D)TheywritecommentsonmajornewsReadingthroughthenewsstoriesinagivenperiodofHavinglittletimetoreadthenewsbeforegoingontheHavingtochangethetoneofhisvoicefromtimetoGettingallthewordsandphrasespronouncedItshowswhereadvertisementscomeItgivesasignalforhimtoslowItalertshimtosomethingItservesasareminderofsadDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust9.A)TheyofferstudentsawidevarietyofTheyattractstudentsfromallovertheTheyadmitmorestudentsthantheycanTheyhavetroubledealingwithoverseasA)EveryonewillbenefitfromeducationsoonerorAgoodeducationcontributestotheprosperityofaAgoodeducationisnecessaryforonetoclimbthesocialEveryonehasarighttoaneducationappropriatetohisA)HelikesstudentswithhighHeenjoysteaching ligentHetailorshisteachingtostudents’HetreatsallhisstudentsinafairQuestions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)ItismostlyimportedfromtheMiddleItisasureindicatorofitseconomicIthasadirectimpactontheinternationaloilItequalsmorethan30millionbarrelsofoileachA)IteventuallyturnsintoItisusedinavarietyofItsuseischieflyresponsibleforairPartofitislostintheprocessofA)Whenitisusedinrural C)WhenitoperatesatnearWhenitisenvironment- D)WhenitoperatesatregularA)Trafficjamsin C)FuelInefficientuseof D)GlobalSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeyedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustA)Smellingscented C)TalkingwithyourparentsSettinganalarmforwaking D)ListeningtoanupsettingA)HandletheoverwhelmingunopenedmailandtinytaskswithinoneDoanythingthatcanbedoneinlessthanoneminutewithoutDoeverythingthatcan’tbedoneinaminutewithinonesmustbeprintedoutandfiledwithinoneA)Strict C)HardPositive D)Decision-makingQuestions19to22arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustA)Ittakesgreatpainsfor tobeveryNotEveryonewantstobetoo willneverbesatisfiedwithhis willneverhavethefeelingofbeingA)Introducinga C)MakingacomB)linga D)MakingaA)Theywerewellpaidbythe TheygatheredmostlyinLondonduringtheTheydidn’tprovideanyvaluableinformationforTheyworkedforboththeirowncountryandtheirA)SomecommonchickenfoodinThelivingandworkingconditionsofTheGermanandBritishspiesinWorldWarSomeexpressionsrelatedtoQuestions23to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustA)ThehusbandistheheadoftheThehusbandusuallymakesbigThewifeliveswithinher ThewifeworksanddoestwokindsofA)TheirmotherwouldhelpthemtogetreadyforschoolandtomaketheirTheirmotherhadtogetupearlyinthemorningtodrivethemtoTheywerespoiledbytheirparentsanddidn’twanttogotoA)Therolesofthefather,mother,andchildrenhaveAnincreasingnumberofwomenworkoutsidetheChangeshavetakenceinthestructureofanAmericanTheincreasinglyrapidpaceoflifemakespeopleundergreaterPart (40Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingAccordingtoareportfromtheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,manyeverydayproducts,includingsomebugspraysandcleaningfluids,couldleadtoanincreasedriskofbrainandbehavioraldisordersinchildren.Thedevelobrain,thereportsays,isparticularly26tothetoxiceffectsofcertainchemicalstheseproductsmaycontain,andthedamagetheycausecanbe27.Theofficial,however,isstillevolving.Healthandenvironmental28havelongurgedU.S.ernmentagenciesto29theuseofsomeofthe11chemicalsthereportcitesandcalledformorestudiesontheirlong-termeffects.In2001,forexample,theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency30thetypeandamountofleadthatcouldbepresentinpaintandsoilinhomesandchild-care31,afterconcernswereraisedaboutleadpoisoning.Theagencyisnow32thetoxiceffectsofsomeofthechemicalsinthelatestreport.Butthethresholdforregulationishigh.Becausechildren’sbrainandbehavioraldisorders,likehyperactivityandlowergrades,canalsobelinkedtosocialandgeneticfactors,it’stoughtopinthemonexposuretospecificchemicalswithsolid33evidence,whichiswhattheEPArequires.EventheHarvardstudydidnotproveadirect34butnotedstrongassociationsbetweenexposureandriskofbehavioralissues