—信件、便條的套路稱呼第一段：寫信的目的第二段：信件的具體內容第三段：表示希望、愿望落款、署名2023/3/1DearSirorMadam，Iwishtoapplyforadmissiontoyourdepartmentasagraduatestudent.Iamwritingtoaskwhetheritwillbepossibleforyoutograntmeafullscholarship,consideringmyacademicrecordandthefactthatIhavenorelativesorfriendsinAmericawhocanactasmysponsor.Icompletedafour-yearcourseinchemistryatBeijingUniversitylastJune.Duringmyfouryearsintheuniversity,Ihavepassedalltherequiredcoursesofstudywithsatisfactorymarks.WithChemistryasmymajor,IminoredinPhysicsandMathematics.Enclosedherewithismytranscriptfromthedepartmentconcerned.

MyEnglishisverygood.IhavebeenlearningEnglishsinceearlychildhoodwiththehelpofmyfatherwhoisaprofessorofEnglishinFudanUniversity,Shanghai.IthereforebelievethatIwillnothavelanguagedifficultieswhilestudyingintheUnitedStates.Ishouldbemostgratefulifyouwouldgivemyrequestfavorableconsideration.Thankyouverymuchandlookforwardtoyourreply.Sincerelyyours,WuLi2.結尾部分如果說引言部分是從籠統(tǒng)到具體,把讀者逐漸引入話題的話,那么結尾則是從具體到籠統(tǒng),結束討論。因此它的結構像一個正梯形：

和正文結構正好相反，承接正文的具體討論，在結尾部分先盡可能把討論的東西歸納一下，然后逐漸離開主題。如：1)WecanblametheisolationoftheoldinAmericanontheyoungpeople.Theseoldpeoplemayactlikeit’snotimportant,butinthedeeppartoftheirheartstheymustfeellonely.Theyneedtheirchildrentostaywith,totalkwith,andtotakecareofthem.Whydon’tyoungAmericanstakeacloselookattheircustomandadopttheAsiancustom?2)Asatraditionalteachingmethod,lectureswillneverdisappearfromthecollegescene.Buttheyshouldbeusedselectively,forexample,whenideasarenewandcan’tbefoundinbooks,theywillbewelcome.Andalsodiscussionshouldbeintroducedintolectureclassestotriggerafruitfullineofthought.提出建議3)Scienceandcommonsenseofferwaystominimizetheriskofdevastatingclimatechange.WecanslowdownthebuildingofCO2inouratmospherebyincreasingenergyconservation;byprotectingtropicalforests;bydesigningautomobilesthatburnlessgas;byturningtorenewableenergysourcessuchassolar,hydro,wind,andpossiblynuclearpower.Fortunately,wehavethetoolsforpreventingdisaster.Itonlyremainsforustousethem.提出建議，預示未來4)Likeeverytechnology,theinternethasbothmeritsanddemerits.Butonthewholeithasbroughtmorebenefitsthanharm.Ithasopenedanewdimensionincommunicationandrevolutionizedthewaypeoplethinkandlive.Itsprofoundeffectonhumanscanhardlybeimagined.重提中心思想句，進一步表明對因特網的看法好的結尾有什么作用呢？畫龍點睛：歸納，總結，概括全文的主旨內容A)Somepersonsaythatlovemakestheworldgoround.Othersofalessromanticandmorepracticalturnofmindsaythatitisn’tlove;itismoney.Butthetruthisthatitisenergythatmakestheworldgoround.Energyisthecurrencyoftheecologicalsystemandlifebecomespossibleonlywhenfoodisconvertedintoenergy,whichinturnisusedtoseekmorefoodtogrow,toreproduceandtosurvive.Onthiscyclealllifedepends.B)Yes,life---anddeath,too---isacyclethatgoesroundandround,andwhenanimalsdietheirbodiesbecomefoodforotherlifeformstousebyconvertingthemintoenergy.Andthecyclecontinues.A)itisanundeniablefactthattheadvanceofscienceandtechnologyhasbroughtgreatbenefitstopeople.ButwhenI’menjoyingtheconvenienceandcomfortoftelephonescomputersandmicrowaves,Imissverymuchourtraditionalculturewhoselossistoohighapricetopay.B)Iwelcomethedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Iwelcomenewinnovationsandmachines.ButIhatethefactthatmanismoreandmoredependentonthemtoapointwherewehavebecometheirslaves.Itreasuretraditionalculture,foritembodiestheverycustomsandvaluesthatsustainourfriendship,familyandspirituallife.A)Incollegesanduniversities,therearetwootherwaystogainknowledgeapartfromregularclasses.Oneistopursueindividualstudiesandtheotheristoattendlectures.WhileIattachimportancetoself-studies,Iwon’tgiveupanyopportunitytoattendagoodlecture.B)Weneedbothindividualstudiesandattendinglectures.Theformerhelpssharpenourawareness,andthelattercontributestobroadeningourminds.Thesecretsofacademicsuccesslieinthecombinationofboth.正文部分怎樣寫好正文部分？一致性發(fā)展性連貫性一致性（Unity）文章中所有的內容都要圍繞著文章的中心思想。TurningFailureintoSuccessToomuchemphasisonsuccessisnotagoodthing.(thesisinintroduction)P2.

