物包含主參考 JohnisaheadofMaryinaqueue.Thebikeiseastofthe次參考物為一種 ThebikeisonthesideofthechurchtowardtheThebikeistotheleftofthe空 時(shí) Abirdsatalongtheledge. Isneezedduringtheperformance. Birdssatallalongtheledge. Isneezedallduringtheperformance. ThisroadgoesasfarasChicago. Shesleptuntilhearrived.度量一有界限 Theroadextendsfor3 Theperformancelastedfor3（motion-FGApointBelocATapoint,foraboundedextentoftime.Thenapkinlayonbed/intheboxforthreehours.ApointMOVETOapoint,atapointofThenapkinblewontothebed/intotheboxatexactlyApointMOVEFROMapoint,atapointofThenapkinblewoffthebed/intotheboxataxactlyApointMOVEALONGanunboundedextent,foraboundedextentoftime.Theballrolledacrossthecrack/pastthelampatexactly3:05.ApointMOVEALONGanunboundedextent,foraboundedextentoftime.Theballrolleddowntheslope/alongtheledge/aroundthetreefor10seconds. ApointMOVETOWARDapoint,foraboundedextentofTheballrolledtowardthelampfor10 ApointMOVEAWAY-FROMapoint,foraboundedextentofTheballrolledawayfromthelampfor10ApointMOVEALENGTHaboundedextent,inaboundedextentoftime.Theballrolledacrosstherug/throughthetubein10seconds. ApointMOVEFROM-TOapointpair,inaboundedextentofTheballrolledfromthelamptothedoor/fromonesideoftherugtotheotherin10ApointMOVEALONG-TOanextentboundedataterminatingpoint,atapointoftime/inaboundedextentoftime.Thecarreachedthehouseat3:05/inthreeApointMOVEFROM-ALONGanextentboundedatabeginningpoint,sinceapointoftime/foraboundedextentoftime.ThecarhasbeendrivingfromChicagosince12:05/forthreeFGe’F可由點(diǎn)變?yōu)椋篢hetrainspedtowardthevillage.（線-與途徑方向同）Thefrontlineofthetroopsadvancedtowardthevillage.（線-與途徑方向交叉）Thecoldweatherfrontadvancedtowardthevillage.（面-與途徑方向交叉）Thestormregionadvancedtowardthevillage.（體）FG還可根據(jù)觀察點(diǎn)（第二個(gè)圖式系統(tǒng)）或掃描方式的變化而變化：Therearesomehousesinthevalley.（整體掃描，遠(yuǎn)距離觀察，靜態(tài)）Thereisahouseeverynowandthenthroughthevalley.（逐行掃描，近距離觀察，動(dòng)態(tài)FG還可根據(jù)注意力的分布差別（第三個(gè)圖式系統(tǒng)）而有所變化：選擇不同的對(duì)象充當(dāng)F,主參考物，次參考物（見前；選擇一種場(chǎng)景不同的部分開視窗（具體見后）：Thecratefelloutoftheplaneintotheocean.（只聚焦于途徑的首尾Thecratefelloutoftheplane,throughtheair,intotheocean.（聚焦于整個(gè)途徑Mycufflinkfinallyturnedupatthebottomoftheclotheshamper.（只聚焦于事件Ifinallyturnedup/foundmycufflinkatthebottomoftheclotheshamper.（聚焦于事件+施Therearefrecklesontheboy’sface.（聚焦于最內(nèi)層）Theboy’sfacehasfrecklesonit.（聚焦于中間層）Theboyhasfrecklesonhisface.（聚焦于最外層FGForcedynamics（第四個(gè)圖式系統(tǒng)）Theballrolledalongthegreen.(force-dynamicallyneutral)Theballkeptrollingalongthegreen.(force-implicational)構(gòu)成成分：點(diǎn)，線（有界的和無界的，面（有界的和無界的抱負(fù)化三個(gè)維度大致相稱的，被抱負(fù)化為點(diǎn)。如行星。near,一邊橫跨到另一邊，兩條邊界的程度要超出橫跨途徑的長度。見圖（222頁）抽象化拓?fù)湫訥的形狀無關(guān)（兩邊不必平行。