PAGEPAGE33外文資料AninvestigationoftheexistingsituationandtrendsinbuildingenergyefficiencymanagementinChinaAbstractAccordingtotheChineseStateCouncil’s‘‘BuildingEnergyEfficiencyManagementOrdinance’’,alarge-scaleinvestigationofenergyefficiency(EE)inbuildingsincontemporaryChinahasbeencarriedoutin22provincialcapitalsandmajorcitiesinChina.Theaimofthisprojectistoprovidereliableinformationfordrawingupthe‘‘Decisiononreinforcingbuildingenergyefficiency’’bytheMinistryofConstructionofChina.Thesurveyedorganizationsincludegovernmentdepartments,researchinstitutions,propertydevelopers,designinstitutions,constructioncompanies,constructionconsultancyservicescompanies,facilitymanagementdepartments,financialinstitutionsandthosewhichrelatetothebusinessofbuildingenergyefficiency.Inaddition,representativesofthemediaandresidentswerealsoinvolved.Adetailedanalysisoftheresultsoftheinvestigationconcerningaspectsofthecurrentsituationandtrendsinbuildingenergyconsumption,energyefficiencystrategyandtheimplementationofenergyefficiencymeasureshasbeenconducted.Theinvestigationsuppliesessentialinformationtoformulatethemarketentrancepolicyfornewbuildingsandtherefurbishmentpolicyforexistingbuildingstoencouragethedevelopmentofenergyefficienttechnology.Keywords:Energyefficiency(EE);Building;Survey;Policy;Legislation;Reform;China1．IntroductionFuturetrendsinChina’senergywillhaveconsiderableconsequencesforbothChinaandtheglobalenvironment.AlthoughChina’scarbonemissionsarelowonapercapitabasis,Chinahasbeenalreadyrankedtheworld’ssecondlargestproducerofcarbon,behindonlytheUSA.China’sbuildingssectorcurrentlyaccountsfor23%ofChina’stotalenergyuseandthisisprojectedtoincreasetoone-thirdby2010.Chinahassetatargetfora50%reductionofenergyconsumptionforbuildings.EnergypolicyplaysanimportantroleinChina’ssustainabledevelopment.Improvingenergyefficiencyinbuildingsisoneofthemostcost-effectivemeasuresforreducingCO2emission,whichisrecognisedasoneofthemaincausesofglobalwarming.TheclimateinChinaisverydiverse.Accordingtothenational‘‘StandardofClimaticRegionalizationforArchitecture’’GB50178-93,Chinaisdividedintothefollowingzonesbasedonclimatecharacteristics:verycold,cold,hotsummerandcoldwinter,hotsummerandwarmwinter,andmoderate.Airconditioningandheatingrequirementsfordifferentzonesareasfollows:intheverycoldzone,themajorrequirementisheating,andfewresidentialbuildingsareequippedwithairconditioning.Inthecoldzone,theprimaryrequirementisheating,followedbyairconditioning.Inthehotsummerandcoldwinterzone,bothairconditioningandheatingareneeded.Inthehotsummerandwarmwinterzone,themajorrequirementisairconditioningandfewresidentialbuildingsrequireheating.Insomepartsofthemoderatezone,heatingisneeded;inotherparts,bothheatingandairconditioningareneeded.Theavailabilityofheatingandairconditioningdependsonseveralfactors,includingthedegreeofeconomicdevelopmentinanarea,theavailabilityofenergysuppliesandtherequirementsforenvironmentalprotectionTheChinesegovernmenthasfocusedonenergyefficiencyinbuildingssincethe1980s,andnumerousstandards,buildingcodes,incentivepoliciesandadministrativeruleshavebeenissued.Forexample,the‘‘EnergyDesignCodeforHeatedResidentialBuildingsJGJ26-86’’,‘‘EnergyDesignCodeforHeatedNewResidentialBuildingsJGJ26-95’’and‘‘TechnicalSpecificationforEnergyConservationRenovationofExistingHeatedResidentialBuildingsJGJ129-2000’’arefortheVeryColdandColdzones.The‘‘DesignStandardforEnergyEfficiencyofResidentialBuildingsintheHotSummerandColdWinterzoneJGJ134-2001’’and‘‘DesignStandardforEnergyEfficiencyofResidentialBuildingsintheHotSummerandWarmWinterzoneJGJ75-2003’’arefornon-centralheatingareas.AccordingtotheChinesegovernmenttimetable,standardsfortheenergyefficientdesignforresidentialbuildingsinallclimatezonesshouldhavetakeneffectbytheendof2003Inordertoenhancetheenergyefficiencystrategies’implementation,onbehalfoftheStateCouncil,TheMinistryofConstructionisdrawingupthe‘‘Decisiononreinforcingbuildingenergyefficiency’’,whichaimstoestablishabuildingenergyefficiencylegislationsystem,principallyusingapolicyofeconomicincentivesinordertostimulatethereforminbuildingenergyefficiency.Tofulfillthistask,alarge-scaleinvestigationhasbeencarriedoutfocusingontheawareness,understandinganddegreeofsupportforthereformofenergyefficiencyinbuildings.2.MethodologyThesurveymethodhasbeenappliedinthisinvestigation.Thequestionnairesurveyisacommonmethod,whichhasbeenusedbymanyresearchersworldwide.Adetaileddescriptionofthesurveymethodusedinthisworkisasfollows.2.1.ObjectsandsubjectsoftheinvestigationThesurveyintothe‘‘existingsituationandtrendsofbuildingenergyefficiencymanagementinChina’’wascarriedoutfromSeptember2005toFebruary2006andaimedtosupplyrealisticinformationforprovidingareliablewarrantyfordrawingupbuildingenergymanagementregulations.Extensivediscussions方hav朽eb聲een施co義ndu襯cte泡dw蝕ith誼ex鴿per煎ts雪in搭the卻co捏unt遲ry縮in孩ord俗er余to劑des咬ign屬th封es構urv勁ey殼que問sti農(nóng)onn墨air憤e.翼Abo睡ut世22,艘000持co構pie兆so畏ft精he隱sur閱vey宵qu崇est尿ion爭nai鏡re離hav信eb霧een取di責str揭ibu擦ted簽to刃ab盞out駱22菌pr看ovi尚nci殺al伏cap蘋ita幫ls陣and跳th清em礙ajo右rc傘iti卵es碰thr岔oug吧ho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eEEbuildings.Fromthisfigure,wecanseethatthereisadifferenceinthecostincrementsforEEbuildingsconstructedbythedifferentpropertydevelopers.InvestigationshowsthemarketsituationforEEbuildings.Fromthis,wecanseethatthereisnooverwhelmingadvantageforEEbuildingsonthepropertymarket.ThissurveyidentifiessomeoftheproblemsindevelopingEEbuildingsinChina,whichare:1.Thereisagreatmismatchbetweendesignandconstructionandthisaffectstheactualenergysaving;2.ThereisnostableratioofcostincrementtoenergysavingandthiscausesproblemsforthebudgetestimationsforEEbuildings;3.ThereisnomarketguidanceforenergyefficientbuildingsandthiscauseslowsensitivitytotheEEbuildingsonthepropertymarket;4.PropertydevelopersunderestimatetherequirementoftheEEbuildingsforpropertybuyers.Meanwhile,weinvestigatedtheimpactofBuildingEnergyEfficiencyLabellingonpurchasingintentionsandtheattitudeofpropertydeveloperstotheprovisionofbuildingenergyefficiencylabelling.Thesurveyresultsshowthatthemoreinformationthathasbeensuppliedtothebuyers,themoreattentiontheypaytoabuilding’sEEstatus.seeFig.4.Theintentionto‘‘considerbuyinganenergyefficientbuilding’’increasesbymorethanfivetimesaftertheprovisionoftheinformationthanbefore.Thereisasignificantopportunityforenergyefficiencybuildinglabelingtostimulatethedemandforenergyefficientbuildingsonthepropertymarket.Fig.5.showstheattitudetowardsenergyefficiencybuildinglabellingoftheadministrativedepartments,propertydevelopersandbuyers.Fromthis,wecanseethat81.6%ofthebuyersareverysupportiveofenergyefficiencybuildinginformationandlabelling;however,incontrastabout66%ofpropertydevelopersarenotconcernedaboutenergyefficiencyinformation.Itisveryimportantforlegislationontheenergyefficiencylabellingsystemtorequirethepropertydeveloperstosupplytheenergyefficiencybuildinginformationtobuyersinordertosupportenergyefficiencyandavoidoverwhelmingprofit-makingonthepropertymarket.4.2.2.ManufacturersofmaterialsandequipmentTheinvestigationontheenergyefficiencyinbuildingmaterialsandproductshasbeencarriedoutwith405manufacturersthroughoutthecountryandfocusedonthefollowingtwoquestions:１.Whataretheapproachestotheintroductionofenergyefficiencytechnologydevelopmentandtransfer?２.Whydodisputesaboutenergyefficiencyproductsoccurinpractice?Fig.6showstheapproachestoenergyefficiencyproducttechnologytransfer.Fromthisfigurewecanseethatabout15%ofenergyefficiencyproductsareself-developedbytheenterprises,22%arejointlydevelopedwithresearchinstitutions,35%aretechnologyintroducedfromoverseas,15%areimporteddirectlyfromoverseasand13%arefromotherchannels.Thereismuchdisputeaboutthequalityofenergyefficiencyproducts.Table5showsthecausesofthesedisputes.Fromthetablewecanseethatthequalityoftheenergyefficiencyproductsproducedindependentlybyenterprisesandjointlydevelopedwithresearchinstitutionsisresponsibleformanyproblems,43.4%and65.1%,respectively.ThelastfigureinparticularisacauseforconcernsinceitdemonstratestheweaknessofResearchandDevelopment(R&D)inChina.BothR&Dandtechnologytransferneedtobestrengthened.Althoughtherearefewerqualityproblemswithimportedtechnologiesandproductsfromoverseas,therearemanyproblemswiththeirinstallationandmatchingwithoriginaldesigns.About43.3%ofthetechnologiesintroducedfromoverseasareimproperlyused.About30%ofimportedenergyefficiencyproductshaveproblemsduetoimproperinstallationand30%ofthemdonotmatchwiththedesign.4.3.Buildingenergyefficiencyservicesystem4.3.1.Thedesign,consultancyservicesandconstructionofbuildingsThesurveyhasbeencarriedoutin1079designinstitutions,consultancyservicesandconstructioncompanies.Thetopicsfocusedonwerethefollowing:1.Thepassrateofenergyefficiencydesignstandardimplementation;2.Thepassrateofconstructionabidingbytheenergyefficientdesign;３.Thepassrateoftheactualenergyefficiencyofthebuildings.Fig.7showsthepassratesfortheabovethreecriteria.Fromthefigure,wecanseethatenergyefficiencydesignstandardimplementationhasthehighestpassrateof90.3%andconstructionimplementationhasahighrateof77%,however,thepassratefortheactualenergyefficiencyofbuildings(42.8%)islow.Theresultsimplythattheintentionofdesigningandconstructingenergyefficientbuildingshassubstantiallyincreasedduetothepromulgationofthenewbuildingdesigncodes.However,unfortunatelythisdidnotleadtoasubstantialincreaseinenergysavingfortheactualbuildings.Thisisduetothelackofskilledconstructionandinstallationworkers.4.3.2.ThebuildingheatingsuppliersThesurveyhasbeencarriedoutin71heatingsuppliersandfocusedonthefollowingthreecriteria:1.Howmuchdoesheatingefficiencyincreaseduetoupgradingtheheatsourceandpipenetwork?2.Howpopulararecentralheatingsystems?3.Howmuchwouldtheyaccepttoaffordthecostofrefurbishmentofaheatingsystem?Fig.8showstheincreasedheatingefficiencyduetotherefurbishmentofheatingsupplysystemsinBeijingandDalian.Fromthefigure,wecanseethatthereislittlesignificantimprovementinenergyefficiencyduetotherefurbishmentofheatingsupplysystems.Theinvestigationof71heatingsupplycompaniesrevealsthatcentralheatingsystemsaccountforabout35–40%ofthetotalheatingsystems.Theheatingsystemsofnewlybuiltresidentialbuildingshavebeendesignedandinstalledwiththermostatstocontroltheindoorairtemperature.Thisincreasescostsbyabout20RMB/m2comparedwiththeoldsystem.Theaveragecostofrefurbishmentoftheoldheatingsystemwithathermostatandreplacementofpipesandradiatorswillcostabout20–30RMB/m2.Weinvestigatedtheacceptabilityofcontributingdifferentproportionsofthecostofrefurbishment.Thepercentagesofthepaymentaregroupedas‘Notatall’.Fig.9showstheresults.Fromthefigurewecanseethatnotmanyrespondentsliketopaythecosts.Thisinformationisveryusefulfordraftingtheheatingsystemmeteringpaymentsystem.About42%oftherefurbishmentsoftheheatingnetworkdidnotachievea10%improvementinefficiency.Thereformoftheheatingsystemswillfocusontheimprovementofenergyefficiencytotheend-user.Thesurveyresultrevealsthattheinstallationofthermostatsandameteringpaymentsystemcanachievea30%energysaving.Thecombinedheatandpowersystemhasagreatpotentialforenergyefficiencyinbuildingsandthereforehasagoodprospectofbecomingpopular.Theheatingsupplierswhoarewillingtoundertakeover30%oftherefurbishmentcostsaremainlytheproducersofcombinedheatandpower.InChina,heatresourcesupplierschargeheatsupplyagentsfortheheatwhiletheheatsupplyagentschargetheusersbyfloorarea.對中國建筑能源效率管理的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢的調(diào)查摘要根據(jù)中國國務院發(fā)布的<<建筑節(jié)能管理條例>>，一項關于建筑物的能源效率的大型調(diào)查（電子工程方面）在中國的22個省會及主要城市展開。調(diào)查的目的是為了國家建設部制定《關于加強建筑節(jié)能的決定》提供可靠依據(jù)。參與調(diào)查的機構包括政府部門，研究機構，房地產(chǎn)發(fā)展商，設計機構，建設公司，建造顧問服務公司，基金管理部門，金融機構和那些涉及到商業(yè)建筑節(jié)能效率的單位。此外，媒體代表和居民也參與了。這次調(diào)查涉及建筑能源消耗量，能源效率的策略和實施能源效率的措施等方面的現(xiàn)狀及趨勢，并且對調(diào)查結果做了詳細的分析。調(diào)查為制訂新的市場政策和鼓勵在現(xiàn)有的新建建筑物和翻新建筑中發(fā)展節(jié)能技術提供了必要的資料。關鍵詞：能源效率（電子工程專輯）；建設；調(diào)查；政策；立法；改革；中國。