基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)摘要引入前沿信息通信技術(shù)并把高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)和信息系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行融合是實(shí)現(xiàn)智能化的關(guān)鍵。基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)結(jié)合射頻技術(shù)、無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)、WISP環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)讓高壓設(shè)備系統(tǒng)、計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)融為一體，實(shí)現(xiàn)高壓設(shè)備的實(shí)時(shí)感知、分析和控制。首先，基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)概念并結(jié)合高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)特點(diǎn)提出建立高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)架，之后介紹該構(gòu)架的主要功能和關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。最后，從物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的關(guān)鍵部件、仿真算法和安全性等方面討論了基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)的主要挑戰(zhàn)。關(guān)鍵詞：物聯(lián)網(wǎng)；射頻技術(shù)；WISP；高壓設(shè)備AbstractToimplementtheobjectiveofsmart,itisessentialtointroducethestateofcommunicationtechnologyandintegratewithhighvoltageapparatusmonitoring.BasedonInternetofThings,ahighvoltageapparatusmonitoringsystemconcerningradiofrequencywirelesstechnology,wirelesssensornetworktechnologyandWISPwasdesigned.First,basedontheconceptofInternetofThingsandtakingintoaccountthecharacteristicsofhighvoltageapparatusmonitoring.,amonitoringsystemwasproposed.Next,mainfunctionalitiesandtechnicalcharacteristicsareintroduced.Finally,severalimportantresearchproblemsincludingthekeytechnologyinInternetofThings,simulationalgorithmsandsecurityassessmentwerepresent.Keywords:InternetofThings;radiofrequencytechnology;WISP;highvoltageapparatus引言高壓設(shè)備種類繁多，主要包括變壓器、各種類型的開關(guān)設(shè)備、避雷器、絕緣套管、電流互感器、電壓互感器等。根據(jù)各種設(shè)備不同的結(jié)構(gòu)原理，對(duì)表征其特性的參數(shù)進(jìn)行測(cè)量。目前，我國(guó)高壓設(shè)備的檢修工作主要仍是按照《電氣設(shè)備預(yù)防性試驗(yàn)規(guī)程》的要求定期進(jìn)行預(yù)防性試驗(yàn)的[1]。這對(duì)及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)、診斷設(shè)備缺陷起到重要的作用。但隨著裝置的停工檢修周期的加長(zhǎng)，傳統(tǒng)的預(yù)防性試驗(yàn)和檢修方式愈來愈不足[1-12]。因此，考慮以實(shí)時(shí)設(shè)備狀態(tài)為基礎(chǔ)，以預(yù)測(cè)設(shè)備狀態(tài)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)為依據(jù)的檢修方式。從20世紀(jì)90年代開始，出現(xiàn)了以數(shù)字波形采集和處理技術(shù)為核心的微機(jī)多功能在線監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)。利用先進(jìn)的傳感器、計(jì)算機(jī)等高新技術(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)更多的參數(shù)在線監(jiān)測(cè)。如：文獻(xiàn)[35-37]介紹了紫外在溫度、絕緣監(jiān)測(cè)的應(yīng)用，通過研究不同故障條件下的圖形、數(shù)據(jù)得出容易故障的位置從而為故障分析和優(yōu)化控制提供依據(jù)；文獻(xiàn)[38-42]基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)涮岢鲂碌墓收媳O(jiān)測(cè)模型、通訊協(xié)議和故障定位算法。Thereisawiderangeofhighvoltageequipments,includingtransformers,varioustypesofswitchingequipmentarrester,insulationcasing,currenttransformers,voltagetransformersandsoon.Accordingtodifferentstructuralprinciplesofdevices,wetakethecharacteristicsofthemeasuredparameters.Atthepresent,High-voltageequipmentmaintenanceworkinginChinaisdoastherequirementsonaregularbasisforpreventivetestsunderthe"Preventivetestcodeforelectricalequipment"[1].Preventivetestsplayanimportantroledefectlyontimelydetectionanddiagnostic.Butwiththelongerdowntimeperiod,thetraditionalwayandmaintenancemodearefellbehind[1-12].So,considerthedevicestatusbasedonreal-timeandapproachesaboutpredicttrendsbasedonmaintenanceFromthe20thcentury,multi-linecomputermonitoringsystemappearedwhosecoreisdigitalwaveformacquisitionandprocessingtechnology.Weneedadvancedsensors,computersandotherhigh-techtogetmoreonlinemonitoringparameters’datas.Literature[35-37]introducedtheUVapplicationsontemperatureandinsulationmonitoring.Bystudyingthegraphsandthedataofdifferentfaultcondition,wefindtheplacewhereeasytofault.Andthenwecanprovidethemethodsformalfunctionanalysisandoptimalcontrol.Literature[38-42]proposedanewmonitoringmodel,communicationprotocolsandfaultlocationalgorithmbasedonnetworktopology.隨著電壓等級(jí)不斷升高，對(duì)安全性和可靠性的要求不斷升高，狀態(tài)在線監(jiān)測(cè)面對(duì)海量的信息（每種設(shè)備的結(jié)構(gòu)特征、性能參數(shù)以及運(yùn)行工況各不一樣，而且同一種設(shè)備的不同元件也不一樣，對(duì)于同一故障形式可能有不同的宏觀信號(hào)體現(xiàn)，同一宏觀信號(hào)可能反映不同的故障形式）需要新的通信技術(shù)、傳感技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)和最優(yōu)控制的方法。因此，根據(jù)高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)需要進(jìn)一步發(fā)展現(xiàn)有的理論、模型、方法和算法體系。引入新的計(jì)算、通信和傳感技術(shù)是關(guān)鍵[2-5]。