途徑的形狀不必是直線（IzigzaggedthroughtheGF跟它形成不同的空間關(guān)系：adishonit,aballinit，adoll20feetawayfromit.infrontof11swhoisinfrontofJohn?John為唯一參考物（本身有前后的不對(duì)稱）WhoisinfrontofJohnthatheisfacing?號(hào)，以隊(duì)伍為第二參考物（本身有前后不對(duì)稱WhoisinfrontofJohnintheWhoisinfrontofJohninthechurch?號(hào)，以說話人-WhoisinfrontofJohnfromwhereweareThemanwentacrossthewheatfield. （無視麥子的高度）Themanwentthroughthewheatfield. Theyclimbedacrossthemountain. Theyclimbledoverthe （注意ft的高度 見圖（228頁Thebikeisbehindthe （以教堂為重要參考物Thebikeiswestofthe （還以地球?yàn)榇我獏⒖嘉颰hebikeisleftthe （還以說話人為次要參考物）見圖（228頁Thecabbageinthebinisallturningbrown.（Thecabbageinthebinareallturningbrown.（asetofdiscretecarbusbus別并未固化（therewasanartistinthebussketchingitscontours.）busvehicle時(shí)才用on（therewasastraydog/abombinourbus。Vehicleinon看里面有無走動(dòng)區(qū)（onaplane/inahelicoptger,onaship/inaboat,onatrain/inacarriage,onasubmarine/inadivingbell,onabus/inacar。但是這一區(qū)別因素并沒有什么理由可說，其它語言完全能夠不考慮這一buscar（漢語：在火車上/在車廂里）under（凸顯的是桌面Atsugewithrough（凸顯桌面+桌腿FF必須thebikejusttomyright/*justeastofmetheitchonmyrightarm/*onmyeast而美洲土著語Wintu即使是運(yùn)動(dòng)著的物體也不用左右來定位，而是用地球作參考物（myeastarmitches）只能說是屬于不同的culturalemphases,如英國人和豪薩人對(duì)infrontof的不同理解就是兩個(gè)民族或文化強(qiáng)調(diào)的方面不同，強(qiáng)調(diào)是個(gè)程度問題，Hill(1975)證明在一種文化內(nèi)部對(duì)infrontof的理解也因人而異。Cabbagemassasetofdiscreteitems的區(qū)別，celerymass:Theceleryinthebinis/*theceleriesinthebinareturningyellow.（見下walkedalongthepier,alongG：Shewalkedalongthepierfor/*in20minutes.也Shewalkedacrossthepier,acrossG的長度?？赡苄枰l(fā)明一種新介詞來體現(xiàn)，如alengthalongacross,但hewalkedacrossthewheatfield（不管麥子長得高）hewalkedthroughthewheatfield（不管麥田有邊界）之間選擇，但這兩個(gè)圖式都過粗了?？赡苄枰靦hroughcross。Thereisadot/Thereareseveral/some/many/50dotsontheboard.（闡明點(diǎn)的具體數(shù)量）Therearedotsallovertheboard.（闡明點(diǎn)的遍及）*Thereareseveral/some/50dotsalloverthe一是消除過細(xì)圖式中的幾個(gè)不適宜的特性。如Sheranacrosstheboulevardforfivesecondsandthenstoppedinthemiddle.from…to期待聽話人將“起點(diǎn)-終點(diǎn)”的過細(xì)特性（from…to圖式來說是適宜的）between…and。二是用開放類實(shí)詞體現(xiàn)。如動(dòng)詞zigzag,spiral;concentric,oblique;或動(dòng)詞ricochet,streak(Paintstreakedhercheeks)Therearedotsallovertheboard，根據(jù)常識(shí)和（R原則的推導(dǎo)四是說話人作細(xì)化描寫。Therearedotsallovertheboard,andtheyincreaseindensitytowardthebottomedge.這種細(xì)化描寫并不是語言構(gòu)造所必需的，一種語言完全能夠只有有areclustersofdotsallovertheboard.Clusterallover圖式中。語言如何表征意義？（從語言如何表征空間來看語言范疇的非鄰接性nn的數(shù)目很大，如空間域涉及的維度以下：FFGFGFGFGFGFGF-Gself-F/GF-GFnear的圖across（representativeness）acrossin體現(xiàn)（theboradintherailwaybed，盡管這樣的（第三部分注意第四章語言中的開視窗注意的分布：注意的段落（開視窗事件框（eventframe）必需補(bǔ) 可選補(bǔ) 禁用補(bǔ) 可選附加Ispent$50(for/onthisbook)[*from/by/to/for/…theclerk]{atthatstore}{last必需補(bǔ) 可選補(bǔ) 禁用補(bǔ) 可選附加禁用補(bǔ)語（blockedcomplement）的概念很重要?？