ChapterTwoTransportationText3:IntroductionofTransportationText4:MaritimeShippingSupplementaryreading:IntermodalTransportationLearningobjective

TounderstandthenatureoftransportationTolearnthefivemodesoftransportationToknowabouttheimportantfeatureofmaritimeshippingTogetfamiliarwithintermodaltransport

Text3:IntroductionofTransportation

Keyterms:transportation運(yùn)輸transportationmode運(yùn)輸方式roadtransportation公路運(yùn)輸railtransportation鐵路運(yùn)輸waterwaytransportation水路運(yùn)輸 airtransportation航空運(yùn)輸pipelinetransportation管道運(yùn)輸 intermodaltransportation多式聯(lián)運(yùn)GeneralIntroductionofTransportation

Whatistransportation?Transportationisthemovementofpeopleandgoodsfromoneplacetoanother.majormodesoftransportation:Railwaytransportation,

road

transportation,waterwaytransportation,airtransportationandpipelinetransportationIntermodaltransportationoccurswhentwomodesormoreworkcloselytogetheronaregularbasis,utilizingtheadvantageofeachothers.DiversityofTransportationModes

Roadtransportationwhatarethemostimportantcharacteristicsofroadtransportation?Answer:capableofprovidingadoortodoorserviceflexibleenoughtoperform“just-in-time”deliveryforhigher-value/lower-volumecargooverrelativelyshortdistanceIntensecompetitionRailtransportationwhatarethemostimportantcharacteristicsofrailtransportation?Answer:offerscost-effectivetransportoverlongdistancesgoodforcargoswithhighvolumeandlowvalueConsumeslessenergy

Waterwaytransportation

Waterwaytransportationincludesmaritimetransportationandrivertransportation.Themostimportantcharacteristicsofwaterwaytransportationinclude:bigcapacity,goodforlargequantityofcargosconnectsportsfromdifferentcontinentsthecleanestamongalltransportationmodesAirtransportationThemostimportantcharacteristicsofairtransportationinclude:Itofferrapid,flexibledeliveryexpensivecomparedtothechargesoflandandoceanfreightmainlyforvaluableorperishablegoodsairfreightservicestendedtobeunreliablePipelinestransportationThemostimportantcharacteristicsofpipelinetransportationinclude:designedforaspecificpurposeonly,tocarryonecommodityfromalocationtoanothereffectiveintransportinglargequantitiesofproductslinkisolatedareasofproductionwithmajorcentersofrefiningandmanufactureCompetitionbetweenTransportationModes

eachoftransportationmodehasitskeyoperationalandcommercialadvantages(SeeTable2-1).Asaresult,modescancompeteorcomplementeachotherintermsofcost,

speed,accessibility,frequency,safety,comfort,etc.翻譯:1.Transportationisthemovementofpeopleandgoodsfromoneplacetoanother.Railwaytransportation,roadtransportation,waterwaytransportation,airtransportationandpipelinetransportationmakeupthemajormodesoftransportinmodernsociety.

運(yùn)輸是人和物品在兩地之間的移動(dòng)?，F(xiàn)代社會(huì)的主要運(yùn)輸方式包括鐵路運(yùn)輸、公路運(yùn)輸、水路運(yùn)輸、航空運(yùn)輸和管道運(yùn)輸。2.Intermodaltransportationoccurswhentwomodesormoreworkcloselytogetheronaregularbasis,utilizingtheadvantageofeachothers.多式聯(lián)運(yùn)是指兩種或兩種以上的運(yùn)輸方式利用各自優(yōu)勢(shì)，進(jìn)行常規(guī)的合作。3.Inroadtransportmarket,operatorsareabletouseexistingroadwayinfrastructureanddonotneedtoputinabigcapitalinvestmentaheadoftime.Hence,therearelotsofcompetitorsofferingthesamekindofservicewithcompetitiveprices.在公路運(yùn)輸市場(chǎng)中，承運(yùn)人可以使用現(xiàn)有的公路設(shè)施，無(wú)須先進(jìn)行大量的資本投入。因此這個(gè)市場(chǎng)中競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者很多，他們以有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的價(jià)格提供相似的服務(wù)。4.Railoffersthecost-effectivetransportoflargequantitiesofcargosoverlongdistances.Itisespeciallygoodforcargoswithhighvolumeandlowvalue,suchascoal,timberandgrain.鐵路為大宗貨物的長(zhǎng)距離運(yùn)輸提供經(jīng)濟(jì)的運(yùn)輸服務(wù)。體積大、價(jià)值低的貨物，比如煤炭、木材和谷物，特別適合使用鐵路進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸。5.Itofferrapid,flexibledelivery,butitisalsoperceivedasexpensivecomparedtothechargesoflandandoceanfreight.Bulkycargowithlowunitvaluecannotaffordtoshipbyair.它能提供快速、靈活、機(jī)動(dòng)的運(yùn)輸服務(wù)，但是大家認(rèn)為和水陸貨物運(yùn)輸相比，航空費(fèi)用昂貴。低值而體積大的貨物難以承受航空運(yùn)輸?shù)膬r(jià)格6.Asaresult,modescancompeteorcomplementeachotherintermsofcost,speed,accessibility,frequency,safety,comfort,etc.因此，運(yùn)輸方式之間能夠在成本、速度、可得性、經(jīng)常性（服務(wù)頻率）、安全性和舒適程度等方面相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)或補(bǔ)充。TopicforDiscussion:

