Unit2——Unit4語(yǔ)法精講精煉動(dòng)詞-ing形式主賓表√定√狀補(bǔ)動(dòng)名詞√√現(xiàn)在分詞√√√√一.動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)的用法動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)往往表示一種事實(shí)或經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。它已經(jīng)將動(dòng)作名詞化了，已把動(dòng)作視為某種活動(dòng)或是某件事情，動(dòng)作意義很弱，比較抽象。Seeingisbelieving.Helpingherismyduty.Talkingmendsnoholes.空談無(wú)濟(jì)于事。Workingwithyouisapleasure.和你一起工作是一種樂(lè)趣。不定式做主語(yǔ)往往表示具體的特別是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作Herealizedthattogoonlikethiswaswrong.動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，也常用"Itis…"和"Thereis…"兩種句型。"Itis…"的句型常用于說(shuō)明"某種活動(dòng)或是某件事情是如何，如何"。強(qiáng)調(diào)事物的性質(zhì)、特征等。常用于Itis后面的詞有：nogood,nouse,useless,awaste,worthwhile,dangerous等等。"Thereis…"句型往往用于說(shuō)明"不允許、禁止某種活動(dòng)或是某件事情發(fā)生或存在"。類似一種建議、命令等。例如：Itisnousewaitingforhimanylonger.等他是沒(méi)有用的。Itisnogoodlearningwithoutpractice.學(xué)而不實(shí)踐是沒(méi)好處的。Itisdangeroususingthismethodtomeasurethespeedoflight.用這種方法去測(cè)量光速是危險(xiǎn)的。Itisworthwhileconsultingyourtutoraboutitagain.很值得再向你的老師咨詢一下這個(gè)問(wèn)題。Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.這種事開不得玩笑。ThereisnodenyingthefactthatChinahasmadearapidprogressineveryaspectsinceitwasfounded.中國(guó)自它成立以來(lái)已在各個(gè)方面都取得了飛速的發(fā)展,這個(gè)事實(shí)不容抵賴。Thereisnolitteringabout.不許亂扔雜物。二.動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的用法1．有些動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后常用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。如：admit,appreciate,avoid,can'tstand,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,feellike,finish,forgive,getdownto,giveup,imagine,keep(on),lookforwardto,mention,mind,miss（錯(cuò)過(guò)）,payattentionto,practice,putoff,stickto,insiston,suggest等等。2.動(dòng)詞need,require,want意為需要時(shí)，后跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式或不定式的被動(dòng)式作賓語(yǔ)，意義沒(méi)有區(qū)別。如：Thewindowneeds／requires／wantscleaning／tobecleaned．3.在begin,continue,love,like,hate,prefer,intend,start后用動(dòng)名詞和用不定式作賓語(yǔ)均可，沒(méi)有多大區(qū)別。4.動(dòng)詞forget,goon,mean,regret,remember,stop,try,beusedto,can'thelp后跟動(dòng)名詞和跟不定式區(qū)別較大can’thelpdoingsth.情不自禁做某事Hecouldn’thelpcryingwhensheheardthesadnews.can’thelptodosth.不能幫助做某事Shecan’thelptocleantheroombecausesheisbusycookingacake.三．動(dòng)名詞，現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ)解釋主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容，且可以和主語(yǔ)顛倒，意思仍然通順，回答what的問(wèn)題。它們有時(shí)存在經(jīng)常性和一次性行為的區(qū)別，現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)表明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征和狀態(tài)，不能和主語(yǔ)顛倒，主語(yǔ)一般是事物；可以回答how的問(wèn)題。如：Herjobiscleaningoffices.Thenewsisveryexciting.四．動(dòng)名詞，現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)1.動(dòng)名詞通常只能位于所修飾的名詞前，既可以表示被修飾者的作用或功能，被修飾的名詞與動(dòng)名詞沒(méi)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系；可用“名詞+for+動(dòng)名詞”來(lái)表達(dá)；如：buildingmaterials=materialsforbuilding建筑材料drinkingwater飲用水=？awalkingstick手杖=？areadingroom閱覽室=？awritingdesk寫字臺(tái)=？2.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行；單個(gè)的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，常置于被修飾的名詞的前面；現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，須置于被修飾名詞的后面。與被修飾的名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系；可換成定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表達(dá)；tiringmusic=musicthatistiring煩人的音樂(lè)asurprisingresult=aresultthatissurprising一個(gè)驚人的結(jié)果-ing形式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),放在所修飾的名詞之后,并且在意思上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。Theylivedinaroomfacingthestreet.=Theylivedinaroomthatfacesthestreet.ThemanstandingthereisPeter’sfather.=ThemanwhoisstandingthereisPeter’sfather.Anybodyswimminginthisriverwillbefined.=Anybodywhoisswimminginthisriverwillbefined.體會(huì)區(qū)別：awaitingroom=aroomforwaitingawaitingman=asleepingcar=therisingsun=3.