Withhighervoltagelevelandrequirementsofsafetyandreliability,onlinemonitoringhastofaceafloodofinformation(Eachtypeofequipmenthasdifferentstructuralfeatures,performanceparametersandoperatingconditions.What’smore,componentsofthesamekindofequipmentarenotthesame.Forthesamefaulttypemayhavedifferentsignals.Thesamefailuresignalmayreflectdifferentforms).Itneednewcommunicationstechnology,sensortechnology,networktechnologyandoptimalcontrolmethods.Thus,accordingtotheneedsofhigh-voltageequipmentmonitoringsystem,weshouldtodeveloptheexistingtheories,models,methods,andalgorithmsystem.Thekeyistofindnewcounting,communicationsandsensortechnology[2-5].物聯(lián)網(wǎng)是集成了計(jì)算系統(tǒng)、大規(guī)模通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)、大規(guī)模傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)和控制系統(tǒng)的新型互聯(lián)系統(tǒng)，具有對(duì)大規(guī)模物理系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)視、仿真、分析和優(yōu)化控制的功能[10-20]。物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)能夠提高信息化水平，改善基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的利用效率。通過物聯(lián)網(wǎng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)變電站高壓側(cè)設(shè)備故障的定位和自動(dòng)識(shí)別、采集和感知獲取高壓設(shè)備的標(biāo)識(shí)信息、設(shè)備自身的屬性信息和周邊環(huán)境信息，借助各種信息傳輸技術(shù)將設(shè)備的相關(guān)信息聚合到統(tǒng)一的信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，并利用云計(jì)算、圖像識(shí)別、數(shù)據(jù)挖掘以及語義分析等各種智能計(jì)算技術(shù)對(duì)設(shè)備的相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行分析融合處理，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)高壓側(cè)設(shè)備的高度認(rèn)知和智能化的決策控制。物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)了不同的物體之間的交流，能夠滿足不同形式實(shí)體、虛體之間的交流[3-20],更好的實(shí)現(xiàn)高壓監(jiān)測(cè)對(duì)于不同設(shè)備、不同控制量需要采取不同方法的要求。InternetofThingsisanewinterconnectionsystemintegratingcomputingsystems,large-scalecommunicationnetworks,large-scalesensornetworksandcontrolsystems.Ithavelarge-scalereal-timemonitoringofphysicalsystems,simulation,analysisandoptimizationofcontrolfunctions[10-20].InternetofThingscanimprovethelevelofinformationtechnologyandtheefficiencyofinfrastructure.ThroughtheInternetofthings,wecanfindthehigh-voltageequipmentfailurelocationquickly.Atthesametime,thesystemcangetautomaticfailureidentification,perceivedaccesstohigh-voltagedeviceidentificationinformation,attributeinformationofthedeviceitselfandthesurroundingenvironmentalinformation.Ultimately,throughavarietyofinformationtransmissiontechnology,alltheinformationareaggregatedintoaunifiedinformationnetwork.Usingcloudcomputing,imagerecognition,datamining,semanticandotheravarietyofintelligentcomputingdevicestorealizetherelevantinformationfusion.whichisimportanttorealizehighercognitiveandintelligentdecision-makingcontrolonhigh-voltageequipment.InternetofThingstechnologyenablescommunicationamongdifferentobjects,exchanginginformationbetweenentityandvirtualbody[3-20].So,InternetofThingsisbettertomeettherequirementsofmonitoringfordifferentdevices,differentcontrolapproaches.本文提出了基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)架和主要實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能。從無線傳感器射頻技術(shù)和信息處理與優(yōu)化控制兩個(gè)方面論述了物聯(lián)網(wǎng)在高壓側(cè)設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)的應(yīng)用。同時(shí)，新的感知設(shè)備、仿真算法和安全是基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)高壓側(cè)設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)的發(fā)展方向。BasedonInternetofthings,thispaperproposedahighvoltageequipmentmonitoringsystem.Throughfrequencywirelesssensorstechnology,informationprocessingandoptimalcontrol,discussestheapplicationonhighvoltageequipment.Meanwhile,thenewperceptionofequipment,simulationalgorithmsandsecurityisthecoretechnologyforhighvoltageequipmentmonitoringsystem.2.基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)highvoltageequipmentMonitoringsystembasedonIOT2.1監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)MonitoringSystemArchitecture具體來說，物聯(lián)網(wǎng)是將各類傳感器和現(xiàn)有的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)相互銜接的一個(gè)新技術(shù)。通過安裝信息傳感設(shè)備，如射頻識(shí)別（RFID：RadioFrequencyIdentification）裝置、紅外感應(yīng)器、全球定位系統(tǒng)、激光掃描器等，將所有的物品都與網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接在一起，方便識(shí)別和管理[12-18]。因此，基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)由三部分組成：一是高壓設(shè)備感知部分，即以RFID、傳感器為主，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)“物”的識(shí)別。二是數(shù)據(jù)傳輸部分，即通過現(xiàn)有的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、廣電網(wǎng)絡(luò)、通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)等融合構(gòu)成的新時(shí)代通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)的傳輸與計(jì)算。三是應(yīng)用部分，即信號(hào)的輸入輸出控制終端。InternetofThings,anewtechnology,InterrelatethevarioustypesofsensorsandtheexistingInternet.Throughinstallinginformationsensingequipments,suchasRFID,infraredsensors,globalpositioningsystem,Laserscannerandsoon,allitemswillbelinkedwiththeIOT.ItconvenienttoIdentifyandmanageallitems[12-18].So,highvoltageequipmentmonitoringsystembasedonIOTconsistsofthreeparts.Thefirstpart,cognitivesomehighvoltageequipment,justmainlybeconsistofRFIDandsensor,toachievethe"object"identification.Thesecondpart,datatransmissionsection,throughtheexistingInternet,radioandtelevisionnetworks,communicationnetworksconstituteanewintegratedcommunicationsnetworkfordatatransmissionandcounting.Thethirdpart,application,isasignalinputandoutputcontrolterminal.基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該考慮以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1）被監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)備位置相對(duì)固定，一個(gè)設(shè)備的宏觀監(jiān)測(cè)量的表現(xiàn)形式和通信方式不同。2）無線傳感器數(shù)量大，信息采集多，，并且有些所在位置很惡劣，為確保節(jié)點(diǎn)與節(jié)點(diǎn)之間通信準(zhǔn)確，需要考慮結(jié)點(diǎn)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)、簇和延時(shí)等問題[5-8]。3）設(shè)備的外部情況的監(jiān)測(cè)，應(yīng)考慮監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)備的位置點(diǎn)和監(jiān)測(cè)的視角，確保從視覺上清楚掌握設(shè)備外部特征[]。4）被監(jiān)測(cè)的數(shù)據(jù)分為動(dòng)態(tài)和靜態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)，結(jié)合射頻技術(shù)、WISPS與無線傳感器實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時(shí)的監(jiān)測(cè)與分析，需要考慮電源的壽命和傳輸?shù)木嚯x。highvoltageequipmentmonitoringsystembasedonIOTshouldconsiderthefollowingcharacteristics:1)Thelocationofmonitoringequipmentisrelativelyfixed.Themonitoringequipmentmacroperformanceandcommunicationareindifferentways.2)Therearelargenumbersofwirelesssensorsandinformationdata,special,somesensorsinbadlocation.Toensureaccuratecommunicationamongnodes,weneedtoconsidernodetopology,clusteranddelayissues[5-8].3)Forexternalmonitoring,weneedtoconsiderthelocationofmonitoringequipmentandmonitoringview,toensureclearunderstandingofexternalcharacteristics[].4)Themonitoringdataaredividedintodynamicandstaticdata.CombinedwithRFID,WISPSandwirelesssensorstoachievereal-timemonitoringandanalysis,weneedtoconsiderthepowerandthetransmissiondistance.圖1.基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)架圖Figure1.architectureofhighvoltageequipmentmonitoringsystembasedonIOT2.2系統(tǒng)功能分析SystemFunctionalAnalysis實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控和綜合仿真的功能基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)高壓設(shè)備的監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)如圖1所示，高壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)備的狀態(tài)通過無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)和有線網(wǎng)絡(luò)反饋回監(jiān)測(cè)中心和計(jì)算機(jī)中心，計(jì)算機(jī)中心根據(jù)來自高壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)備的實(shí)時(shí)信息不斷修正仿真模型參數(shù)以提高仿真精度，仿真結(jié)果又將通過監(jiān)測(cè)中心對(duì)高壓系統(tǒng)實(shí)施控制，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)相互影響和相互操作。這就相當(dāng)于，在監(jiān)測(cè)中心和計(jì)算機(jī)中心中構(gòu)造了與高壓設(shè)備信息采集側(cè)同時(shí)存在的一個(gè)虛擬的系統(tǒng)，兩個(gè)部分同步變化和相互影響，這也是物聯(lián)網(wǎng)虛實(shí)共存和互操作的特點(diǎn)[2-3]。1.Real-timemonitoringandcomprehensivesimulationcapabilitiesJustasFigure1--architectureofhighvoltageequipmentmonitoringsystembasedonIOT,viawirelesssensornetworksandthewirednetwork,thestatusinformationofhighvoltageequipmentfeedbacktothemonitoringcenterandcomputercenter.Accordingtoreal-timeinformationconstantlyfromhighvoltageequipmentsystem,thecomputercenterrevisedsimulationmodeltoimprovetheaccuracyofsimulationparameters.Thesimulationresultsturnonhighvoltageequipmentsystembymonitoringcenter.Itcanachieveinteractionandinteroperability.Thatistosay,inthemonitoringcenterandcomputercenterweconstructavirtualsystemdoashighvoltageequipmentwhilethecollectinginformation.Thesetowsystemschangesynchronouslyandinfluenceeachother,whichistheapplicationofthecharacteristicsofIOTcalledactualsituationofcoexistenceandinteroperability[2-3].2.