Certainkindsofsuccesscanindeedbedestructive.thedangeroftoosuccessIparticularlyacute.Irecallfrommychildhoodagirlwhoseskilloniceskatesmarkedheras“Olympicmaterial”whiletherestofuswereplaying,bicycling,readingandjustloafing,thisgirlskated–everydayafterschoolandallweekend.Yearslater,however,shespokebitterlyofthoseearlytriumphs.“ineverpreparedmyselfforanythingbuttheice,"shesaid,“Ipeakedat17—andit’sbeendownhilleversince.”P3.Successthatcomestooeasilyisalsodamaging.Thechildwhowinsaprizeforacarelessly-writtenessay,theadultwhodistinguisheshimselfatafirstjobbyluckyaccidentfacesprobedisappointmentwhenrealchallengesarise.P4.Successsisalsobadwhenit’sachievedatthecostofthetotalqualityofanexperience.Successfulstudentssometimesbecomesoobsessedwithgradesthattheyneverenjoytheirschoolyears.Theyneverbranchoutintotemptingnewareas,becausetheydon’twanttorisktheirgrade-pointaverage.

主題句支持句1支持句2支持句3發(fā)展性（development）發(fā)展性就是要充分發(fā)展段落的主題思想。通過不同的角度，用詳盡的事實例證來說明。例1Formanypeople,absenceofworkisharmfultotheirhealth.Obviouslyifyouhavenothingtodo,yourhealthwillbeaffected.Workisonewatokeepyouhealthy.Ifyoudon’twork,itwilldoharmtoyourhealth.Justimagine,youstayatallday,doingnothingyourhealthwillbedeclining.Withoutwork,withoutgoodhealth.Sodoingnothingwillbeharmfultoone’shealth.Foralargenumberofpeople,theabsenceofworkisharmfultotheirhealth.Retirementoftenbringsmanypeoplesurroundingthe“whatdoIdowithmyselftoday?”question,eventhoughtheremaybenofinancialcares.Largenumbersofpeopleregularlygetheadachesandotherillnessesonweekendswhentheydon’thavetheirjobstogoto,andmustfendforthemselves.Ithasbeenobservedthatunemployment,quiteasidefromexertingfinancialpressures,bringsenormouspsychologicaltroublesandthatmanyindividualsdeterioraterapidlywhenjobless.例2Howtowriteawell-developedparagraph?舉例法數(shù)據法事實法權威法（名人名言）對比分析法類別法分析法（純邏輯分析法）連貫性（Coherence）連貫性是指文章中的句子之間，段落之間彼此相互關聯(lián)，銜接自然，使讀者能跟上作者的思路，引導讀者自然地有上文過渡到下文。段內句子連貫句與句子之間的意思的連貫通過過渡詞的銜接和詞匯的銜接ExamplesI’mstudypsychology.I’mmajorinpsychology.Ishowedmuchinterestingonhistory.Therearemanyadvantagetheyeachhaving.Inonehand,wecangainmanyknowledgefromlectures,butthisknowledgedoesn’tuseperfectlyincocial.Wejustlistentoprofessor,wecan’tdiscussionwithprofessororchangeinformationtoothers.Comparewithpastyears,ourlifechangemore.Listenedtothemtoldtheirinterestinglifeintheiryoungageeverynight.Itiswell-knownthatincollegeshavelecturesanddiscussiontwowaysofeducation.Therearesomepeoplelikelecturesverymuch,theythinkthetimethattheteacherwanttotellusattheclassislimited.Justbeagraduatestudentinyourschoolismydream.Imuststudyhardandreadmoredifferentaboutpsychology’sbook.Theyaretwotypesofstudyincollege:lecturesanddiscussing.Thecollegealwayshavetwoteachingmethods,whicharelecturesanddiscussion.Thehabitoflisteningtoteachersandwritingdownaredifficulttobegotridof.Itcanopenanewhorizonforyouandsaveyoumuchtimeaswell–timewemightspendreadingonebookafteranother.inhighschoolinclassbyhandgotoschoolathospital寫作短語與句式開頭句提出個人觀點羅列各個原因或方面羅列正反方面的論據分析原因和結果提出解決辦法表示問題的重要性進行總結描寫圖表的表達法描寫數(shù)據變化的表達法開頭句：

