千里之行，始于足下讓知識帶有溫度。第第2頁/共2頁精品文檔推薦上海高考英語各類體裁概要寫作技巧-word文檔上海高考英語概要寫作技巧

Rubricsforsummarywriting(2022-9-14)

評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):

1.本題總分為15分,其中內(nèi)容10分,語言5分。（這部分還有待終于確認(rèn)，可能是5+5）

2.評分時應(yīng)注重的主要方面:內(nèi)容要點、信息展現(xiàn)的連貫性和精確?????性。

3.詞數(shù)超過60，酌情扣分。

各檔次給分要求:

內(nèi)容部分

A.能精確?????、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵蓋主要信息。

B.能精確?????概括文章主旨大意，但遺漏個別主要信息。

C.能概括文章主旨大意，但遺漏部分主要信息。

D.未能精確?????概括文章主旨大意，遺漏較多主要信息或留有過多細(xì)節(jié)信息。

E.幾乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中故意義的相關(guān)信息。

F.徹低未作答或作答與本題無關(guān)。

語言部分

A.能用自己的語言連貫、正確地表述。

B.能用自己的語言較連貫、正確地表述，但有個別語言錯誤。

C.基本能用自己的語言連貫、正確地表述，但連貫性較差，且有少量不影響表意的語言錯誤。

D.基本能用自己的語言表述，但連貫性較差，且嚴(yán)峻語言錯誤較多。

E.幾乎不能用自己的語言連貫、正確地表述。

F.徹低未作答或作答與本題無關(guān)。

掌握文體特點

記敘文：whatwhowhenwherewhyhow

談?wù)撐模簅pinion/idea+argument(supportingideas/reasons)

說明文：phenomenon/problem+reason+solution(causeandeffect),introductionofanobject(howitismade,howitisused,howitmaychange,whatmakesitneworsignificant)

新聞：afocusonthefirstparagraph,andthefirstorlastsentenceoftheotherparagraphs

樣題解讀

Dirt

Gettingridofdirt,intheopinionofmostpeople,isagoodthing.However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.

Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.

Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglandin1546.ThusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirtinafriendlyway.HenryIV,KingofFrance,wasfamouslydirty.Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath,thekingorderedthat,toavoidtheattackofdisease,thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.

Thoughthebeliefinthemeritofdirtwaslong-lived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18century.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventingdisease.Yet,itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWarII.Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea:clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite,clothseversofter,surfacestoshine.

Hasthehatefordirt,however,gonetoofar?

Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.Manyfirst-timeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchildrenofftouchingdirt,whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease.Onthecontrary,MaryRuebush,anAmericanimmunologist(免疫學(xué)家),encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.Andthelatterpositionisgainingsomeground.（299W）

解析：

Gettingridofdirt,intheopinionofmostpeople,isagoodthing.However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.

Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.

Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglandin1546.ThusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirtinafriendlyway.HenryIV,KingofFrance,wasfamouslydirty.Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath,thekingorderedthat,toavoidtheattackofdisease,thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.

Thoughthebeliefinthemeritofdirtwaslong-lived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18century.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventingdisease.Yet,itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWarII.Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea:clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite,clothseversofter,surfacestoshine.Hasthehatefordirt,however,gonetoofar?

Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.Manyfirst-timeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchildrenofftouchingdirt,whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease.Onthecontrary,MaryRuebush,anAmericanimmunologist(免疫學(xué)家),encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.Andthelatterpositionisgainingsomeground.

Onepossibleversion：

Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.(要點1)Foralongtimeinhistory,peopleofsomeEuropeancountries,suchasFrance,believedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.(要點2)However,peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestodirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.(要點3)However/Nevertheless,somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.(要點4)

觀點表達(dá)型談?wù)撐?

1.文章第一段就是本篇文章的主題句，亮明白總的觀點：However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.換句話說：Differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsdirt.再結(jié)合下文談到的主題可知Differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsdirtontheskin.范文中的要點1“Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.”概括十分精煉。

2．其次段主要談到了在16世紀(jì)，人們認(rèn)為dirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease，尤以英、法兩國的貴族為代表。結(jié)合第三段第一句Thoughthebeliefinthemeritofdirtwaslong-lived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversince18century.可知，直到18世紀(jì)之前，人們都認(rèn)為dirt是很“友好的”，有助于預(yù)防疾病。范文中的要點2“Foralongtimeinhistory,。。。.”很好地總結(jié)了這些要點。

3.第三段用Though引出人們對dirt觀點的改變“…sincethe18thcentury.Scientifically

speaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.”再結(jié)合本段最后一部分Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea…可得出要點3“However,peoplebegantochange。。。.”

