PAGE4PAGE2AnalysisofEnglishTranslationSkillsofLuoyangTouristAttractionsfromthePerspectiveofFunctionalEquivalenceTheory功能對(duì)等理論視角下的洛陽旅游景點(diǎn)介紹英譯技巧分析Abstract[Abstract]AlthoughChinahascarriedoutinboundtourismformanyyearsandhasmadegreatachievements,theEnglishtranslationofsometouristattractionsisnotsatisfactory:someEnglishattractionshavenoobviousgrammaticalerrors,buttheyareveryconfusingforforeigntourists,evenunintelligible..SincemanyforeigntouristsrelyontheintroductionofEnglishattractionstogetinformationabouttheattractions,theintroductionofappropriateEnglishattractionsisnotonlyconvenientfortourists,butalsohelpstopromotethefurtherdevelopmentofChina'stourismindustry.Therefore,itisnecessaryforustodelveintothetranslationoftouristattractionstoarousethetranslator'sattentionandproposesolutions.Thispaperintroducesthefunctionalequivalencetheory,analyzesthecharacteristicsandfunctionsofLuoyangtouristattractionsintroduction,studiestheculturalissuesinvolvedintranslation,anddiscussesthecharacteristicsoftranslationandintroductionrequirementsandstandardsofLuoyangtouristattractions.Basedonthefunctionalequivalencetheory,thispapermakesatentativestudyonthetranslationofLuoyangtouristattractions,andusesexamplestoillustratethestrategiesandmethodsthatshouldbeusedintheintroductionofChinesetouristattractions.[KeyWords]Luoyang;functionalequivalence;introductionoftouristattractions;translationstrategy摘要【摘要】盡管中國(guó)開展入境游已經(jīng)很多年,也已取得巨大的成就,但是一些旅游景點(diǎn)的英譯并不如人意:有的英文景點(diǎn)介紹雖無明顯語法錯(cuò)誤,卻讓外國(guó)游客很費(fèi)解,甚至是不知所云。由于外國(guó)游客很多依賴英文景點(diǎn)介紹來獲知景點(diǎn)的相關(guān)信息,所以恰當(dāng)?shù)挠⑽木包c(diǎn)介紹不僅方便游客,也有助于推動(dòng)我國(guó)旅游業(yè)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。因此,我們有必要深入研究旅游景點(diǎn)介紹的翻譯以此喚起翻譯者的注意并提出解決方案。本論文介紹了功能對(duì)等理論,分析了洛陽旅游景點(diǎn)介紹的特點(diǎn)和作用；研究了翻譯涉及的文化問題,并探討了洛陽旅游景點(diǎn)介紹翻譯的特點(diǎn)以及翻譯的要求和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。本文以功能對(duì)等理論為基礎(chǔ),對(duì)洛陽旅游景點(diǎn)介紹的翻譯做了嘗試性研究,并用實(shí)例說明在中文旅游景點(diǎn)介紹翻譯過程中所應(yīng)采用的策略與方法。 【關(guān)鍵詞】洛陽；功能對(duì)等；旅游景點(diǎn)介紹；翻譯策略目錄Introduction 4ChapterOneAnIntroductiontoNidaandFunctionalEquivalenceTheory 61.1BriefBiographyofEugeneA.Nida 61.2ABriefIntroductiontoNida’sFunctionalEquivalence 8ChapterTwoLuoyangTouristAttractionsIntroductionfeatures 92.1FigurativeUseinDescription 102.2AbundantQuotationofPoemsandAllusions 102.3FloweryStyleofWriting 11ChapterThreeTouristAttractionIntroductionTranslation 123.1RequirementsandCriteriaofTouristAttractionIntroductionTranslation 123.2TouristAttractionIntroductionTranslationandCulture 13ChapterFourStrategiesandMethodsofTouristAttractionIntroductionTranslation 144.1TranslationStrategies 144.2TranslationMethods 154.2.1Addition 154.2.2Deletion 164.2.3Explanation 164.2.4Analogy 164.2.5Paraphrase 174.2.6Rewriting 184.3Summary 18Conclusion 19Bibliography 21IntroductionAsweallknow,tourismistheworldwidefavoriterecreationalactivityinmodernsociety.Withthedevelopmentofthenationalcommunication,tourismbecomesmoreandmoreimportantinthecrossculturalcommunication.ItisanimportantchannelthroughwhichChinacancommunicatewiththeothercountries.Withafairlylonghistoryofcivilizationandresplendentculture,modernChinahasplentyofwell-knownhistoricalsites,spectacularscenicspots,colorfulnationalcustoms,andpotentialtouristresources,whichguaranteetheunceasingdevelopmentofitstouristindustry.AccordingtotheestimatebytheWorldTourismOrganization,Chinawouldbecometheworld’sleadingtouristdestination,overtakingtraditionaldestinationssuchasSpain,FranceandtheUnitedStatesby2020.ItisbelievedthatChina’stourismhasabrightfuture.Withthedevelopmentofdomestictouristtrade,moreandmoreTouristAttractionIntroductionneedtobetranslatedintoEnglish.TouristAttractionIntroductionpublicizestouristresources,localcustoms,culture,historyandreligion.Astheprincipalmeansoftouristadvertisement,TouristAttractionIntroductionplayasignificantroleandareneededtobetranslatedintoEnglishinmuchlargerquantityandhigherquality.PropertranslationofTouristAttractionIntroductionhelpstobuildupChina’sinternationalimageasahighlycivilizedcountry,toshowherattractivenesstotheworld,andtoexpandtheinternationaltourismmarket.DespitetheimportanceofTouristAttractionIntroductiontranslation,thequalityofChinese-English(C-E)translationofTouristAttractionIntroductionisfarfrombeingsatisfactory.Manyofthemarefilledwithword-for-wordtranslation,linguisticmistakes,Chinglish,andmanyculturalelementsarenotadequatelyrenderedintoEnglish.SomeofthemevencausemisunderstandingbyEnglishspeakingtourists.Seriousmistakesmayfrequentlyoccurinsomepublications,whichresultsinanegativeinfluenceontheimageofChina.So,inordertoenhancethenationalimageandacceleratethedevelopmentoftourism,itisquitenecessarytoproducesatisfyingTouristAttractionIntroductiontranslations.ThereasonbehindtheinadequaciesinC-EtranslationistheinterferencebyChineselanguageandcultureandthefailuretotaketargetlanguageandcultureintoconsideration.TouristAttractionIntroductiontranslationisbynomeansaneasyjob,sothethesiswillmakeatentativestudyonTouristAttractionIntroductiontranslationbyapplyingfunctionalistapproachandprescribewhatmethodsandstrategiesshouldbeadoptedinthetranslatingofChineseTouristAttractionIntroduction.Anyway,thethesisishopedthatitwillnotonlybehelpfultoimprovethequalityofthewholeTouristAttractionIntroductiontranslation,butwillhelpthedevelopmentofChina’stourism.ChapterOneAnIntroductiontoNidaandFunctionalEquivalenceTheory1.1BriefBiographyofEugeneA.NidaBornonNovember11,1914,inOklahomaCity,EugeneNidaandhisfamilymovedtoLongBeach,Californiawhenhewas5yearsold.HebeganstudyingLatininhighschoolandwasalreadylookingforwardtobeingabletotranslatescriptureasamissionary.BythetimehereceivedhisBachelor’sdegreein1936fromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles,hewaswellonhisway.HavingearnedhisdegreeinGreek,heenrolledintheSummerInstituteofLinguisticsanddiscoveredtheworksofsuchlinguistsasEdwardSapirandLeonardBloomfield.NidathenpursuedaMaster'sdegreeinGreekNewTestamentattheUniversityofNidawasdeterminedtoproduceatheorythatwouldfostereffectivecommunicationoftheGoodNewsofBibleacrossallkindsofculturalandlinguisticsbarriers.Aprolificwriter,hisbookTowardaScienceofTranslating,andlaterTheTheoryandPracticeofTranslationhelpedhimachievethisobjective.Thesetwoveryinfluentialbookswerehisfirstbook-lengtheffortstoexpoundhistheoryonwhathecalleddynamicequivalencetranslation,latertobecalledfunctionalequivalence.Howsignificant,revolutionary,andconvincingthisnewapproachprovedtobecanbeseeninthefactthathundredsoftheBibletranslationshavenowbeeneffectivelycarriedoutwiththismethodology.Inessence,thisapproachenablesthetranslatortocapturethemeaningandspiritoftheoriginallanguagetextwithoutbeingboundtoitslinguisticstructure.Nida’sworkwithindigenouslanguagetranslationshadshownthatinordertoreachpeoplewhobringnopriorknowledgetotheirencounterwiththeBible,thetranslationneedstoplacethehighestpriorityonclearcommunicationineasilyunderstoodlanguageandstyle.Thus,undertheleadershipoftranslatorWilliamWonderly,aSpanishNewTestament,calledtheVersiónPopular,acontemporarytranslation,waspublishedin1966.Atalmostthesametime,theGoodNewsBibleNewTestament,Today’sEnglishVersion,undertheleadershipofRobertG.Bratcher,aNidacolleague,waspublished.Bothofthesebookswereenormouslysuccessfulpublications,withsalesindozensofmillionsevenbeforetheBibleeditionswerepublishedin1976.Ascholar,teacher,leader,influencer,innovator,andinfluentialtheoretician,EugeneA.NidaisverypossiblyunsurpassedinthehistoryoftheBibleSocietymovementintermsofglobalimpact.Hiswork,hisorganization,hisideasandtheorganizationheputintoplacerepresentawatershedforthemovementandforBibletranslation.Thankstohim,theworldofBibletranslationandtranslationstudieshasbeenenrichedandchallengedintoanexcitingfieldofstudyanddiscourse.1.2ABriefIntroductiontoNida’sFunctionalEquivalenceNidaisanoutstandingAmericanlinguistandtranslationtheoristofthecontemporarytime.Intheearlyphaseoftranslationstudies,theconceptionoflinguisticequivalenceplaysapredominantrole.Discardingthetraditionalequivalence,Nidaadvocatesafunctionalapproachanddifferentiatesbetweenformalanddynamicequivalenceintranslation.“Formalequivalence”referstofaithfulreproductionofthesourcetext(ST)while“dynamicequivalence”indicatesacquisitionofequivalentextra-linguisticcommunicativeeffect.AccordingtoNidatranslationisacommunicativeprocess,soheviewsdynamicequivalenceasatranslationprinciple.Inordertoachievethepurposeofeffectivecommunication,anytextmustbethereader-centered.Nidaexplainshisconceptofdynamicequivalenceasfollows:intermsofthedegreetowhichthereceptorsofthemessageinthereceptorlanguagerespondtoitinsubstantiallythesamemannerasthereceptorsinthesourcelanguage(Nida,1969:24).That’stosay,therelationoftargetlanguagereceptorstothetargetlanguagetextshouldberoughlyequivalenttotherelationshipbetweentheoriginalreceptorsandtheoriginaltext.Theconceptof“dynamicequivalence”whichhasfeaturedNida’swholetheorysystemlaterhasbeenreplacedbytheterm“functionalequivalence”whichemphasizesthefunctionofcommunication.DifferentfromtraditionaltranslationtheorieswhichfocusontherelationshipbetweentheSTandtargettext(TT),Nida’sdynamicequivalenceintroducesanewmeasurementtheresponseofthereceptortothetargettextshouldbeequivalenttothatofthesourcetextreadertotheoriginal.Nidastressesthatthetargettextshouldfunctioninthesamemannerinthetargetsituationasthesourcetextfunctionsinthesourcetext.Thatistosay,thetargettextshouldbefunctionallyequivalenttothesourcetext.Nidaindicatesthatthevalidityofatranslationcannotbejudgedonlybyacomparisonofcorrespondinglexicalmeanings,grammaticalclassesandrhetoricaldevices.Whatismoreimportantistheextenttowhichthetargetreceptorcanunderstandorappreciatethetranslatedtext.Functionalequivalencerequiresboththeequivalenceofmessageandequivalenceofform,becausethereceptorwillnodoubthasdifferentresponsetothatofthesourcetextreaderifthetranslatoronlytransmitsthemeaningoftheoriginalbutignorethestyle.AccordingtoNida,thecomparisonofthereceptors’responseratherthanthecomparisonofthestructurebetweentheSTandtheTTisthekeypointtodeterminewhetheritisfaithfultothesourcetextornot.Hebelievesthatifthetranslationhaslaidgreatdifficultythesourcetext,orresultedinthemisunderstanding,thetranslatorhastherighttocorrectthesourcetextsoastomakethetargettextreachtheexpectedresponse.ChapterTwoLuoyangTouristAttractionsIntroductionfeaturesInChineseTouristAttractionIntroduction,specificattentionisalwayspaidtotheintroductionoftheChineseculture.TheparticularculturalinformationisalwaysembeddedinChineseTouristAttractionIntroduction.Becauseofthedeep-rooteddifferencesinthoughtpatternsandaesthetichabitsbetweenChineseandEnglishspeakingpeople,thesametexttypemayhavequitedifferentlanguageconventions.AccordingtoNewmark’stexttypologyandNida’sdynamicequivalence,TouristAttractionIntroductiontranslationshouldbereader-centeredandthetranslationneedstomakesensetothetargetreaderssoastoreachtheintendedpurposeofthetargettext.OneofthedifficultiesinC-EtouristtranslationiscausedbythedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishTouristAttractionIntroduction．Thusthetranslatorhastodooneworkbeforestarting:studyingthespecificfeaturesofChineseTouristAttractionIntroduction.2.1FigurativeUseinDescriptionItisfulloffigurativelanguageinChinesedescriptiveTouristAttractionIntroduction.TheuseoffigurativelanguagemakestheTouristAttractionIntroductionmoreinteresting,andsuchrhetoricdevicesassimile,metaphor,parallelism,hyperboleandpersonificationcanhelptoenhancecommunicationeffectbymakingthetextsmorevividandappealing.ManyTouristAttractionIntroductionmakegreatefforttoimpressthereaderbyofferingfloweryandexaggerateddescriptionsofthescenicspots.玻璃與銅板相間，宛如“琴鍵飛奔’’；凌空飛架的四條鋼架，又似高山流水、水袖當(dāng)舞。‘‘Betweentheglassandbronzeplatesare‘‘pianokeys’’andthefoursteelflameslooklikestreamrunningfromhighmountainsandsleevesflyinginthesky.”/question/84227302.htmlIntheaboveexample，theChineseversionusesthesimiles,“宛如琴鍵飛奔",whileintheEnglishversion,itjustrendersasthe“pianokeys”.2.2AbundantQuotationofPoemsandAllusionsBecauseofChina’slonghistory,numeroushistoricalallusionshavecomeintouseandbecomevaluablelegacyofChinesecultureaswellasrichmaterialsforChineseliterature.Inscenerydescriptions,ChinesepeoplelikequotingChineseclassicpoemsorallusionstosupporttheiropinionsandatthesametimeenhancecharmtothescenicspots.Eachallusionhasanimpressivestory,eitherappealingorinstructive.Chinesewritersliketouseallusionstobringnumerousassociationstoreaders,whoarefamiliarwiththeChinesecultureandhistory,whileforeignersarenotacquainted,thusiteventuallybringsaboutgreatchallengesfortranslators,asthefollowingexampleshows:“慈母手中線，游子身上衣。臨行密密縫，意恐遲遲歸。誰言寸草心，報(bào)得三春暉?！边@是唐朝著名詩人孟郊的經(jīng)典之作?！癟hreadinthehandsofalovingmotherTurnstoclothesonthetravelingson．Sheaddsstitchaftertightstitchuntilheleavesandworriesabouthisreturn．Agrassbladeisbathedinspringsun;Howcanitsinch-sizedheartreturnsuchlove?”ThisisthegreatpoetinTangDynasty.Inthisexample,thepoemisquotedintheintroductionofDeqingCountyinHuzhou，whichisthehometownofthepoetMengiiao.MengiiaomaybeahouseholdnamefortheChinesereadersandthewriterusethepoemtoproducedeeperimpressiononChinesereaders.2.3FloweryStyleofWritingComparingwiththeEnglishTouristAttractionIntroduction,ChineseTouristAttractionIntroductionaremoreornate,or“flowery”.ItisatraditionthattheChinesehavedevelopedgreatfavorofflowerywordsandlyricalwritingsfromancienttimes.ManyChinesewritersofscenicdescriptions,influencedbyChineseliterature,havespecialfavoritetorhythmicalprosestyle,neatparallelstructureandelegantdescriptions.Asaresult,manyChineseTouristAttractionIntroductionarecharacterizedbygorgeousdictionandtheabuseofadjectives,four-characterphrases.Chinesefeaturedfour-characterphrasescompoundsrevealtheaestheticvalueofChinese.Balancedinformandsoundingwithemphasisonmeaning,theyaregenerallyregardedastherefinedexpressions,sincemanyofthemarederivedfromtherichChineseliterarytradition.Forexample:山海相連，嵐光晦明，峰巒疊嶂，怪石嶙峋，深澗幽谷，碧海仙居，縹緲海市，構(gòu)成了嶗山幽邃文袤、離奇多變的天然之美。