Itisafactthat…Itcanbeseenthat…Itiswellknownthat…Anincreasingnumberofpeoplecometorealizethat…Thereisnodoubtthat…Thereisnodenyingthefactthat…Itisundeniablethat…Nowitiscommonlyacceptedthat…開頭句：

Peopleusedtoholdabeliefthat…Itisgenerallybelievedthat…Nowadayspeopletendto…Nowadaysmoreandmorepeopleareconcernedwiththeproblemthat…Whenitcomestotheissueof…Withtherapiddevelopmentof…Differentpeoplehavedifferentopinionson…提出個人觀點：Asforme,Formypart,AsfarasIamconcerned,Iaminfavorof…Iamonthesideof…Inmyopinion,Iagreeto…羅列各個原因或方面Inthefirstplace,/Inthesecondplace,Firstly,/Secondly,Firstofall,/Thesecondreasonis…Foronething,/Foranotherthing,Thefirstandforemostimportantis…/Thelastbutnottheleastis…羅列正反方面的論據Ononehand,/Ontheotherhand,Onthecontrary,/Incontrast,However,Otherwise,unlike…Inoppositionto,Nevertheless,Ontheoppositeside,分析原因和結果：Thereareanumberofreasonsfor…andamongthem…isthemostimportone.Thereasonscanbelistedasfollows.Whatpossiblycontributestotheproblemisthat…Theprimaryreasonfor…isthat…分析原因和結果：…ischiefly/partiallyresponsiblefortheproblem.Onemayowethisproblemto…Quiteanumberofreasonsleadto……willaccountfor…Theproblemresultsfrom…提出解決辦法：Perhapsthebestwaytosolvethisproblemisto…Manyworkablesolutionshavebeenfoundtodealingwiththisproblem.Herearesomesuggestsionsthatweshould…Mysuggestionsisthat…Actionshouldbetakento…Weshouldtakesomemeasuresto…Thereisnoeasy/immediatesolutiontotheissueof…but…maybehelpful.表示問題的重要性：Itisveryimportantto…Itisofgreatimportanceto…Itisvitalto……isplayinganimportantrolein…Noonecanaffordtoneglect…Without…wecannot…Wewillpayheavilyifweignore…進行總結：Toconclude,Tosumup,Tosumupinoneword,Summingup,Summingupinoneword,Itcanbeconcludedthat…Aconclusioncanbereachedthat…Inall,Inaword,描寫圖表的表達法：IthasbeenshownthatAccordingtothetable/diagram/chart,wecanseethat…Thetable/diagram/charthasrevealedthat…描寫數(shù)據變化的表達法Accordingtothetable/diagram/chart,thenumberof…ismuchbiggerthatthenumberof…Fromthetable/diagram/chart,wecanseethattherateof…ishigherthat…Ascanbeeseeninthetable/diagram/chart,therearemore…than…Thenumberof…isaslargeas…Thenumberof…h(huán)asincreasedsharplyfrom…to…Thenumberof…isdecliningdramaticallyfrom…to…寫作過程中應注意的問題主謂不一致；人稱不一致；被動語態(tài)用法不當；濫用助動詞；謂語動詞形式錯誤；名詞單復數(shù)形式錯誤；可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞方面的錯誤；語法結構平行方面錯誤；冠詞用法的錯誤；寫作短語與句式開頭句提出個人觀點羅列各個原因或方面羅列正反方面的論據分析原因和結果提出解決辦法表示問題的重要性進行總結描寫圖表的表達法描寫數(shù)據變化的表達法開頭句：

Itisafactthat…Itcanbeseenthat…Itiswellknownthat…Anincreasingnumberofpeoplecometorealizethat…Thereisnodoubtthat…Thereisnodenyingthefactthat…Itisundeniablethat…Nowitiscommonlyacceptedthat…開頭句：

Peopleusedtoholdabeliefthat…Itisgenerallybelievedthat…Nowadayspeopletendto…Nowadaysmoreandmorepeopleareconcernedwiththeproblemthat…Whenitcomestotheissueof…Withtherapiddevelopmentof…Differentpeoplehavedifferentopinionson…提出個人觀點：Asforme,Formypart,AsfarasIamconcerned,Iaminfavorof…Iamonthesideof…Inmyopinion,Iagreeto…羅列各個原因或方面Inthefirstplace,/Inthesecondplace,Firstly,/Secondly,Firstofall,/Thesecondreasonis…Foronething,/Foranotherthing,Thefirstandforemostimportantis…/Thelastbutnottheleastis…羅列正反方面的論據Ononehand,/Ontheotherhand,Onthecontrary,/Incontrast,However,Otherwise,unlike…Inoppositionto,Nevertheless,Ontheoppositeside,分析原因和結果：Thereareanumberofreasonsfor…andamongthem…isthemostimportone.Thereasonscanbelistedasfollows.Whatpossiblycontributestotheproblemisthat…Theprimaryreasonfor…isthat…分析原因和結果：…ischiefly/partiallyresponsiblefortheproblem.Onemayowethisproblemto…Quiteanumberofreasonsleadto……willaccountfor…Theproblemresultsfrom…提出解決辦法：Perhapsthebestwaytosolvethisproblemisto…Manyworkablesolutionshavebeenfoundtodealingwiththisproblem.Herearesomesuggestsionsthatweshould…Mysuggestionsisthat…Actionshouldbetakento…Weshouldtakesomemeasuresto…Thereisnoeasy/immediatesolutiontotheissueof…but…maybehelpful.表示問題的重要性：Itisveryimportantto…Itisofgreatimportanceto…Itisvitalto……isplayinganimportantrolein…Noonecanaffordtoneglect…Without…wecannot…Wewillpayheavilyifweignore…進行總結：Toconclude,Tosumup,Tosumupinoneword,Summingup,Summingupinoneword,Itcanbeconcludedthat…Aconclusioncanbereachedthat…Inall,Inaword,描寫圖表的表達法：IthasbeenshownthatAccordingtothetable/diagram/chart,wecanseethat…Thetable/diagram/charthasrevealedthat…描寫數(shù)據變化的表達法Accordingtothetable/diagram/chart,thenumberof…ismuchbiggerthatthenumberof…Fromthetable/diagram/chart,wecanseethattherateof…ishigherthat…Ascanbeeseeninthetable/diagram/chart,therearemore…than…Thenumberof…isaslargeas…Thenumberof…h(huán)asincreasedsharplyfrom…to…Thenumberof…isdecliningdramaticallyfrom…to…基本表達越來越:beincreasingly+adj.,beontherise人們認為:Itisgenerally/widelybelieved/held/agreedthat許多問題:ahostof/amultitudeofproblems引起人們的注意:attractgeneral/publicattentiontosth.意識到:thereidagrowingawareness/realizationof/that,awakensb.tothefact/danger接觸各種思想/經歷,問題:beexposedtonewideas/experiences/probems接觸社會:comeintofrequent/closecontactwiththeworld/society獲得成功:achieve/accomplishsuccess提出觀點,建議:advance/putforward/comeupwitharguments/ideas/suggestions作出努力:maketremendous/persistent/sustaninedefforttodosth.,takegreatpainstodo影響學習,工作:interferewithstudies/work產生影響:have/exertaprofoundinfluenceonlife/personality,haveadramaticeffecton較好駕馭:beabetterpilotofone’slife剝奪機會/權利:depriveoneselfofthechance/right/opportunity取代舊的方式:substitutefor/taketheplaceoftheoldway采取措施:takeeffectivesteps/measuresto躲避危險/挑戰(zhàn):shy/runawayfromthedangers/challenge滿足要求:meet/satisfythedemandof補償損失:compensatefor/makefortheloss/damage解釋某種現(xiàn)象:accountfor/explainthephenomenon對…很好的了解:haveabetterunderstanding/appreciationof,provide/gainaninsightinto把某因素考慮進去:takesth.Intoaccount(consideration),givemuchthoughtto品味人生,自由,青春:savorthelife/freedom/youth培養(yǎng)對…興趣,信心:develop/fosterone’sinterest/confidencein