海量信息處理功能基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)可以解決監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)信息的“漏斗效應(yīng)”[8]，漏斗效應(yīng)即監(jiān)測(cè)的規(guī)模越大，數(shù)據(jù)流量越多，“漏斗”的瓶頸壓力也就越大，發(fā)生阻滯和擁塞的可能性也越大，將會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響變電站的安全?；谖锫?lián)網(wǎng)高壓設(shè)備的監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)功能如圖2所示，該系統(tǒng)中按照監(jiān)測(cè)對(duì)象的特點(diǎn)，將數(shù)據(jù)的融合分為數(shù)據(jù)的初步處理、特征處理和融合處理。初級(jí)處理是指采集的數(shù)據(jù)可以選擇性地進(jìn)行分布式或者中央集控式的存儲(chǔ)，在數(shù)據(jù)處理中，處理的結(jié)果可以實(shí)時(shí)傳輸?shù)奖O(jiān)測(cè)中心，也可以進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)備份，制作歷史記錄以備查詢。特征處理是指根據(jù)不同的數(shù)據(jù)特征，可以把采集的數(shù)據(jù)按不同需求整理分類，按數(shù)據(jù)屬性、數(shù)據(jù)包長(zhǎng)度、數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)容等多種規(guī)則進(jìn)行分類，通過篩選，有針對(duì)性地將有用信息提取出來，屏蔽不需要的數(shù)據(jù)。融合處理是指基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)確保變電站安全實(shí)行的數(shù)據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)[6-7]、數(shù)據(jù)變換和數(shù)據(jù)加密。2.ProcessingmassiveinformationHighvoltageequipmentmonitoringsystemcansolveInformationmonitoringsystemproblem--"funneleffect”[8].Funnelingeffect,thelargerthemonitor,themoredatatraffic,"funnel"feelmorepressureaswellasbottleneck,thegreaterpossibilityofarrestandthecongestion,itwillseriouslyaffectthesafetyofsubstation.ThefunctionofhighvoltageequipmentmonitoringsystembasedonIOTisjustasFigure2.Inaccordancewiththecharacteristicsofhighvoltageequipments,thedataintegrationisdividedintopreliminarydataprocessing,featureprocessingandfusion.Preliminarydataprocessingreferstothecollecteddataselectivelydistributedorcentralstoragecentralizedcontrollingstyle.Indataprocessing,real-timeprocessingresultsaretransmissiontothemonitoringcenter.Wecanalsobackupdata,makinghistoryforfutureinquiries.Featureprocessingbasedondifferentdatacharacteristic,thedataiscollectedbysortingthedifferentneeds.Accordingtodataattributes,datapacketlength,datacontentandotherrulesofclassification,wetargetedtoextractusefulinformationbyscreening.Fusionisreferedtodataassociating,datatransformationanddataencryption[6-7].Allactionshouldensuresubstationsecurity.3.環(huán)境的自組織自適應(yīng)功能隨著電壓等級(jí)的升高和變電站容量的增大，接入這個(gè)系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)測(cè)某些設(shè)備很多，比如：智能灰塵[5]等?；谖锫?lián)網(wǎng)的高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)具有物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的自組織功能[10]，任何一個(gè)新的設(shè)備接入了系統(tǒng)，監(jiān)測(cè)中心就能獲得該設(shè)備的各種信息，并且能夠隨時(shí)控制該設(shè)備。同時(shí)，基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)具有物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的自適應(yīng)功能，通過傳感器的感知和電子標(biāo)簽的管理，掌握設(shè)備周邊的動(dòng)態(tài)環(huán)境采取相對(duì)應(yīng)的措施也就是說該系統(tǒng)能夠自動(dòng)排除各種系統(tǒng)故障(包括監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)物理故障和信息故障)，保證系統(tǒng)的正常運(yùn)行。3.Theenvironmentadaptiveself-organizingfeatureWiththeincreasedvoltagegradeandsubstationcapacity,alotofequipmentandmonitoringequipmentaccesstothesystem,suchassmartdust[5].HighvoltageequipmentmonitoringsystembasedonIOThasthefunctionofself-organization[10]aswellasIOT.Anynewdeviceconnectedtothesystem,themonitoringcentercangetalltheinformationofthedeviceandcontrolthedeviceatanytime.Meanwhile,highvoltageequipmentontheInternetofThingsmonitoringsystemwiththeadaptivefunction,perceivedbythesensormanagementandelectronictags,adaptthedynamicenvironmentsurroundingequipment.Thatistosay,accordingtothereal-timeenvironmentinformation,thesystemcanautomaticallyremoveallkindsofsystemfailures(includingfailuretomonitorthephysicalandinformationsystemsfailure),ensuringthenormaloperation.4.移動(dòng)設(shè)備和操作人員的管理功能基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)高壓設(shè)備的監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)功能如圖2所示，接入高壓系統(tǒng)的任何一個(gè)設(shè)備都有可能對(duì)安全造成影響。利用物聯(lián)網(wǎng)，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)移動(dòng)設(shè)備（維修人員）的跟蹤管理。移動(dòng)設(shè)備（維修人員）在進(jìn)入高壓系統(tǒng)前在任何一個(gè)地點(diǎn)接入物聯(lián)網(wǎng)進(jìn)行注冊(cè)，隨著感知技術(shù)的發(fā)展和電子標(biāo)簽的普及，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)即插即用，這就相當(dāng)于賦予每個(gè)移動(dòng)設(shè)備（檢修人員）一個(gè)臨時(shí)ID，物聯(lián)網(wǎng)通過對(duì)ID的識(shí)別獲得該設(shè)備的詳細(xì)信息（基本屬性、運(yùn)行狀態(tài)、需要面對(duì)的服務(wù)等）在進(jìn)入高壓系統(tǒng)后，通過無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)反饋給監(jiān)測(cè)中心。