陀^現(xiàn)實(shí)或認(rèn)知上存在于事件中，但（antagonist，permitrequiremaymust只允許反作用者出現(xiàn)：IpermityoutogotheYoumaygototheparkIrequirethatyouletthecookiesstayinthejarYoumustletthecookiesstayinthejarThecookiesmuststayinthejar(*by/from/…you,*by/from/…me)(you既是作用者又是反作用者)Ispent$50and100hoursofmytimeonthathamradio是出售者）交換面具，土著人不拿錢當(dāng)作貨幣只當(dāng)作收藏品，那就不能說*Ispent$50ontheirritualmask.（沈：*）開放途徑（不是起點(diǎn)出發(fā)又回到起點(diǎn)的封閉途徑Thecratethatwasintheaircraft’scargobayfell outoftheplanethroughtheairintotheocean.（凸現(xiàn)整個(gè)途徑outoftheplaneintotheocean.（中間途徑隱退，凸現(xiàn)首+尾）throughtheairintotheocean.（首途徑隱退，凸現(xiàn)中間+尾）outoftheairplanethroughtheair.（尾途徑隱退，凸現(xiàn)首+中間）outoftheairplane.（中間+尾隱退，凸現(xiàn)首）throughtheair.（首+尾隱退，凸現(xiàn)中間）intotheocean.（首+中間隱退，凸現(xiàn)尾）（scopeofperception）（從水平運(yùn)動(dòng)變?yōu)榇怪边\(yùn)動(dòng)，從空中出發(fā)部分+離開部分+[Ineedthe(1)go,(2)getitoutoftherefrigerator,(3)bringitGetitoutoftherefrigerator.（2）Bringithere.（3）Gogetitoutoftherefrigerator.（凸現(xiàn)首+中間Getitoutoftherefrigeratorandbringithere.（凸現(xiàn)中間+尾Gobringithere.（凸現(xiàn)首+尾Gogetitoutoftherefrigeratorandbringithere.（凸現(xiàn)整個(gè)途徑虛擬途徑（fictiveYBEbetweenXand （靜態(tài)，無運(yùn)動(dòng)途徑XBEacrossYfromZ （ZYX）Mybikeisacrossthestreetfromthebakery.JanesatacrossthetablefromJohn.（凸現(xiàn)整個(gè)虛擬途徑MybikeisacrossfromtheJanesatacrossfromJohn.（中間途徑隱退MybikeisacrosstheJanesatacrossthetable.（首途徑隱退概念切除（conceptualThecratefelloutoftheplaneintotheocean.Gobringthemilkhere.Mybikeisacrossfromthebakery.JanesatacrossfromJohn.因果鏈（causalchain） 施事的身體（部分或整體）直接造成成果的事件=普通凸現(xiàn)[1]+[5](+[4])：Ibrokethe*bygraspingarockwithmy*byliftingarockwithmy*byswingingarockwithmy*bypropellingarockthroughthe*bythrowingarocktoward?bythrowingarockatit.byhittingitwitharock.Ileveredtheboxopen. *Igraspedthebox *Iburnedthehouse *Ilit/kindledthehousedown.*I’mgoingtocleanmysuitatthedry-cleaningstoreonthe（intermediateagentsThePharaohbuiltapyramidforThePharaohhadapyramidbuiltforThePharaohhadhissubjectsbuildapyramidfor注意-acb。為什么中間途徑經(jīng)常隱退（概念切除相視窗（phase如：見圖（281頁）Thepenkeptfallingoffthetable.（凸現(xiàn)掉離相Ikeptputtingthepenbackonthetable.（凸現(xiàn)回歸相ThepenkeptfallingoffthetableandIkeptputtingitback.（凸現(xiàn)掉離和回歸相WheneverISmithwasalwaysjustabouttostepoutofhisoffice.（凸現(xiàn)即離相）Smithwasalwaysjuststeppingoutofhisoffice.（凸現(xiàn)離相）Smithhadalwanysjuststeppedoutofhisoffice.（凸現(xiàn)剛離相）JohnmetawomanatthepartylastweekHernamewasLinda.（JohnLinda的互動(dòng)）Johnmetawomanatthepartylastweek.HernameisLinda.（Linda的互動(dòng)）說話人和對(duì)方有前后兩次交往（問答Whatwasyournameagain,please?（凸現(xiàn)第一次Whatgisyournameagain,please?