經歷變化,困難,艱險:undergo/experiencegreatchanges/hardships生活充滿不公正的地方:lifeisfullofinjustice追求學習職業(yè):pursueone’sacademicinterest/professionalcareer學習知識,技術:pursue/acquireknowledge/technology被看作學習的榜樣:beheldupasangoodexample交流經驗/知識:shareexperienceknowledge發(fā)揮,起重要作用:playanimportant/greatrole/part逃學,缺課:skipschool/aclass/alecture知識,經驗豐富:richinknowledge/experience確立/追求目標:set/persueagoal達到目標:achieve/accomplish/attainthegoal/aim/objective克服困難:overcomeobstacles/difficulty面臨危險,困難:beconfrontedfacedwith/inthefaceofdanger/difficulty阻礙了成功:standinthewayofsuccess阻礙了發(fā)展:hamper/stuntthedevelopmentof持傳統(tǒng)的看法:holdconventionalwisdom發(fā)表看法:voice/expressone’sopinion持相反/合理的看法:taketheopposite/freshview縮小差別:bridge/narrowfillthegapbetween把成功/錯誤歸咎:attribute/owethesuccess/failureto對…重要:beimportant/vitalto施加壓力:put/exertpressureon重視:attachmuchemphasis/stress/valueon強調:place/putmuchimportanceto適應新的形勢/變化:adapt/adjust/accommodateoneselftonewenvironment/change把注意力集中在:focus/concentrateone’sattention/thoughtsupon提供機會/信息:provide/offeranopportunity/informationforsb.抓住機會:grab/seize/taketheopportunity得到機會:enjoy/gainaccesstoanopportunity有可能:thereispossibility/likelihoodthat,chancesarethat展開競爭:competeagainst/withsb.開展運動:conduct/carryon/launch/wageanation-widecampaign(for/aganist)對我很有/毫無意義:makemuch/littlesensetome帶來無窮的幸福/滿足:beasourceofhappiness/satisfaction/contentment獻身于:devote/dedicate/commitoneselftoacause/career不大一樣:makemuch/little/nodifference真正重要的是:whatreallymatters/countsis改變生活旅程:change/alterthecourseoflife建立在大量的學習,實踐上:builtontremendousamountofstudy/practice進行調查,執(zhí)行任務:conduct/carryoutaninvestigation/task辭去工作/學習:leave/quitone’sjob/school參加活動,討論:takepart/participate/beengagedinactivities/discussion影響思想,態(tài)度的形成:shapeone’sthinking/attitude進入大學,家庭,勞動力市場,職業(yè):enteracollege/society/theworkforce/professionals實現(xiàn)自己的理想/愿望realize/fulfill/achieveone’sdream/desire減輕壓力,緊張:reduce/relievethepressure/stress/tension提高社會地位:enhance/improveupgradesocialstatus加快,促進發(fā)展:accelerate/facilitate/advance/boostthedevelopment隨著生活節(jié)奏的加快:withthequickeningpace/rhythmofmodernlife/society開闊眼界,興趣:broadenone’soutlook/interest,broadenone’shorizon有助于了解,發(fā)展,解決:contributemuchtoabetterunderstandingof/thegrowthof/thesolutionof迷戀名利,分數(shù):beobsessedwithgrades/fame利用機會,技術:make()useof/takeadvantageofopportunity/technology把知識,經驗運用到:apply/puttheknowledge/experience…topractice充分發(fā)揮潛力,能力:developone’sability/potentialtothefull,givefullplaytoone’sability充滿激情,渴望:haveaburningdesire/agreatpassionfor,bethirstyfor虛擬語氣條件句2023/3/1三種基本形式IfIhadabike,Iwouldlendittoyou.(if從句用過去時,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式)Ifhehadbeenhere,hewouldhavehelpedyou.(從句過去完成時,主句should/would/could/might+不定式完成時)IfIshould/weretodotheexperiment,Iwoulddoitsomeotherway.(從句用should/wereto,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式)2023/3/1if的省略1.Wereyouinmyposition,youwoulddothesame.2.Hadh