1.導言中國能源的發(fā)展趨勢將會對中國和全球的環(huán)境產(chǎn)生相當大的影響。雖然中國的人均二氧化碳排放量比較低，但中國已經(jīng)成為僅次于美國的世界第二大二氧化碳生產(chǎn)者。目前，中國的建筑物能源消耗占中國能源消耗的23％，預計到2010年將增加至三分之一。中國已訂立了目標，要減少建筑物50％的能源消耗量。在中國的可持續(xù)發(fā)展中能源政策發(fā)揮著重要作用。二氧化碳是公認的導致全球氣候變暖的主要原因之一，而提高在建筑物中能源利用效率則是其中一個最具成本效益的減少二氧化碳的排放量措施。中國氣候是非常多樣的，根據(jù)中國國家《標準氣候區(qū)劃建筑》GB50178-93，全國以氣候特征為標準可以分為以下幾類：寒冷和較冷地區(qū)，夏季炎熱和冬季寒冷以及夏季炎熱的和冬季溫暖的地區(qū)和一年四季都比較溫和的地區(qū)。基于以上的情況，對空調(diào)和暖氣的要求在不同的區(qū)域分別體現(xiàn)如下：在非常寒冷地區(qū)，主要需求的是暖氣，只有少數(shù)個別的大廈配備有空調(diào)。在寒冷的地帶，首選的還是暖氣，其次是空調(diào)。而在夏熱冬冷區(qū)，無論是空調(diào)暖氣都需要配備。在夏熱冬暖區(qū)，主要需要的是空調(diào)，只有少數(shù)建筑需要暖氣。在部分地區(qū)溫和的地帶只需要暖氣;而在其他部分，無論是暖氣還是空調(diào)都需要。是選擇供應暖氣還是使用空調(diào)取決于以下幾個因素，包括：該地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平，可供使用的能源供應狀況以及環(huán)境保護的要求等。中國政府上世紀80年代以來就已經(jīng)開始重視建筑物中的能源利用效率問題，制定了很多的標準、建筑法規(guī)、激勵政策和行政規(guī)章。舉例來說，〈〈住宅供熱能源設計規(guī)范住宅JGJ26-86〉〉，為節(jié)約能源，針對非常寒冷的地區(qū)制定的〈〈新住宅供熱能源設計規(guī)范JGJ26-95〉〉和〈〈翻新現(xiàn)有的住宅樓宇的熱能技術規(guī)格JGJ129-2000〉〉。針對非集中供熱的地區(qū)的〈〈夏熱冬冷區(qū)住宅能源效率設計標準，JGJ134-2001〉〉和〈〈夏熱冬暖區(qū)住宅能源效率設計標準，JGJ75-2003〉〉。根據(jù)中國政府的估計，到2003年底，在所有起草〈〈關于加強建筑節(jié)能的決定〉〉，其目的是為了建立一個建設能源效率的法規(guī)體系，主要是通過政策，經(jīng)濟等手段刺激建筑節(jié)能在改革中的實施。為了完成在建筑物中的能源效率改革，一個側重于認識，了解和支持程度的大型調(diào)查已經(jīng)全面展開。2.方法論統(tǒng)計調(diào)查方法已用于這方面的調(diào)查。問卷調(diào)查是其中一種常見的方法，該方法已在世界各地的許多研究中所使用。在這方面的調(diào)查采用的方法詳細說明如下。2.1對象和主題的調(diào)查關于〈〈中國建筑節(jié)能管理的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢的調(diào)查〉〉從2005年9月進行至2006年2月，旨在提供真實的信息，為制訂建筑節(jié)能管理條例提供了可靠保障。專家在中國已進行了廣泛的討論，以便設計調(diào)查問卷。約2.2萬份調(diào)查問卷已分發(fā)到全國各地約22個省會及主要城市。調(diào)查對象主要是政府行政部門，研究機構，地產(chǎn)發(fā)展商，設計機構，建筑公司，建造顧問服務公司，基金管理部門，金融組織，媒體和居民。來自調(diào)查的資料成為制訂〈〈關于加強建筑節(jié)能的決定〉〉的一個重要的參考。該課題的調(diào)查分為一個總則部分和8的特定部分。總則部分，是調(diào)查現(xiàn)有的情況，能源效率管理，發(fā)展趨勢和建筑節(jié)能效率成本。具體的部分包括：第1部分：新的建筑市場準入許可；第2部分：推廣，限制和加強；第3部分：建設的能源消耗統(tǒng)計；第4部分：能源效益標簽和認證；第5部分：能源效率管理和翻新公共建筑物；第6部分：能源效率管理和翻新住宅樓宇；第7部分：再生能源的應用；第8部分：關于能源的使用效率激勵政策?？颇縼碜?1個團體，他們分別是：第一：政府部門；第二：地產(chǎn)商；第三：設計和建筑公司；第四：能源服務公司；第五：公共建筑的客戶；第六：物業(yè)服務公司；第七：暖氣的供應商；第八：建設材料和產(chǎn)品的制造商；第九：金融機構；第十：居民；第十一：媒體；在總則部分，這11個科目都必須要做出相應的回答，但在具體的部分則不一定要回答所有的問題。11個類型的問卷為不同的科目而設計。3.樣品分析該22000份調(diào)查問卷已分發(fā)，以及約13125有效的副本已退回，回應率為59.7％。其中，有效完成的調(diào)查問卷中，由居民返回的10236份，由其他機構團體返回的2889份。3.1．居民樣本駐地問卷包括四個標準：財產(chǎn)所有權，建筑類型，建筑物的年齡及家庭平均收入。從調(diào)查中中我們可以看到，財產(chǎn)的所有權，占67.8％；多層建筑占61.8％；建筑物年限小于10年占62.9％;家庭的每月平均家庭收入少于5000元的占61.8％。這些數(shù)字與中國的實際情況相匹配。大體上看，居民科目的有效完成的調(diào)查問卷反映了中國社會的一般的情況。它代表了社會的主流。3.2．機構樣本該機構樣本的歸類根據(jù)三項準則，即他們所在城市行政的特點，他們所位于的氣候帶，以及它們是否是大廈的業(yè)主。從調(diào)查我們可以看到，接受調(diào)查的城市主要是省會城市和直轄市（直轄市是一個具體行政城市，是直接由中央政府負責，有四個這樣的城市：北京，天津，上海和重慶），這些城市占了這次調(diào)查的90％。建筑物的能源消耗在各省省會比在其他城市更嚴重，反映了該國的實際情況。接受調(diào)查的城市大多是設在非常冷，冷，夏熱冬冷區(qū)。比例的城市，在夏熱冬暖及溫和的區(qū)低，這是因為政府側重于高寒地區(qū)于11.942美元。之間的采樣機構，能源服務公司彌補最低的比例為0.6％，因為建筑能源效率的服務體系尚未完全成熟。的比例，設計機構，建設和顧問公司是38％，這是最大的群體。第二大組，14.3％，是彌補了制造業(yè)的建筑材料和設備。這兩個機構是實際的執(zhí)行機構為執(zhí)行建筑節(jié)能。的比例，客戶的公共建設，是9.0％，這是特別選定的，以反映公共建筑的能源管理和翻修。的比例，這些機構受樣本反映實際情況在中國。4.結果分