WhatisCultureOriginofthewordculture

(文化）TheEnglishwordcultureoriginatesfromtheLatincultura,withitsmeaning“tocultivate”.

文化：經(jīng)由文字、文學、禮樂、制度、律法等對人類的教化與培養(yǎng)第一頁第二頁，共22頁。WhatisCultureDefinitionsofcultureIn1952,AlfredKroeberandClydeKluckhohncompiledalistofmorethan164definitionsof“culture”inCulture:ACriticalReviewofConceptsandDefinitions.第二頁第三頁，共22頁。WhatisCultureCultureislike……thementalprogramming,“softwareofthemind”,Windows,IOSthewaterfishswimintheonionwithdifferentlayersofdepth,rangingfrominnercoretothesurfacetheiceberg第三頁第四頁，共22頁。Theonionmodel第四頁第五頁，共22頁。Theicebergmodel第五頁第六頁，共22頁。WhatisCultureMaterial

componentsofaculture:tangibleobjectsandphysicalsubstancesthathavebeenalteredbyhumanintervention(e.g.architecture,icons,personalpossessions)第六頁第七頁，共22頁。Material

componentsofculture:

reflectionsofaculture’svalue第七頁第八頁，共22頁。WhatisCultureNonmaterialaspectsofaculture:Beliefs:conceptionsofwhatistrue,factual,orvalid;rootedinfaith,experience,orscienceValues:sharedviewsofwhatisgood,right,worthwhile,orimportantNorms:informalrulesthatguidehowmembersofacultureact,aswellashowtheythinkandfeelLanguage:shapinghowwethinkabouttheworld第八頁第九頁，共22頁。WhatisCultureCulturecanbedefinedas“ahistoricallytransmittedsystemofsymbols,meanings,andnorms”.(Collier&Thomas,1988)第九頁第十頁，共22頁。WhatisCultureCulturecanbedefinedasthecoherent,learned,sharedviewsofagroupofpeopleaboutlife’sconcernsthatrankswhatisimportant,furnishesattitudesaboutwhatthingsareappropriate,anddictatesbehavior.(I.Varner&LindaBeamer,2008)第十頁第十一頁，共22頁。CharacteristicsofcultureCultureiscoherentCultureislearnedCultureissharedCultureisdynamic：Cultureevolvesandchangesovertime第十一頁第十二頁，共22頁。CharacteristicsofcultureCultureisdynamic：CultureevolvesandchangesovertimeInnovation:newpractices,tools,orconceptsDiffusion:theborrowingbyoneculturefromanotherCulturalcalamity:adversitysuchaswarornaturaldisastersthatbringaboutchangeCommunicationimpelssignificantchangesinculturallife第十二頁第十三頁，共22頁。AcultureasaparticularwaytosatisfyhumanneedsFivebasicneedsofhumanbeingsThephysiologicalneedsThesafetyneedsThebelongingnessneedsTheesteemneedsTheself-actualizationneeds第十三頁第十四頁，共22頁。WhatisCommunicationOrigin:Latinword“commonis”(meaningcommon)TranslationinChinese:

交際（fromthelinguistic

perspective）

溝通（fromthepsychological

perspective）

傳播

（inmassmedia)Communicationandculture:CultureisreflectedinCommunicationpracticesCommunicationpracticesshapeculturallife“Communicationisculture”第十四頁第十五頁，共22頁。ElementsofCommunicationContextPhysicalsettingHistoricalPsychologicalCulture&subcultures第十五頁第十六頁，共22頁。ElementsofCommunicationParticipants:senderandreceiverVariables:relationship,gender,cultureMessagesMeaningsSymbolsEncodingDecoding第十六頁第十七頁，共22頁。ElementsofCommunicationChannels:routesandmeansoftransportationSound(verbalsymbols)Sight(nonverbalcues)Themorechannelsusedtocarryamessage,themorelikelythecommunicationwillsucceed.第十七頁第十八頁，共22頁。ElementsofCommunicationNoiseExternalNoiseInternalNoiseSemanticNoiseNoisecanfunctionasacommunicationbarrier.FeedbackFeedback,verbalornonverbal,allowsustobehaveinwaysthatincreaseourunderstandingofourmessages第十八頁第十九頁，共22頁。AmodelofCommunication第十九頁第二十頁，共22頁。CharacteristicsofCommunicationCommunicationisadynami