一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)異常，監(jiān)測(cè)中心可以解除設(shè)備與網(wǎng)絡(luò)的連接注銷移動(dòng)設(shè)備的ID或者采取相應(yīng)的管理措施。移動(dòng)設(shè)備離開高壓側(cè)后，可以在任何一個(gè)地方通過物聯(lián)網(wǎng)進(jìn)行注銷。4.MobileequipmentandoperatormanagementThefunctionofhighvoltageequipmentmonitoringsystembasedonIOTisjustasFigure2.Anydeviceaccessedtohigh-pressuresystemmayaffectsubstationsecurity.UseofInternetofThings,highvoltageequipmentmonitoringsystemcanachievethepurposeofmobiledevices(operator)thetrackmanagement.Withtheperceptionoftechnologyandthepopularityofelectronictags,wecanknowallthethingsweconcerned.Beforeenteringthehighpressuresystem,onceMobileequipment(operator)registeratanylocationthroughIOT,eachmobileequipment(maintenancepersonnel)isgivenatemporaryID.IOTgetthroughtheidentificationofthedeviceIDformoreinformation(basicproperties,runningstate,theservicesneedtoface).Aftermobileequipment(operator)enteringthehighpressuresystem,allinformationthroughthewirelessnetworkbacktothemonitoringcenter.Oncefoundabnormal,monitoringcentercanremovemobileequipmentandnetworkconnections,mobiledeviceIDortakeappropriatemanagement.Mobileequipment(operator)canlog-oninanyplaceifpermitted.5.可擴(kuò)展的功能物聯(lián)網(wǎng)作為新一代的網(wǎng)絡(luò)能夠更好的融入不同的網(wǎng)元。在高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)中，需要增加或者拆除某個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)裝置故障時(shí)，只需要按照物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的語義重新定義對(duì)象或者將對(duì)象生成的服務(wù)目錄刪除，對(duì)象就可以通過物聯(lián)網(wǎng)與其他設(shè)備取得聯(lián)系或者拆除。5.ScalabilityfeaturesIOTasanewgenerationofnetworkshasbettercapacitytointegratedifferentnetworkelements.Inhighvoltageequipmentmonitoring,whenaddorremoveamonitoringdevice,wejustneedtofollowthere-definitionthegeneratedobjectastheIOTsemanticsordeletetheobjectdirectoryservice.Objectcangetintouchwithotherdevicesorremovedeasily.圖2.基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)變壓器監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)功能圖Figure2.functionofhighvoltageequipmentmonitoringsystembasedonIOT3.監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)3.keytechnology3.1無線傳感器射頻技術(shù)3.1RFIDwithwirelesssensortechnology射頻技術(shù)(RadioFrequencyIdentification)，常稱為感應(yīng)式電子晶片或近接卡、感應(yīng)卡、非接觸卡、電子標(biāo)簽、電子條碼等。其原理為由掃描器發(fā)射特定頻率的無線電波能量給接收器，用以驅(qū)動(dòng)接收器電路將內(nèi)部的代碼送出，此時(shí)掃描器便接收此代碼。在物聯(lián)網(wǎng)中，RFID電子標(biāo)簽中存儲(chǔ)著規(guī)范而具有互用性的信息，可以通過無線通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)把信息自動(dòng)采集到中央信息系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)物品的識(shí)別，進(jìn)而通過開放性的計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)現(xiàn)信息交換和共享，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)物品的“透明”管理[7-11]。RFID,isshortofradiofrequencyidentification,ofteninductivedaselectronicchipsorproximitycards,proximitycards,non-contactcard,electronictags,electronicbarcode.Aspecificfrequencyradioscannertransmitwaveenergytothereceivertodrivethereceivercircuit,thecodewillbesentwithinthistimewillreceivethiscodescanners.RFIDelectronictagsstoringthespecificationsandinteroperabilityinformation,throughwirelesscommunicationnetwork,theinformationautomaticallyarecollectedtocentralinformationsystemtoidentifygoods.Andthenthroughopencomputernetworksforinformationexchangeandsharing,wecanachievetheobjectofthe"transparent"management.1．用于高壓設(shè)備狀態(tài)采集的射頻技術(shù)（RFID）在高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)中，每一個(gè)傳感器都被賦予一個(gè)獨(dú)一無二的代碼EPC（ElectronicProductCode）,將這個(gè)代碼存儲(chǔ)在電子標(biāo)簽中貼在無線傳感器上,同時(shí)將這個(gè)代碼所對(duì)應(yīng)的傳感器詳細(xì)信息存儲(chǔ)在RFID信息服務(wù)系統(tǒng)的服務(wù)器中.傳感器采集到的信息和代碼打包后沿著通信路徑流通到各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，并最終傳送到各個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)單元的接受裝置。監(jiān)測(cè)中心通過ONS(對(duì)象名解析服務(wù),ObjectNamingService)的解析可獲得傳感器所屬信息服務(wù)系統(tǒng)的URI(統(tǒng)一資源標(biāo)識(shí),UniversalResourceIdentifier),也就是將電子標(biāo)簽所攜帶的信息包括傳感器基本屬性（固有信息）、地點(diǎn)信息（所在拓?fù)渚W(wǎng)絡(luò)的位置）和服務(wù)信息（面對(duì)下一個(gè)對(duì)象的服務(wù)目錄）進(jìn)行分解，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)狀態(tài)的自動(dòng)跟蹤和設(shè)備故障位置的快速定位。