（凸現(xiàn)第二次互有關(guān)系事件（interrelationshipevent）視窗F-GThepaintispeelingfromthewall（*漆在掉墻/漆從墻上掉下來?Thewallispeelingofitspaint.（墻在掉漆）Thepaintispeeling.（漆在掉Thewallispeeling.（*墻在掉/墻在掉漆（rolehierarchy，只考慮凸現(xiàn)，不考慮隱退）Thegasolineslowlydrainedfromthefueltank.（油在往油桶外漏Thefueltankslowlydrainedofgasoline.（油桶在漏油Thegasolineslowlydrained.（油在漏Thefueltankslowlydrained.（油桶在漏敘實(shí)-Facuconnier(1997):spaceIdidn’tgotoJohn’spartylastnight.Iwenttothemovieslastnightbecausetheywereplayingmyfavoritefilm.引發(fā)一種違實(shí)否認(rèn)事件（Ididn’ttothemovies，由于要不是這個(gè)因素就不會(huì)去看那部電影。SuemayhavegonetoJohn’spartylastPerhapsSueisatJohn’spartyIjustbarelygottothemovieslastnight.（差點(diǎn)兒沒去）DidSuegotoJohn’spartylastnight?IwouldhavegonetoJohn’spartylastnightifIhadhadthetime.明顯說出違實(shí)的必定事件（Ihavegonetotheparty。IwenttoJohn’spartylastnight.才不引發(fā)對(duì)立事件框。闡明存在認(rèn)知Imissedthetarget.（引發(fā)一種違實(shí)必定事件IregretthatIlenthimmoney.（引發(fā)的違實(shí)否認(rèn)事件是向往的事件Isucceededinopeningthewindow.（引發(fā)一種可能發(fā)生的違實(shí)否認(rèn)事件T/F，P表必定句，--P代表否認(rèn)句。與敘實(shí)-（一）--AA可取，有關(guān)的兩個(gè)情感狀態(tài)是：A遺憾，對(duì)--A向往A（敘實(shí)事件）：IregretthatIdidn’tgototheparty.（It’stoobadIdidn’tgothethe凸顯--A（違實(shí)事件）：IwishedIhadgonetothe （要是去就好了IfonlyIhadgonetotheparty.Ishouldhavegonetothe（二）A比--A可取，有關(guān)的兩個(gè)情感狀態(tài)是：A快樂，想象中對(duì)--A不快樂A（敘實(shí)事件）：It’sagoodthingthatIdidn’tgotothelecture.（IamgladthatIdidn’tgotothe凸顯--A（違實(shí)事件）：ItwouldhavebeentoobadifIhadgonetothelecture.（要是去就壞Iwould/couldhavegonetothelecturetothelecturetomy（一）（二）常見，即：“--AA可取”比“A比--A（這是由于人總是）違實(shí)事件是如意的事件（一，語言有專用的詞匯體現(xiàn)，如regret,詞（should）或句式（wouldthat,ifonly。A’A（一）--AA可取，有關(guān)的解釋類型：excuse類型A’（excuseA=如果--A’，那么--A（如意事件Ididn’tcatchthefrisbeebecausethecarwasintheway.（敘實(shí)解釋Iwouldhavecaughtthefrisbeeifthecarhadn’tbeenintheway.（違實(shí)解釋（二）A比--A可取，有關(guān)的解釋類型：reward類型A’A（reward）=如果--A’，那么--A（不如意事件Hegotaraisebecauseheworkedhard.（敘實(shí)解釋Hewouldn’thavegottenaraiseifhehadn’tworkedhard.（違實(shí)解釋A’疊套視窗（multipleandnestedTheballrolledoffthelawnbackontothecourt.（中間途徑隱退Theballrolledbackontothecourt.（首+中間途徑隱退Theballrolledback.（互有關(guān)系事件框，G隱退Irolledtheballback.（增加施事，置于因果鏈?zhǔn)录騼?nèi)Ikeptrollingtheballback.（置于循環(huán)事件框內(nèi)IfIhadn’tkeptrollingtheballback,therewouldhavebeennogame.（再置于對(duì)比事件框內(nèi)第五 語言中的F和方程式(yFx簡樸句中的F和Thepenlayonthetable.Thepenfelloffthetable.Rocksfilledthebox.TheriverflowedalongsidethemountainThebikeisnearthe?Thehouseisnearthe?Thebikeandthehouse(F1&F2)areneareachotherTheTVantennawasabovethe?ThehousewasbelowtheTVMysisterresemblesMadonna.(MysisterisnearMadonnain?MadonnaresemblesmyClarkKentisSuperman.（陳道明是委員長=ClarkKenti