4.文章最后一段第一句指出，現(xiàn)在人們對于dirt的態(tài)度還是有所不同，Onthecontrary引出專家的觀點，一位免疫學(xué)家認(rèn)為dirt有助于增加免疫系統(tǒng)。這一觀點獲得了一些支持。范文中的要點4“However,somescientistsbelievethatexposureto。。。.”表達(dá)很恰切。

文章概要，在寫完了要點之后，下一步的工作就是要把這些要點用適當(dāng)?shù)你暯釉~舉行銜接，使上下句之間具有連貫性。本篇文章整篇結(jié)構(gòu)是總分的結(jié)構(gòu)，要點2和要點3在觀點上截然相反，因此，之間需要表示轉(zhuǎn)折的銜接詞，范文用了However恰到益處。要點3和要點4在觀點上又存在不同，因此，還是用表轉(zhuǎn)折的銜接詞However/Nevertheless。

第一段：fixed(確定的；不變的)其次段：means(手段，辦法),blockout(攔住),openup(打開),upon(……之后；立刻)第三段：long-lived(長久存在的),selltheidea(說服某人接收某個觀點)第四段：warnsboff(警告某人不要逼近),position(觀點),gainsomeground(取得優(yōu)勢)

記敘文

TheVoiceintheBox

WhenIwasquiteyoung,myfamilyhadoneofthefirsttelephonesintheneighborhood.Irememberwellthepolishedwoodencasefastenedtothewallonthelowerstairlanding.Butmyfirstpersonalexperiencewiththisgenie-in-the-receivercameonedaywhilemymotherwasvisitinganeighbor.Amusingmyselfatthetoolbenchinthebasement,Ihurtmyfingerwithahammer.Thepainwasterrible,buttheredidn’tseemtobemuchusecrying,becausetherewasnoonehometooffersympathy.Iwalkedaroundthehouse,andfinallyarrivedatthestairway.Thetelephone!QuicklyIranforthefootstoolanddraggedittothelanding.Climbingup,Iunhookedthereceiverandheldittomyear.“InformationPlease,”Isaidintothemouthpiecejustabovemyhead.

Aclickortwo,andasmall,clearvoicespokeintomyear,“Information.”

“Ihurtmyfinger—”Icriedintothephone.Thetearscamereadilyenough,nowthatIhadanaudience.

“Isn’tyourmotherhome?”camethequestion.

“Nobody’shomebutme,”Isobbed.

“Areyoubleeding?”

“No,”Ireplied.“Ihititwiththehammerandithurts.”

“Canyouopenyouricebox?”sheasked.IsaidIcould.“Thenbreakoffalittlepieceofice,andholditonyourfinger.Thatwillstopthehurt.Becarefulwhenyouusetheicepick(冰錐),”shesaid.“Anddon’tcry.You’llbeallright.”

Afterthat,IcalledInformationPleaseforeverything.Iaskedherforhelpwithmygeography,andshetoldmewherePhiladelphiawas,andtheOrinoco,theromanticriverthatIwasgoingtoexplorewhenIgrewup.Shehelpedmewithmyarithmetic,andshetoldmethatmypetchipmunk—Ihadcaughthimintheparkjustthedaybefore—wouldeatfruitandnuts.

范文

這是一篇記敘文，考生需要在文中找到人、時、地、事情的起因、經(jīng)過、結(jié)果等主要信息。參考答案：

OnedayIhurtmyfingerwhenaloneathome.ItoccurredtomethatIcouldusethetelephonetocalltheoperator.Shegavemedetailedinstructionsandcomfortedme.Ilaterturnedtothemagicdeviceforhelpwithalmosteverything.