1.RFIDforhighvoltageequipmentmonitoringEachsensorisassignedauniquecodeEPC(ElectronicProductCode).Thiscodeisstoredintheelectronictagattachedtothewirelesssensor.Thesametime,thecodecorrespondingtothesensorinformationstoredintheRFIDserverinformationservicesystem.Informationandcodepackedflowalongthecommunicationpathtoeachlinknode,eventuallytransferredtothemonitoringdeviceunit.MonitoringCenteranalyzesONS(ObjectNamingService)toaccesstosensorinformationservicesystemaboutURI(UniversalResourceIdentifier).Itmeansthattheinformationcarriedbyelectronictags,includingthebasicpropertiesofthesensor(intrinsicinformation),locationinformation(thelocationwherethetopologyofthenetwork)andserviceinformation(facetoanobjectundertheservicedirectory)brokendown.Itcanachievethepurposeofstatusautomatictrackingandfastlocation.2．無線傳感器無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)(WSN)是集信息采集、信息傳輸、信息處理于一體的綜合智能信息系統(tǒng)，具有低成本、低功耗、低數(shù)據(jù)速率、自組織網(wǎng)絡(luò)等特點(diǎn)。WSN是由大量分布式智能傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)組成的面向任務(wù)的無線個(gè)人局域網(wǎng)，它融合了微電機(jī)技術(shù)、數(shù)據(jù)采集技術(shù)、嵌入式計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、現(xiàn)代網(wǎng)絡(luò)與無線通信技術(shù)、分布式信息處理技術(shù)、節(jié)點(diǎn)節(jié)能技術(shù)等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)[15]。2.WirelesssensorWirelesssensornetwork(WSN)isanintegratedintelligentinformationsystem,whichcancollect,transmitandprocessinformation.IthascharacteristicsofLowcost,lowpower,lowdatarateandself-organizing.WSNhasalargenumberofdistributedintelligentsensorsnodes,usedastask-orientedwirelesspersonalnetwork.Itcombinesmicro-motortechnology,dataacquisition,embeddedcomputertechnology,modernnetworkandwirelesscommunicationtechnology,distributedinformationprocessingtechnology,thenodeenergy-savingtechnologyandotherfieldsoftechnology[15].基于高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)的無線傳感器的部署與應(yīng)用要緊密相關(guān)，涉及到了網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、結(jié)點(diǎn)選擇及預(yù)設(shè)等方面，部署策略的研究主要集中在區(qū)域覆蓋問題和網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接問題這兩方面。圖3是經(jīng)常被引用的一個(gè)典型的WSN網(wǎng)絡(luò)部署[8]，傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)在目標(biāo)區(qū)域按照一定策略部署，通過自組織的形式構(gòu)建網(wǎng)絡(luò)，每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的功能都是相同的，包括了傳感器信息采集、射頻通信以及由軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)的路由和數(shù)據(jù)處理等功能，各個(gè)傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)將所探測(cè)到的有用信息通過初步的數(shù)據(jù)處理和信息融合之后傳出。數(shù)據(jù)傳送的過程是WSN通過Sink節(jié)點(diǎn)與外界相連，節(jié)點(diǎn)收集的信息通過多跳的方式匯聚到Sink節(jié)點(diǎn)，再通過Sink傳送給外界，也就是該系統(tǒng)的讀寫器。DeploymentandapplicationofwirelesssensoriscloselyrelatedtohighvoltageequipmentmonitoringsystembasedonIOT.Itcomedowntothenetworkdesign,nodeselectionandsettings.Thedeploymentstrategyoftheresearchfocusesonregionalcoverageandnetworkconnectionproblems.Figure3isatypicalWSNnetwork[8].Sensornodesdeployedinthetargetareaaccordingtosomestrategicplanning.Andthenallnodesarebuildingthenetworkintheformofself-organization.Soeachnodehasthesamefunction.Forexample,itconcludeinformationcollection,RFIDcommunication,routingsoftwareanddataprocessingfunctions,eachsensornodetransmitusefulinformationthroughthepreliminarydataprocessingandinformationfusion.WSNdatatransferprocessisconnectedwiththeoutsideworldthroughtheSinknode.Nodescollecttheinformationinmulti-hopway,thenalltheinformationgathertoSinknode.Finally,theinformationtransmittotheoutsideworldthroughtheSink,whichisthereaderofthesystem.圖3無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)典型部署Figure3.ThefunctionofRFIDwithwirelesssensortechnology3．物聯(lián)網(wǎng)中間件(缺圖—四層的關(guān)系)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)中間件是聯(lián)系虛擬網(wǎng)絡(luò)和物理世界的紐帶，其實(shí)質(zhì)是一個(gè)軟件層能將融合不同的服務(wù)并進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化，因而是物聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用的基礎(chǔ)。在基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)中，各類數(shù)據(jù)通過物聯(lián)網(wǎng)中間件融入網(wǎng)絡(luò)中與監(jiān)測(cè)中心、計(jì)算機(jī)中心和其他系統(tǒng)取得聯(lián)系，從而真正實(shí)現(xiàn)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的物的交流。這些信息在物聯(lián)網(wǎng)中間件分為三層處理，第一，信息的抽象。每個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)單元的接收裝置都被賦予一個(gè)IP的同時(shí)接收裝置收集的信息被表示成屬于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)中間件的語言通過通信協(xié)議與虛擬世界進(jìn)行交流。因此，IP地址的冗余和語義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是物聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展的難題。第二，信息管理。根據(jù)計(jì)算仿真的要求將信息按照主次順序、時(shí)間順序等特定的規(guī)則分類生成信息管理目錄。第三，服務(wù)組合。按照不同的要求，根據(jù)生成的信息目錄通過特定的語義定義一個(gè)邏輯組合[39]，建立實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)庫.