一、-ing形式作定語（attribute）1.單個動詞的-ing形式作定語位于被修飾名詞的前面,既可以表示被修飾者的作用或功能,也可以表示被修飾者的動作或狀態(tài)。如：buildingmaterials=materialsforbuilding建筑材料drinkingwater=waterfordrinking飲用水a(chǎn)walkingstick=astickforwalking手杖areadingroom=aroomforreading閱覽室awritingdesk=adeskforwriting寫字臺

tiringmusic=musicthatistiring煩人的音樂asurprisingresult=aresultthatissurprising一個驚人的結(jié)果比較:aswimmingpoolaswimmingboyasleepingcarasleepingbaby2.–ing形式短語作定語時,放在所修飾的名詞之后,并且在意思上相當于一個定語從句。如：Theylivedinaroomfacingthestreet.=Theylivedinaroomthatfacesthestreet.他們住在一間面朝街的房子。Theman

standing

there

isPeter’sfather.=Theman

who

is

standing

there

isPeter’sfather.站在那兒的那個人是彼得的父親。Anybodyswimming

in

this

riverwillbefined.=Anybodywhoisswimminginthis

river

willbefined.在這條河里游泳的任何一個人都會被罰款。3.-ing形式短語也可以用作非限制定語,相當于一個非限制性定語從句,這時,它與句子其他部分用逗號分開。如：Hisbrother,working

as

ateacher,livesinBeijing.=Hisbrother,whois

workingasateacher,livesinBeijing.他那個當教師的哥哥住在北京。Theappletree,swayinggentlyinthe

breeze,hadagoodcropoffruit.=Theappletree,which

wasswaying

gentlyinthebreeze,hadagoodcropoffruit.那棵蘋果樹碩果累累,在微風(fēng)中輕輕搖曳。二、過去分詞作定語(Attribute)(1)在句中的位置單個的過去分詞作定語時，位于它所修飾的名詞或代詞前面；過去分詞短語作定語時，位于它所修飾的名詞或代詞后面。abrokenheartalostdogarisensunanorganizedtripabrokenglass

一顆破碎的心

喪家之犬

已升起的太陽有組織的旅行

被打破的玻璃杯

inthegiventimewiththewordsgivenawantedpersonworkerswantedaconcernedlookthepeopleconcernedbeconcernedwith在既定的時間內(nèi)用所給的單詞被通緝的人招聘工人關(guān)切的神情有關(guān)人士thechangingworldthechangedworldboilingwaterboiledwaterfadingflowersfadedflowersadevelopingcountryadevelopedcountry（正在變化的）（變化了的）（正在沸騰的）（已經(jīng)沸騰過的）(正在凋謝的)（已經(jīng)凋謝的）(發(fā)展中的)（發(fā)達的）adrowningmanadrownedmanfallingleaves

fallenleavesaretiredworkeranescapedprisonerreturnedstudents

快要淹死的人已經(jīng)淹死的人正在飄落的樹葉落葉退休工人逃犯歸國留學(xué)生*Heisoneofthoseinvited.*Nothingreported(inthenewspaper)interestedhim.過去分詞修飾something,everything,anything,nothing,somebody,nobody，those等不定代詞時，要放在這些詞后面。Theexcitedpeoplerushedoutofthebuilding.Theyfoundadamagedcaratthegateofthepark.(2)

所表示的時間過去分詞作定語時，所表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，(或者沒有一定的時間性)。Theletterpostedyesterdaywillsoonreachhim.比較tobedonebeingdoneHaveyoureadthebookswrittenbytheyoungwriter？

(3)語法功能過去分詞或過去分詞短語作定語時，其功能相當于一個定語從句。

ThestolenbikebelongstoJack.

ThebikewhichhadbeenstolenbelongstoJack.

ThelecturegivenbyProfessorZhangisaboutenvironmentprotection.ThelecturewhichwasgivenbyProfessorZhangisabouttheenvironmentprotection.