討論話題1.Discusstheimportantroletransportationplaysinlogisticssystem.2.Thepicturebelowshowsusthecapacitydifferencesofavarietyoftransportmodes,pleasediscuss:whyarethesedifferencesimportanttous?Text4MaritimeShipping

Keytermsmaritimeshipping海洋運(yùn)輸 bulkcargo散裝貨物break-bulkcargo件雜貨 bulkcarrier散貨船generalcargoship雜貨船 rollon-rolloff(RORO)vessels滾裝船charterservices不定期租船服務(wù) linerservices班輪服務(wù)MaritimeFreight

Maritimefreightisconsideredintwocategories:bulkcargoandbreakbulkcargo.BulkcargoBulkcargoreferstofreight,bothdryorliquid,thatisnotpackaged,suchasminerals(oil,coal,ironore)andgrains.Break-bulkcargoBreak-bulkcargoreferstogeneralcargothathasbeenpackagedinsomewayswiththeuseofbags,boxesordrums.CargoShips

BulkcarriersBulkcarriersareshipsdesignedtocarryspecificcommoditiesandaredifferentiatedintoliquidbulkanddrybulkvesselsTheyincludethelargestvesselsafloatGeneralcargoships

Generalcargoshipsarevesselsdesignedtocarrynon-bulkcargoes(break-bulkcargoes)Thetraditionalshipswerelessthan10000dwt(deadweightton)Morerecentlythesevesselshavebeenreplacedbycontainerships.Whyso?Rollon-rolloff(RORO)vessels

ROROvesselsaredesignedtoallowcars,trucksandtrainstobeloadeddirectlyonboardOriginallyappearingasferries,thesevesselsareusedondeep-seatradesandaremuchlargerthanthetypicalferryShippingServices

Charterservices(alsoknownasTramp).Inthisformofservice,amaritimecompanyrentsashipforaspecificpurpose,commonlybetweenspecificportsoforiginanddestinationCharterserviceisnotablyusedinthecaseofbulkcargoLinerservices.Lineroffershippingspace,ascommoncarriers,onshipsplayingalongfixedroutesonregularscheduleprincipallyengagedincarryinggeneralcargoinrelativelysmallshipmentsandlimitedvolumesTheDrawbacksofMaritimeShipping

Readthelastparagraphofthetextandfindoutwhatarethemaindrawbacksofmaritimeshipping?Answer:Itisslowcomparedwithothertransportmodesloadingandunloadingtakeslotsoftimeandcancausedelay

Notes:1.Itoftenrequirestheuseofspecializedshipssuchasoiltankersaswellasspecializedtransshipmentandstoragefacilities.這常常需要使用到專用船，比如油船或其他專用轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)設(shè)備和存儲(chǔ)設(shè)施。2.Beforecontainerization,economiesofscaleweredifficulttoachievewithbreak-bulkcargoastheloadingandunloadingprocesswasverylaborandtimeconsuming.在運(yùn)輸集裝箱化之前，件雜貨運(yùn)輸難以實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)模效應(yīng)，因?yàn)檠b、卸過(guò)程要耗費(fèi)大量的人力和時(shí)間。

3.Thelargesttankers,theUltraLargeCrudeCarriers(ULCC)areupto500000deadweighttons(dwt),withthemoretypicalsizebeingbetween250000and350000dwt最大的一種油輪——特大型油輪，最高能達(dá)到500000載重噸，一般在3000000到350000載重噸之間。4．Lineroffershippingspace,ascommoncarriers,onshipsplayingalongfixedroutesonregularschedule,principallyengagedincarryinggeneralcargoinrelativelysmallshipmentsandlimitedvolumes.

作為公共承運(yùn)人，班輪公司安排船舶按固定的航線和固定的船期表提供運(yùn)輸服務(wù)并提供貨位。5.However,technicalimprovementstendtoblurthedistinctionbetweenbulkandbreak-bulkcargo,asbothcanbeunitizedonpalletsandcontainers.

然而，技術(shù)的進(jìn)步開(kāi)始使散貨運(yùn)輸和件雜貨物運(yùn)輸之間的區(qū)別變得模糊，因?yàn)橥斜P(pán)和集裝箱在這兩類貨物的運(yùn)輸上都可以應(yīng)用。Exercises:

PleasetranslatethefollowingEnglishsentencesintoChinese1.Roadtransportiswidelyusedintheinlanddeliveryofgoods.Itiscapableofprovidingadoortodoorservicewithoutanybreakinthejourneytochangefromonevehicletoanother.2.Thestrengthofwaterwaytransportdoesnotrestonitsspeed,butonitscapacityandcontinuityofitstraffic.3.Airtransporthasbeenincreasedtremendouslyandplaysamoreimportantroleingloballogisticsthaneverbefore.Althoughitstillaccountsforaverysmallpercentageofcargotransportation,itsgrowthrateinrecentyearsisthehighestamongthemodesof