在這層中，任何這樣一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程都可以用簡(jiǎn)單的小行為表示，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的優(yōu)化控制。3.MiddlewareMiddlewareistocontactthevirtualnetworkandthephysicalworld。Itsessenceisasoftwarelayerintegrationofdifferentservicesandcanbesimplified,soitisthebasisforapplicationofIOT.ForthehighvoltageequipmentmonitoringsystembasedonIOT,varioustypesofdatathroughmiddlewaregetintouchintothenetworkandmonitoringcenter,computercenterandothersystems.Soitrealizesthepurposeofexchanginginformationbetweenthingsandthings.Thisinformationisdividedintothreetreatmentinmiddleware.First,informationabstract.EachmonitoringunitisgivenareceiverIP,atthesametime,throughcommunicationprotocol,thegatheredinformationarerepresentedtothemiddlewarelanguagetocommunicatewiththevirtualworld.Therefore,theredundancyofIPaddressesandthedevelopmentofsemanticstandardsaretheproblem.Second,informationmanagement.Accordingtotherequirementsofcomputationalsimulation,inaccordancewiththeprimaryandsecondaryorder,chronologicalclassificationofspecificrulesmakeinformationmanagementdirectory.Third,portfolioservice.Accordingtodifferentrequirementsandinformationmanagementdirectory,wedefineaparticularlogicalbythespecificsemantics[39].Creatingareal-timedatabaseisnecessary.Inthislayer,anyacomplexprocesscanbeexpressedwithsimpleacts.ItiscrucialforoptimalcontrolbasedonIOT.4.WISP(wirelessidentificationandsensingplatforms)環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)WISP是具有RFID標(biāo)簽功能支持遙感與計(jì)算的設(shè)備，是物聯(lián)網(wǎng)和射頻技術(shù)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物?，F(xiàn)在國(guó)外主要只用于監(jiān)測(cè)光、溫度、加速度、壓力物理量?！?.WISP本身是一個(gè)16位的微處理器，它可以抽樣采集，將傳感器的數(shù)據(jù)和計(jì)算后的報(bào)告返回到RFID信息接受器[10-11]。它具有以下三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1）10英尺的傳輸距離2）低功耗微處理器3）實(shí)時(shí)時(shí)鐘信息WISP結(jié)合無線傳感器和RFID的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，能夠從靜態(tài)的電子標(biāo)簽處理逐步向動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)信息的處理，實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)與電子標(biāo)簽的溝通，這樣就可以減少監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)備的使用，減少設(shè)備的投資，因此大范圍的使用WISP也是未來無線傳感器技術(shù)和RFID技術(shù)結(jié)合的發(fā)展方向。4.WISP(wirelessidentificationandsensingplatforms)WISPstandsforWirelessIdentificationandSensingPlatform.Theterm"Identification"comesfrom"RadioFrequencyIdentification"(RFID).WISPshavethecapabilitiesofRFIDtags,butalsosupportsensingandcomputing.LikeanypassiveRFIDtag,WISPispoweredandreadbyastandardoff-the-shelfRFIDreader,harvestingthepoweritusesfromthereader'semittedradiosignals.WISPshavebeenusedtosensequantitiessuchaslight,temperature,acceleration,strainandliquidlevel.MostoftheworkonWISPsofarhasinvolvedsingleWISPsperformingsensingorcomputingfunctions.WethinkthenextphaseofWISPworkwillinvolvetheinteractionofmanyWISPsbasedonIOT,andthusallowanexcitingexplorationofanewbattery-freeformofwirelesssensornetworking.WISPsarepoweredbyharvestedenergyfromoff-the-shelfUHFRFIDreaders.AWISPisjustanormalEPCtag,butinsidetheWISP,theharvestedenergyisoperatinga16-bitgeneralpurposemicrocontroller[10-11].Themicrocontrollercanperformavarietyofcomputingtasks,includingsamplingsensors,andreportingthatsensordatabacktotheRFIDreader.WISPscanwritetoflashandperformcryptographiccomputations.Furthermore,WISPshavethesefeatures:upto10feetrangewithharvestedRFpower,Ultra-lowpowermicrocontrollerandReal-timeclock.WISPcombinedtheadvantagesofwirelesssensorsandRFID.ItcanmaketheRFIDtagsdatafromstatictodynamicstepbystep,exchangereal-timedatabyelectronictags.TheblockdiagramoftheWISPplatformjustasFigure6[].Thiscanreducetheuseofmonitoringequipmentsandequipmentinvestment.Therefore,inthefuture,WISPisusedwidely.AnditwillgoodcombinewirelesssensortechnologyandRFIDtechnology.Figure6.blockdiagramoftheWISPplatform3.2信息處理與優(yōu)化控制3.2InformationProcessingandOptimalControl高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)測(cè)中心是以計(jì)算機(jī)、通信、網(wǎng)絡(luò)等技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)，操作人員在監(jiān)測(cè)中心通過計(jì)算機(jī)界面可以了解高壓設(shè)備的運(yùn)行工況和參數(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)高壓設(shè)備的監(jiān)視和控制。隨著物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)“分布與集中”的優(yōu)化協(xié)調(diào)和遠(yuǎn)程控制。