Iknowthepeoplebuildingthehousethere.(主動、進行）Thehousebeingbuiltoverthereisashop.(被動、正在建)Thehousebuiltoverthereisashop.（被動、已建好）

三、-ing形式作表語(Predicative)-ing形式作表語時放在系動詞之后,用來泛指某種動作或行為,以說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)或情況。如：Herhobbyispainting.她的業(yè)余愛好是畫畫。Myjobislooking

afterthechildren.我的工作就是照顧這些孩子。Hisconcernforhismotherismost

touching.他對母親的關(guān)愛很感人。Shewasverypleasinginherappearance.常見作表語的現(xiàn)在分詞有：

disappointing,puzzling,amusing,frightening,terrifyingexciting,interesting,tiring,confusing,pleasing,discouraging,satisfying,inspiring,worrying等。

四、過去分詞作表語(Predicative)(1)過去分詞作表語時，多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。

Thedoorremainedlocked.Shelookeddisappointed.Heseemedquitedelightedatthegoodnews.

常見作表語的過去分詞有：disappointed,drunk,amused,frightened,married,excited,experienced,interested,confused,pleased,puzzled,satisfied,tired,worried等。Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallyget____bythehour.A.payB.payingC.paidD.topayC解析該題考查分詞作表語的用法。“topaysb.bythehour”計時給某人報酬。此題被動結(jié)構(gòu)作表語。類似的有：getburnt,gethurt,getwounded.-ing作表語與-ed作表語的區(qū)別

Theresultofthetestisdisappointing.

Ifeeldisappointedintheresultofthetest.Thestoryisveryinteresting

Heisinterestedinthebook.Whatasurprising

result!Iamsurprisedatwhathesaid.Competethesentencesusingtherightformofthegivenverb.Ihadnothingtodo.Iwas__________(bore)andlonely.Jacklookedevenmore_______(amaze)thanhefelt.Theresultswerevery_____________(disappoint).Iwasthankedbythe_____________(satisfy)customer.Thegirl___________(dress)inredismydaughter.LastMondayourclasswentonan____________(organise)trip.

bored

amazed

disappointing

satisfied

dressed

organised五、-ing形式和過去分詞作賓語補足語1)位置：常放在賓語后面,-ing形式表示一個正在進行的主動性的動作,強調(diào)一個過程或一種狀態(tài)。過去分詞表示被動，如：1）Whenwereturnedtotheschool,we

foundastrangerstandingattheentrance.2.Isawmanypeopleinjuredintheaccident.Wefoundthesnakeeatingtheeggs.Wefoundthecakeeatenupbytheboys.Ifoundabaglyingontheground.Ifoundabagputontheground.Thebosskepttheworkersworking

thewholenight.那老板讓工人整夜地工作。3)當主句轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時,原來作賓語補足語的便轉(zhuǎn)換為主語補足語。如：Theyfoundtheresultverysatisfying.=Theresultisfoundverysatisfying.這個結(jié)果很令人滿意。Ifoundtheboypuzzled.=TheboywasfoundpuzzledTheyheardhimsinginginthenextroom.=Hewasheardsinginginthenextroom.IheardthesongsunginEnglish=ThesongwasheardsunginEnglish.4).能用分詞形式作賓語補足語的幾類動詞:表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞,常見的有see,hear,feel,smell,find,notice,observe,lookat,listento等。如：Ifeltsomebodypatting

meontheshoulder.Heobservedthethiefbeatenbythepassengers.5)表示指使意義的動詞,常見的有have,set,keep,get,catch,leave等。如：Iwon’thaveyoudoing

that.Hehadhismoneystolenonthebus.Ican’tgettheclockgoingagain.Youwon’tcatchmedoingthatagain.Ifoundhimcaughtintherain.Wefoundmanypeopletrappedintheliftsee,hear,feel,watch等動詞之后用-ing形式和動詞不定式作賓語補足語的區(qū)別：①前者表示動作正在進行,而后者表示(或強調(diào))動作從開始到結(jié)束的全過程。如:Wepassedbytheclassmatesandsawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.我們走過教室,看見老師在做實驗。(只在走過教室的剎那間,看見老師正在做實驗)Wesatforanhourandwatchedtheteachermaketheexperiment.我們坐了一個小時,看老師做實驗。(一個小時之內(nèi)一直在看老師作實驗)②如果賓語補足語是短暫性動詞,動詞不定式短語表示一次動作,而-ing形式則表示反復(fù)動作。e.g.Weheardthedoorslam.Weheardthedoorslamming.(反復(fù)動作)(一次動作)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時,分詞的邏輯主語必須是句子的主語,分詞必須和句中的主語含有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,否則不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。但要注意它的各種形式變化:主動形式被動形式

V-ingbeingV-edhavingV-edhavingbeenV-ed

一般式完成式e.g.Hearingthebell,thestudentsbegantoentertheclassroom.