.Nonetheless,it’ssmartto35caution.Whileitmaybeimpossibletopreventkidsfromdrinkingtapwaterthatmaycontaintraceamountsofchemicals,keekidsawayfromlawnsrecentlysprayedwithchemicalsandfreshlydry-cleanedclothescan’thurt. SectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.TheImpossibilityofRapidEnergyPoliticiansarefondofpromisingrapidenergytransitions.Whetheritisatransitionfromimportedtodomesticoilorfromcoal-poweredelectricityproductiontonatural-gaspowernts,politicianslovetotalkbig.Unfortunayforthem(andoftenthetaxpayers),ourenergysystemsareabitlikeanaircraftcarrier:theyareunbelievablyexpensive,they’rebuilttolastforaverylongtime,theyhaveahugeamountofinertia(meaningittakesalotofenergytosetthemmoving),andtheyhavealotofmomentumoncetheyaresetinmotion.Nomatterhowhardyoutry,youcan’tturnsomethingthatlargeonadime(10美分硬幣),orevenafewthousanddimes.Inphysics,movingobjectshavetwocharacteristicsrelevanttounderstandingthedynamicsofenergysystems:inertiaandmomentum.Inertiaisthe objectstoeffortstochangetheirstateofmotion.Ifyoutrytopushaboulder（大圓),itpushesyouback.Onceyouhavestartedtheboulderrolling,itdevelopsmomentum,whichisdefinedbyitsmassandvelocity.Momentumissaidtobe“conserved,”thatis,onceyoubuilditup,ithastogosomewhere.Soaheavyobject,likeafootballyermovingatahighspeed,hasalotofmomentum—thatis,onceheismoving,itishardtochangehisstateofmotion.Ifyouwanttochangehiscourse,youhaveonlyafewchoices:youcanstophim,transferring(possiblypainfully)someofhiskineticenergy（動(dòng)能）toyourownbody,oryoucanapproachalongsideandslowlyapplypressuretograduallyalterhiscourse.Butthereareotherkindsofmomentumaswell.Afterall,wedon’tspeakonlyofobjectsorpeopleashavingmomentum;wespeakofentiresystemshavingmomentum.Whetherit’sasportsteamoraialn,everybodyrelisheshavingthebigmomentum,becauseitmakesthemhardertostoporchangedirection.Onekindofmomentumistechnologicalmomentum.Whenatechnologyisdeployed,itsimpactsreachfarbeyonditself.Considertheincandescent（白熾燈的）bulb,anobjectcurrentlyhatedbymanyenvironmentalistsandenergy-efficiencyadvocates.Theincandescentlightbulb,inventedbyThomasEdison,whichcametobethesymbolofinspiration,hasbeendevelopedintohundreds,ifnotthousands,offorms.Today,avisittoalightingstorerevealsastunningarrayofchoices.Therearestandard-shapedbulbs,flame-shapedbulbs,coloredglobe-shapedbulbs,andmore.Itisquiteeasy,withallthatchoice,tochangealightbulb.Butthemomentumofincandescentlightingdoesnotstopthere.Allofthosespecializedbulbsledtothebuildingofspecializedlightfixtures,fromthedesklampyoustudyby,totheuglybutbelovedhand-paintedlampyouinheritedfromyourgrandmother,totheceilingfixtureinyourcloset,tothelightinyourovenorrefrigerator,andtothelightthatthedentistpointsatyou.Itiseasytochangealightbulb,sure,butitishardertochangethebulbanditsfixture.Andthereismoretothestory,becausenotonlyarethedevicesthathouseincandescentbulbsshapedtotheirunderlyingcharacteristics,butroomsandentirebuildingshavebeendesignedinaccordancewithhowincandescentlightingreflectsoffwallsandwindows.AslightingexpertHowardBrandstonpointsout,“Generally,therearenobadlightsources,onlybadapplications.”TherearesomeverycommendablecharacteristicsoftheCFL[compactfluorescent（熒光的）lightbulb],yettheselectionofanylightsourceremainsinseparablefromtheluminaire（照明裝置）thathousesit,alongwiththespaceinwhichbothareinstalled,andlightingrequirementsthatneedtobesatisfied.Thelamp,thefixture,andtheroom,allthreemustworkinconcertandforthetruebenefitsofend-users.IftheCFLshouldbeusedforlightingaparticularspace,oranobjectwithinthatspace,thefixturemustbedesignedtoworkwiththatlamp,andthatfixturewiththeroom.Itisasymbiotic（共生的）relationship.ACFLcannotbesimplyinstalledinanincandescentfixtureandthenexpectedtoproduceavisualappearancethatismorethanwashedout,foggy,anddim.Thewholefixturemustbereced—lightsourceandluminaire—andthisisneveraninexpensiveAndBrandstonknowsathingortwoaboutlighting,beingthemanwhoilluminatedtheStatueofLiberty.Anothertypeofmomentumwehavetothinkaboutwhennningforchangesinourenergysystemsislabor-poolmomentum.Itisonethingtosaythatwearegoingtoshift30percentofourelectricitysupplyfrom,say,coaltonuclearpowerin20years.Butitisanotherthingtohaveasupplyoftrainedtalentthatcouldletyoucarryoutthispromise.Thatisbecausetheengineers,designers,regulators,operators,andalloftheotherskilledpeopleneededforthenewenergyindustryarespecialistswhohavetobetrainedfirst(orretrained,iftheyaretheonesbeinglaidoffinsomerelatedindustry),andeducation,likeanyothercomplicatedendeavor,takestime.Andnotonlydoourprospectivenewenergyworkershavetobetrained,theyhavetobetrainedintherightsequence.Oneneedsthedesigners,andperhapstheregulators,beforethebuildersandoperators,andeachgroupofworkersintraininghastoknowthereisworkwaitingbeyondgraduation.Insomecases,collegesanduniversitiesmighthavetochangetheirtrainingprograms,addinganotherlayerofdifficulty.Byfarthebiggesttypeofmomentumthatcomesintoywhenitcomestochangingourenergysystemsiseconomicmomentum.Themajorcomponentsofourenergysystems,suchasfuelproduction,refining,electricalgenerationanddistribution,arecostlyinstallationsthathavelengthylifespans.Theyhavetooperateforlongperiodsoftimebeforethecostsofdevelopmenthavebeenrecovered.Wheninvestorsputupmoneytobuild,say,anuclearpowernt,theyexpecttoearnthatmoneybackoverthennedlifeofthent,whichistypicallybetween40and60years.SomecoalpowerntsintheUnitedStateshaveoperatedformorethan70years!Theoldestcontinuouslyoperatedcommercialhydro-electricntintheUnitedStatesisonNewYork’sHudsonRiver,anditwentintocommercialservicein1898.AsVaclavSmilpointsout,“Alltheforecasts,ns,andanticipationscitedabovehavefailedsomiserablybecausetheirauthorsandpromotersthoughtthetransitionstheyhopedtoimplementwouldproceedunlikeallpreviousenergytransitions,andthattheirprogresscouldbeacceleratedinanunprecedentedmanner.”Whenyouhearpeoplespeakingofmakingarapidtransitiontowardanytypeofenergy,whetheritisaswitchfromcoaltonuclearpower,oraswitchfromgasoline-poweredcarstoelectriccars,orevenaswitchfromanincandescenttoafluorescentlight,understandingenergysysteminertiaandmomentumcanhelpyoudecidewhethertheirnsarefeasible.NotonlymovingobjectsandpeoplebutallsystemshaveChangingthecurrentenergysystemrequiresthesystematictrainingofprofessionalsandskilledlabor.ChangingalightbulbiseasierthanchangingthefixturehousingEffortstoacceleratethecurrentenergytransitionsdidn’tsucceedasTochangethelightsourceiscostlybecauseyouhavetochangethewholeEnergysystems,likeanaircraftcarriersetinmotion,havehugeTheproblemwithlighting,ifitarises,oftendoesn’tlieinlightsourcesbutintheirThebiggestobstacletoenergytransitionisthatthepresentenergysystemistooexpensivetorece.TheapplicationofatechnologycanimpactareasbeyondPhysicalcharacteristicsofmovingobjectshelpexinthedynamicsofenergySectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthePassageQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingOnehundredyearsago,“Colored”wasthetypicalwayofreferringtoAmericansofAfricandescent.Twentyyearslater,itwaspurposefullydroppedtomakewayfor“Negro.”Bythelate1960s,thattermwasovertakenby“Black.”Andthen,atapressconferenceinChicagoin1988,JesseJacksondeclaredthat“AfricanAmerican”wasthetermtoembrace.Thisonewaschosenbecauseitechoedthelabelsofgroups,suchas“ItalianAmericans”and“IrishAmericans,”thathadalreadybeendofwidespreaddiscrimination.Acentury’sworthofcalculatednamechangespointtothefactthatnaminganygroupisapoliticallyfreightedexercise.A2001studycatalogedallthewaysinwhichtheterm“Black”carriedconnotations（涵義）thatweremorenegativethanthoseof“AfricanButifitwasknownthat“Black”peoplewerevieweddifferentlyfrom“AfricanAmericans,”researchers,untilnow,hadn’tidentifiedwhatthatgapinperceptionwasderivedfrom.Arecentstudy,conductedbyEmoryUniversity’sErikaHall,foundthat“Black”peopleareviewedmorenegativelythan“AfricanAmericans”becauseofaperceiveddifferenceinsocioeconomicstatus.Asaresult,“Black”peoplearethoughtofaslesscompetentandashavingcolder