High-voltageequipmentmonitoringcenterisbasedonthecomputer,communications,networks,andothertechnology.Inthemonitoringcenter,operatorscanunderstanddeviceoperatingconditionsandparametersthroughthecomputerinterfacetomonitorandcontrolhighvoltageequipments.WiththeIOT,high-voltageequipmentmonitoringsystemcanachievethepurposeof"thedistributionandconcentration",optimalcoordinationandremotecontrol.基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)增強(qiáng)對(duì)高壓系統(tǒng)的控制能力，計(jì)算機(jī)中心分布處理來自整個(gè)區(qū)域所有數(shù)據(jù)，數(shù)據(jù)的種類多，數(shù)據(jù)量大，對(duì)分析和仿真的實(shí)時(shí)性要求很高，因而計(jì)算機(jī)中心必須具備很高的計(jì)算仿真能力?？紤]基于大規(guī)模分布式計(jì)算技術(shù)框架云計(jì)算[18]來構(gòu)建計(jì)算平臺(tái)。將高壓側(cè)設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)的所有資源通過物聯(lián)網(wǎng)筑成了一個(gè)龐大的資源庫，云計(jì)算根據(jù)仿真計(jì)算的要求，從這個(gè)龐大的資源池中申請(qǐng)所需要的相應(yīng)設(shè)備的實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)、圖像和溫度等用來部署應(yīng)用。這也與物聯(lián)網(wǎng)要求實(shí)現(xiàn)集中控制和分散控制相結(jié)合的要求正相吻合[3]。BasedonIOT,high-voltageequipmentmonitoringsystemenhanceabilitytocontrolthe,high-voltageequipmentsystem.Computercenterprocessallthedatafromentireregiondistributive.Sotherearemanykindsofdataandlargeamountofdata.Itcallsforhighdemandingofanalysisandreal-timesimulation,sothecomputercentermusthaveahighcapacityofcomputingsimulation.Weconsiderthelarge-scaledistributedcomputingframeworkbasedoncloudcomputingtobuildacomputingplatform[18].Weneedtogatherallmonitoringresourcesofhigh-voltageequipmenttobuildahugeresourcelibrary.Basedontherequirementsofsimulation,cloudcomputingtakeinformationofappropriateequipmentaboutreal-timedata,imagesandtemperaturefromthisvastpoolofresources.ItalsorequirescentralizedcontrolanddecentralizedcontrolaswellasIOT[3].表1.高壓設(shè)備常用主要監(jiān)視量設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)量變壓器溶解氣體分析、局部放電、鐵芯接地電流、套管絕緣、振動(dòng)頻譜等電容性設(shè)備絕緣、電容電流、電容量及變化值、介損tan值等避雷針全電流、阻性電流、容性電流、泄漏電流、動(dòng)作次數(shù)等斷路器SF6氣體密度、局部放電監(jiān)測(cè)、斷路器動(dòng)作特性監(jiān)測(cè)等GIS設(shè)備SF6氣體密度、局部放電監(jiān)測(cè)、斷路器動(dòng)作特性等Table1.principalmonitoringofhigh-voltageequipmentequipmentprincipalmonitoringTransformerDissolvedgaspartialdischargeCoregroundcurrentPipeinsulationVibrationspectrumCapacitiveEquipmentinsulationCapacitivecurrentvalueofcapacitancetanLightningrodFullcurrentResistivecurrentCapacitivecurrentLeakagecurrentActiontimesBreakerGasdensityofSF6PartialdischargemonitoringcircuitbreakersfeatureGISGasdensityofSF6Partialdischargemonitoringcircuitbreakersfeature基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的計(jì)算機(jī)中心的高壓設(shè)備監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)仿真計(jì)算中，首先需要通過實(shí)驗(yàn)研究和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)大量測(cè)試，分析各類設(shè)備哪些部位容易出現(xiàn)不正常的或者不良現(xiàn)象，分析其發(fā)生機(jī)理，總結(jié)得到大量典型的圖譜、樣本和數(shù)據(jù)模型并建立相應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫，形成相應(yīng)的評(píng)估規(guī)則。利用物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的信息聚合技術(shù)將海量的信息在傳輸數(shù)據(jù)的同時(shí)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行并行處理、傳輸和融合[19]。高壓側(cè)設(shè)備的信息處理需要從信息的本質(zhì)層面來進(jìn)行分析處理。高壓側(cè)采集的數(shù)據(jù)圖像是一些離散的大量冗余的數(shù)據(jù)，通過初級(jí)處理、特征處理、融合處理后與相應(yīng)的評(píng)估規(guī)則作比較，正常時(shí)不再向監(jiān)測(cè)端傳輸具體的數(shù)據(jù)和圖像，僅傳送正常的結(jié)果；異常時(shí)顯示計(jì)算機(jī)中心的分析結(jié)果和告警信號(hào)，將具體的數(shù)據(jù)和圖像送到監(jiān)測(cè)端。計(jì)算機(jī)中心需要采用以帶時(shí)標(biāo)信息的方式記錄重要狀態(tài)信息的變化，為分析高壓設(shè)備故障提供依據(jù)。當(dāng)高壓設(shè)備發(fā)生異常時(shí)，會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量信息，按照時(shí)序順序紀(jì)錄數(shù)據(jù)和圖像，然后按照一定的算法進(jìn)行故障分析或者排查原因或者消除隱患。高壓設(shè)備的電氣信號(hào)可通過高壓設(shè)備的各類傳感器和高壓設(shè)備WISP環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)獲得，一些通過電氣信號(hào)難以檢測(cè)的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)，如變壓器漏油、高壓套管裂紋、火災(zāi)和盜竊等外部情況，可借助于攝像頭、紅外、紫外等技術(shù)來監(jiān)測(cè)[25-26]。BasedonIOT,highvoltageequipmentdatasimulationsneedalargenumberofexperimentalstudiesandfieldtests.Whatpartsofvarioustypesofequipmentpronetoabnormaloradversephenomenon,themechanismofitsoccurrence,weshouldsumupaftertestingalargenumberoftypicalpatterns,samplesanddatamodel.Finally,wedevelopacorrespondingdatabaseandthecorrespondingevaluationrules.TheuseofinformationaggregationtechnologyofIOT,themassofinformationofdatacanbehandledparallelinginthetransmissionaswellasintegration[19].WEneedanalyzethenatureofinformation.Alltheinformationincludeslargenumberofdiscreteredundancydata.Throughthepri