聽見鈴聲,學(xué)生們開始走進教室。(聽見和進入兩個動作同時發(fā)生)Thebuildingbeingbuiltnowisournewlibrary.現(xiàn)在正在建造的這棟樓房室我們的新圖書館。(beingbuilt為現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式,表示動作正在進行之中)Havingdonethework,hewenthome.

完成了工作,他就回家了。現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作狀語,修飾謂語動詞或整個句子,表示動作發(fā)生的原因、時間、方式、結(jié)果、條件、伴隨狀況等?，F(xiàn)在分詞一般不用作表目的地狀語(通常用不定式表目的地狀語)。Walkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.(=WhenIwaswalkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.)Whilewaitingforthebus,hereadacopyofChinaDaily.(=Whilewaitingforthebus,hereadacopyofChinaDaily.)1)表時間狀語2)表原因狀語Beingill,hedidn’tgotoschool.(=ashewasill,hedidn’tgotoschool.)Beingastudent,youshouldstudyhard.(=Sinceyouareastudent,youshouldstudyhard.)既然你是一個學(xué)生,你就應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí)。由于想到它或許在家,所以我就給他打了電話。Thinkinghemightbeathome,Icalledhim.(AsIthoughthemightbeathome,Icalledhim.)3)表方式、伴隨情況的狀語:作伴隨狀語的分詞表示的動作,必須是主語的一個動作,或是與謂語所表示地動作(或狀態(tài))同時發(fā)生,或是對謂語表示的動詞(或狀態(tài))作進一步地補充說明。e.g.Hesatonthesofa,watchingTV.(=Hesatonthesofa,andwatchedTV.)他們笑著談著走進了教室。_____________________,theywentintotheclassroom.他斜靠(lean)著墻站著。Hestoodleaningagainstthewall.(＝Hestoodandleanedagainstthewall.)Laughingandtalking4)表結(jié)果e.g.Hermotherdiedin1990,leavingherwithheryoungerbrother.(=Hermotherdiedin1990,andleftherwithheryoungerbrother.)全國到處在傳唱這首歌曲,使它成了一首最受歡迎的歌曲。Thesongissungalloverthecountry,________________________________.makingitthemostpopularsong5)表條件Usingyourhead,youwillfindaway.(=Ifyouuseyourhead,youwillfindaway.)一直往前走,你就會看到一座白色地房子。______________,youwillseeawhitehouse.Walkingahead6)與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨立主格:

Iwaitingforthebus,abirdfellonmyheard．我等汽車時,一只鳥落到我頭上。

Alltheticketshavingbeensoldout,theywentawaydisappointedly.所有的票已經(jīng)賣光了,他們失望地離開了。

Timepermitting,we'lldoanothertwoexercises.如果時間允許,我們將做另兩個練習(xí)。有時也可用with(without)+名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式。Withthelightsburning,hefellasleep.他點著燈睡著了。7)作獨立成分:Judgingfrom(by)hisappearance,hemustbeanactor.從外表看,他一定是個演員。1.____inthetrafficaccident____takentohospital.A.Aninjured,wasB.Theinjured,hasC.Theinjuring,wereD.Theinjured,havebeen2.The___lookonthegirl’sfacesuggestedthatshe___suchbadnews.A.surprising,wouldexpectB.surprised,shouldexpectC.surprising,shouldn’thavebeenexpectedD.surprised,hadn’texpected3.Thegirl___forwardtobuyinganewgoldwatch.A.referredtolookB.referredtolookingC.referredtolooksD.referringtolooks4.It’sapayday，andtheyarewaiting____.payB.payingC.paidD.tobepaid5.Thefirsttextbooks____forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written6.You’llfindtheword"psychology"____under"P"inyourdictionary.A.havelistedB.listC.listedD.listing7.Whenwereachedthevillage,wesawnewhouses_____up.A.havingbeenputB.puttingC.beingputD.hadput8.Fromthedate___onthegoldcoin,wedecidedthatitwasmadefivehundredyearsago.A.mark