-ing形式短語(yǔ)也可以用作非限制定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，這時(shí)，它與句子其他部分用逗號(hào)分開。如：Hisbrother,workingasateacher,livesinBeijing.=Hisbrother,whoisworkingasateacher,livesinBeijing.五．現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語(yǔ)（表主動(dòng)，進(jìn)行）1.原因狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于原因狀語(yǔ)從句。1).Beingill,shedidn’tgotoschooltoday.因?yàn)樯?，她今天沒(méi)上學(xué)去。2).Seeingnooneathome,Idecidedtocomeagain.看見沒(méi)有人在家，我決定再來(lái)一趟。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于when,while等引導(dǎo)的從句。1).Hearingthegoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.當(dāng)聽到這個(gè)好消息時(shí)，他高興地跳了起來(lái)。2).Walkinginthestreet,Isawafriendofmine.當(dāng)我走在街上時(shí)，我看到了我的朋友。3).Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.過(guò)街時(shí)小心。3.伴隨狀語(yǔ)，與謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。1).HesatatthetablereadingChinaDaily.他坐在桌子旁看《中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》。2).Talkingandsmiling,theywentintotheroom.他們又說(shuō)又笑地走進(jìn)房間。4.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。1).Themotherdied,leavingalotofmoneyforherchildren.5.條件狀語(yǔ)。Turningright,youwillfindtheplaceyouwant.往右轉(zhuǎn)彎，你就會(huì)找到你要找的地方了?，F(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般須與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。作狀語(yǔ)的分詞相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。1).Seeingfromthetopofthehill,wecanseeourbeautifulschool.從山頂望下去，我們就能看到我們美麗的學(xué)校。2).Manypeoplebeingabsent,theydecidedtoputthemeetingoff.由于許多人都缺席了，他們決定取消這次會(huì)議。六．現(xiàn)在分詞做賓補(bǔ)1.1)動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)常放在賓語(yǔ)后面，表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)性的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)過(guò)程或一種狀態(tài)。如：Whenwereturnedtotheschool,wefoundastrangerstandingattheentrance.Wefoundthesnakeeatingtheeggs.Ifoundabaglyingontheground.Thebosskepttheworkersworkingthewholenight.那老板讓工人整夜地工作。2.能用-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的幾類動(dòng)詞:1)表示感覺(jué)和心理狀態(tài)，常見的有see,hear,feel,smell,find,notice,observe,lookat,listento,watch等。如：Wesawalightburninginthewindow.Ifeltsomebodypattingmeontheshoulder.Canyousmellanythingburning?Ashespoke,heobservedeverybodylookingathimcuriously.Listentothebirdssinging.Ididn’tnoticehimwaiting.see,hear,feel,watch等動(dòng)詞之后用-ing形式和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：Wepassedbytheclassmatesandsawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.Wesatanhourandwatchedtheteachermaketheexperiment.②如果賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是短暫性動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)表示一次動(dòng)作，而-ing形式則表示反復(fù)動(dòng)作。如：Weheardthedoorslam.Weheardthedoorslamming.2)表示指使意義的動(dòng)詞，常見的有have,set,keep,get,catch,leave,start,make等。Iwon’thaveyoudoingthat.如：Thissetmethinking.I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Ican’tgettheclockgoingagain.Youwon’tcatchmedoingthatagain.練習(xí)：1.Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfound___inthekitchen.A.smoke2.Themanagerdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee_____thenextyear.A.carryoutB.carryingoutC.carriedoutD.tocarryoutB.smokingC.tosmokeD.smoked3.Recentlyasurvey_______pricesofthesamegoodsintwodifferentsupermarketshascausedheateddebateamongcitizens.A.comparedB．comparingC．comparesD．beingcompared4.Batsaresurprisinglylong-livedcreatures,some______alifespanofaround20years.A.having5.Lookoverthere-there’saverylong,windingpath_____uptothehouse.A.leadingB.leadsC.ledD.toleadB.hadC.haveD.tohave6.Thegovernmentplanstobringinnewlaws_____parentstotakemoreresponsibilityfortheeducationoftheirchildren.A.forcedB.forcingC.tobeforcedD.havingforced7.Thereisagreatdealofevidence_____thatmusicactivitiesengagedifferentpartsofthebrain.A.indicateB.indicatingC.toindicateD.tobeindicating8.Atthebeginningofclass，thenoiseofdeskscouldbehea