峰頂聳立，層巒疊嶂，深澗幽谷，奇峰異石，有“天然雕塑公園"之稱。http.enInthisshortdescription,13four-characterphrasesareusedtoachieverhythmandparallelismwhichdepictamagnificentviewbeforeChinesereaders.Someofthesefour-characterphrasesdonothavepracticalmeanings.Soitisnoteasyfortranslatorstorenderthesetexts.ChapterThreeTouristAttractionIntroductionTranslation3.1RequirementsandCriteriaofTouristAttractionIntroductionTranslationTheprinciplesorthecriteriaoftranslationarenotonlyanormformeasuringthequalityoftranslationbutalsoanultimategoalfortranslatorstopursuit.AlexanderFraserTytler,anEnglishtranslationtheoreticianhasputforwardthecriteriawhichclaimedthatatranslationshouldbemadeorjudgedbythreefundamentalsinthelastdecadeofthe18thcentury:(1)Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.(2)Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal.(3)Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition(ChenHongwei,2004:5).Foralongtime,thetranslatorsareboundtotheliteraltranslationtheorybythetranslationtraditions,andtheyhavelittlefreedomtoshowtheircreativity.ButthefunctionorintentionoftranslatingTouristAttractionIntroductionisquitedifferentfromthosetextssuchaslegaldocuments,scientificreports,andGovernmentDocuments,etc.Itissuccessfulifatranslationcanadequatelyreachtheintendedpurposeofthetargettext.BecausethefunctionofTouristAttractionIntroductionistotransmitChineseuniqueculturaltotheforeigntouristsandtoarousetheircuriositytotravel,thetranslationshouldbeinterestingtothetargetreaders.ButChinesereadersandEnglishreadersbelongtodifferentculturebackgrounds,sothequalityofatouristtranslationmustbeevaluatedbythedegreeoftheculturalexchangeonthebasisofthereadabilityofthetranslatedversionandofthereceptivenessofthereaders.Inconclusion,thecriterionforC-EtouristtranslationdemandsatranslatormakethepromotionofChineseculturebearinmind,andexpressasmuchculturalinformationaspossibletotheforeigners.3.2TouristAttractionIntroductionTranslationandCultureTranslationandculturearecloselylinked.Everyculturehasitsparticularpointofviewoftheworldanditsownthinkingpattern.Translationastheconnectorbetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguageisusedtoconveytheuniquecultureandtoachievethebettercommunication.Inthetranslationprocess,culturalinformationinonelanguagecanbeconveyedinanotherlanguage.Inthisprocess,newconcepts,newgenresandnewdevicesareintroducedintoatargetculture.Thisisindeedacommunicatingprocessfacilitatedbymeansoftranslation.Thehistoryoftranslationis,inaway,“thehistoryoftheshapingpowerofonecultureuponanother.AsNord(1997)putsit,“Translatingmeanscomparingcultures”,aforeignculturecanonlybeapperceivedbymeansofcomparisonwithourownculture.Intheprocessofthiscomparison,translatorsinterpretsource-culturephenomenainthelightoftheirownculture--specificknowledgeofthatculture,fromeithertheinsideortheoutside，dependingonwhetherthetranslationisfromorintothetranslator’snativelanguageandculture.AgoodTouristAttractionIntroductiontranslatedinaculturalperspectivecanimmeasurablycontributetomutualunderstandingandculturalexchangesespeciallyforthoseforeignvisitorswhoknowlittleornothingaboutChineseculture.AcombinationofgeneralintroductionwithculturalinterpretationwillbetterdisplaythefunctionsofTouristAttractionIntroduction.Transculturalactionorcommunicationacrossculturebarriershastotakeaccountofculturaldifferenceswithregardtobehavior,evaluationandcommunicativesituations.Nidaalsosays,“Fortrulysuccessfultranslating,biculturalismisevenmoreimportantthanbilingualism”(Nida,1993:64).ChapterFourStrategiesandMethodsofTouristAttractionIntroductionTranslation4.1TranslationStrategiesTouristAttractionIntroductiontranslationisbynomeansaneasytaskfortranslatorstocomplete,sincetherearesomanyobscuritiesfortranslatorstocopewiththattranslationalwaysrequirestranslatorstobeequippedwithlinguisticcompetenceandculturalperception.SothefollowingpartistofindoutsomepracticalstrategiesforTouristAttractionIntroductiontranslation.Asisstatedinpreviouschapters,TouristAttractionIntroductioncombinesinformativeandvocativefunctions.TheultimatepurposeofanyTouristAttractionIntroductionistoachieveitsvocativefunction,namelytoattractoverseastouriststovisitthescenicattractionsinChina.Basedonsuchpurposeandfunction,translatorshavetopleasethereaderbyadaptingtheformandcontentofChinesetextwhiletakingtheirbackgroundknowledge,expectations,culturalbackgroundandaestheticsintoconsideration.Inthecasewherethevocativefunctionispredominant,“onemightbejustifiedforplayingdownorevenomittingcertaininformationifitobstructstheappellativefunction”(Nord,2001:77).Onthebasisofthisviewpoint,theinformationwhichisregardedbyforeignvisitorsasirrelevanttothesubjectofsourcetextorinsignificantshouldbedeletedintranslation.TranslatorhastheresponsibilitytointroducetherichcultureofChinatothewesterners,whichisanotherpurposeofC-E,touristtranslationthatshouldnotbeforgotten.Inthiscase,translatorshouldadoptaforeigntranslationstrategywhentranslatingtheculturalphenomenasuchasthecustoms,thewaysofliving,theemotionsofChinesepeopleandthepropernames.Ifculture-loadedinformationisindeednotunderstandabletothetargetreaderbecauseoflanguageandculturalbarrier,translatormayaddsomeexplanationinthetargettext.EnglishlanguagereadershavetheirinbornsocioculturalbackgroundandaestheticpsychologywhichmaketheshapeofthewritingstyleofEnglishTouristAttractionIntroduction.Accordingtothesetranslationtheories,translatorshavetopleasethereaderbyadaptingtheformandcontentofChinesetextwhiletakingtheirbackgroundknowledge,expectations,culturalbackgroundandaestheticsintoconsideration.Theinformationwhichisregardedbyforeignvisitorsasirrelevanttothesubjectofsourcetextorinsignificantshouldbedeletedintranslation.4.2TranslationMethods4.2.1AdditionAdditionisusuallyemployedintranslatingnamesofpersonsandplaces,dynasties,historicaleventsandliteraryquotations,etc.bysupplyingnecessaryinformationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginaltexts.EnglishandChinesearetwoentirelydifferentlanguagesandeachhasitsowncharacteristicsoflanguage,historicalandculturalbackground.Therefore,itisnecessaryfortranslatorstoprovidesomeadditionalinformationtoassisttouriststounderstand.4.2.2DeletionThisprocessistoomitunnecessaryandmeaninglessinformation.Fromtheaboveanalysis,itisknownthatthewaysofexpressingideasaredifferentbetweenChineseandwesternpeople.Chinesepeopleliketoquoteorcitetheclassicsorthepoemstoaddsomeartisticvaluetotheirwritings,whiletheforeignersprefertheplainanddirectwaytoexpresswhattheythink.Sointranslating,toensurethefluencyandconcisenessofthetranslatedtext,itispropertoomitsomeuselessredundantinformationandmaketheversionunderstandable.Nidasaysthat“totranslatepreciselyoutofthesourcelanguageisnottoobservethenumberofwords,buttheperfectsenseandmeaning”(Nida,1964:16).Thetranslatorhastherighttodecidewhichpartshouldbetranslatedordeleted.ProperdeletionshouldbeappliedintranslatingChineseTouristAttractionIntroductionwithallusionsandquotations,flowerydescription,andunnecessaryinformation,whichotherwisemightresultinoverloadedcommunicativeeffect.4.2.3ExplanationExplanationreferstoaliteralinterpretationforwords,phrasesandsentences.Incaseswhenwords,phrases,andsentencesarenotfamiliartoforeignvisitors,itisnecessarytoexplainandofferthemenoughmessages,whichisnotintermsofculturalbackgroundinformation,buttheequivalentmeaningofthelexemes.Inthisway,thereadercanunderstandtheinnermeaningandfindthetranslatedtextmoredelightful,intelligibleandappealing.4.2.4AnalogyAnalogyintranslationissuchamethodaswordsarecreatedintheimitationofotherwordsthathavesimilarfeaturesinordertoshortenthedistancebetweenforeignreadersandtheChineseculture.Thatistosay,usetheirfamiliarthingstocompareandtointerpretthedifferentobjectscanmakethereadersfeelclosetothetargettext.Nordsays“reallifepresentssituationswhereequivalenceisnotpossibleandinsomecases,notevendesired”(Nord,1997).InTouristAttractionIntroduction,analogycanalsobeausefulstrategytodealwithcultureblanks.WhenitisdifficulttotranslatetheChinesecharacterizeditemsandtheomissionofthemislikewiseimpossible,culturalanalogycanbetakenintoconsideration.Analogyisaconciseandeffectivewaytointroducecharactersandspotstoaddresseesfromadifferentculture.ManyChinesehistoricalcelebritiesandeventsareintroducedtotheforeignersinthisway.ItwillmakeiteasierforwesternerstounderstandandappreciatethesignificanceoftheChineseculture.4.2.5ParaphraseDuetoculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandWesterncountrieswemaynotfindinEnglishtheequivalentsofmanyobjectsinChinese.Whenthewords,phrases,sentencesintheoriginalversionaretoodifficulttounderstand,paraphraseshouldbeapplied.Paraphrase,whichisdifferentfromexplanation,referstore-wordingofapieceofwriting,statement,etc.indifferentwords.Thatistosay,wecanusemorecommonwordstotranslatetheoriginal,yetthemeaningisreserved.Nida(1982:73)alsoholdsthesimilarviewaboutthispoint：Whenartifactsthatexistinasourcelanguagedonotcorrespondtoanythinginareceptorlanguage,there’satendencytoparaphrasethethingortoemployadescriptiveequivalent.Example[1]：元宵節(jié)那天，各家各戶裝點(diǎn)彩燈，準(zhǔn)備糯米面做的元宵，煮著吃或炸著吃。“OntheLanternFestival(whichfallsonthe15thofthefirstlunarmonth),everyhouseholdisdecoratedwithcolorfullanternsandpreparesYuanXiao,akindofrounddumplingmadeofglutinousriceflourwithsweetorsaltedfillings,whichisboiledorfried.’’Wecannotfindanequivalentof“YuanXiao”inEnglish,sothebestmethodtoinformforeignersaboutthisspecialChinesefoodistoparaphraseit.ManyothertermsuniqueinChinaaretranslatedthiswaywithparaphrasesothattheforeignreadersmayobtaininsightintoChineseculture.Asforparaphrasemethodwealsohavethefollowingexamples:哈達(dá)hada(apieceofpurewhitesilkusedasagreetinggiftforhonorableguestsespeciallybyTibetanpeople)華表huabiao(marblepilla