Thestudy’smoststrikingfindingsshedlightontheracialbiasespermeatingtheprofessionalworld.Evenseeminglyharmlessdetailsonaresume,itappears,cantapintorecruiters’biases.Ajobapplicationmightmentionaffiliationswithgroupssuchasthe“WisconsinAssociationofAfrican-AmericanLawyers”orthe“NationalBlackEmployeesAssociation,”thenamesofwhichapparentlyhaveconsequences,andarealsobeyondtheirmembers’control.Inoneofthestudy’sexperiments,subjectsweregivenabriefdescriptionofamanfromChicagowiththelastnameWilliams.Toonegroup,hewasidentifiedas“African-American,”andanotherwastoldhewas“Black.”Withlittleelsetogoon,theywereaskedtoestimateMr.Williams’ssalary,professionalstanding,andeducationalbackground.The“African-American”groupestimatedthatheearnedabout$37,000ayearandhadatwo-yearcollegedegree.The“Black”group,ontheotherhand,puthissalaryatabout$29,000,andguessedthathehadonly“some”collegeexperience.Nearlythree-quartersofthefirstgroupguessedthatMr.Williamsworkedatamanageriallevel,whileonly38.5percentofthesecondgroupthoughtso.Hall’sfindingssuggestthere’sanargumenttobemadeforelectingtouse“AfricanAmerican,”thoughonecan’thelpbutgetthesensethatit’sadecisionthatpapersovertheurgencyofprogress.Perhapsanewphraseisneeded,onethatcanbringeveryoneonebigstepclosertorealizingDuBois’soriginal,idealistichope:“It’snotthename—it’stheThingthatcounts.”It fromracialItrepresentssocialItisintheinterestofcommonItfollowsthestandardnamingWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthenamingofanethnicItadvanceswiththeItisbasedonracialItmeritsintensiveItispoliticallyWhatdoErikaHall’sfindingsRacialbiasesarewidespreadintheprofessionalManyapplicantsdon’tattendtodetailsontheirJobseekersshouldallbecarefulabouttheirMostrecruitersareunabletocontroltheirracialWhatdoesErikaHallfindinherexperimentaboutamanwiththelastnameAfricanAmericansfarebetterthanmanyotherethnicBlackpeople’ssocioeconomicstatusinAmericaremainsPeople’sconceptionof hasmuchtodowiththewayheorsheisOne’sprofessionalstanding earerelatedtotheireducationalWhatisDr.DuBois’sAllAmericansenjoyequal isjudgedbytheirAnewtermiscreatedtoaddressAfricanAllethnicgroupssharethenation’sPassageQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingAcrosstheboard,Americancollegesanduniversitiesarenotngaverygoodjobofpreparingtheirstudentsfortheworkceortheirpost-graduationlives.Thiswasmadeclearbytheworkoftwosociologists,RichardArumandJosipaRoksa.In2011theyreleasedalandmarkstudytitled“AcademicallyAdrift,”which edthelackofinlectualgrowthexperiencedbymanypeopleenrolledincollege.Inparticular,ArumandRoksafound,collegestudentswerenotdevelothecriticalthinking,yticreasoningandotherhigher-levelskillsthatarenecessarytothriveintoday’sknowledge-basedeconomyandtoleadournationinatimeofcomplexchallengesanddynamicArumandRoksacedtheblameforstudents’lackoflearningonawatered-downcollegecurriculumandloweredundergraduateworkstandards.Althoughgoingtocollegeissupposedtobeafull-timejob,studentsspent,onaverage,only12to14hoursaweekstudyingandmanywereskatingthroughtheirsemesterswithoutngasignificantamountofreadingandwriting.Studentswhotakemorechallengingclassesandspendmoretimestudyingdolearnmore.Buttheprioritiesofmanyundergraduatesarewithextracurricularactivities,yingsports,andpartyingandsocializing.LauraHamilton,theauthorofastudyonparentswhopayforcollege,willargueinaingbookthatcollegeadministrationsareoverlyconcernedwiththesocialathleticactivitiesoftheirstudents.InPayingfortheParty,Hamiltondescribeswhatshecallsthe“partypathway,”whicheasesmanystudentsthroughcollege,helpedalongbyvariousclubsthatsendstudentsintothepartysceneandahostofeasiermajors.Bysanctioningthiswater-downversionofcollege,universitiesare“cateringtothesocialandeducationalneedsofwealthystudentsattheexpenseofothers”whowon’tenjoythefinancialbackingorsocialconnectio