能力目標(biāo)：

【讀】能概括文章或段落的主旨大意

【寫】能用自己的語言概括所讀材料

anotherversion：

Theauthortellsusastoryaboutherexperienceofusingthetelephonetoaskforhelp.Oneday,shegotherfingerhurtbuttherewasnooneathometoturnto.Thenthetelephonecaughthereye,andshepickedupthereceiverandtalkedtotheoperator.Luckily,shewastoldhowtodealwiththeinjuredfinger.

說明文樣題

Couldfastfoodmakeithardertostopandsmelltheroses?(放慢腳步享受人生)

AnewstudyfromtheUniversityofTorontosuggeststhatfastfoodmightmakeithardertostopandsmelltheroses.ResearcherspointedoutthatAmericanshavegainedmoreandmoreleisuretime,yettheyaren’tanyhappier.Theproblemcouldbethatmodernconveniencesmakeusmoreimpatient,andthereforelessabletoappreciatesmallmomentsofjoy.

Totestthetheory,theUniversityofTorontoresearcherscarriedoutafewdifferenttestsfocusedonfastfoods,thetypicalAmerican“symbolsofthecultureofimpatience,”andhappiness.Inoneofthetests,researcherstold257peopletoratepicturesbasedonwhethertheyweresuitableforads.Participantssawaseriesofpictures:Onegroupsawfastfoodinregularpackagingwhiletheothergroupsawthesamefoodsetoutonceramictableware(瓷器餐具).Afterward,someoftheparticipantswereshownphotographsof“scenicnaturalbeauty”andthenwereaskedtoratetheirhappiness.Othersratedtheirhappinesswithoutseeingthepictures.Theresearchersfoundthatpeoplewhosawthefastfoodbeforeviewingthenaturephotostendedtoratetheirhappinesslower.Yetthosewhosimplyratedtheirhappinesswithoutseeingthenatureshotsbeforehandwereactuallyalittlehappierifthey’dseenfastfoodinadvance.Researcherssaidthatsuggestsfastfooddoesn’tdirectlycauseunhappinessbutdecreasestheabilitytoenjoythings.

Researcherscautioned,however,thatmuchmoreresearchwasneededtodetermineexactlyhowfastfoodandhappinessarecorrelated(互相關(guān)聯(lián))andhowstrongtherelationshipreallyis.

參考答案：

AstudyfromtheUniversityofTorontoshowsfastfoodwillaffectpeople’sabilitytoenjoythings,thusmakingthemlesshappy.Inonetest,amongthe257participants,thosewhosawpicturesofnaturalbeautyafterbeingshownfastfoodratedtheirhappinesslowerthanthosewhodidn’t.Butresearcherssaidmoreresearchwasneededtoconfirmthefindings.

能力目標(biāo)：

【讀】能概括文章或段落的主旨大意

【寫】能用自己的語言概括所讀材料

談?wù)撐臉宇}：

Four-dayWorkweek

IntheUnitedStates,employeestypicallyworkfivedaysaweekforeighthourseachday.However,manyemployeeswanttoworkafour-dayweekandarewillingtoacceptlesspayinordertodoso.Ifalawrequiredcompaniestooffertheiremployeestheoptionofworkingafour-dayworkweekforfour-fifths(80percent)oftheirnormalpay,itwouldbenefittheeconomyasawholeaswellastheindividualcompaniesandtheemployeeswhodecidedtotaketheoption.Theshortenedworkweekwouldincreasecompanyprofitsbecauseemployeeswouldfeelmorerestedandalert,andasaresult,theywouldmakefewercostlyerrorsintheirwork.Hiringmore

stafftoensurethatthesameamountofworkwouldbeaccomplishedwouldnotresultinadditionalpaythecompanyhastoprepareforthesepeople,becausefour-dayemployeeswouldonlybepaid80percentofthenormalrate.Intheend,companieswouldhavefeweroverworkedanderror-prone(簡單出錯的)employeesforthesamemoney,whichwouldincreasecompanyprofits.Forthecountryasawhole,oneoftheprimarybenefitsofofferingthisoptiontoemployeesisthatitwouldreduceunemploymentrates.Ifmanyfull-timeemployeesstartedworkingfewerhours,someoftheirworkloadwouldhavetobeshiftedtoothers.Thus,foreveryfouremployeeswhowentonan80percentweek,anewemployeecouldbehiredatthe80percentrate.

Finally,theoptionofafour-dayworkweekwouldbebetterforindividualemployees.Employeeswhocouldafford