翻譯歡迎光臨Chapter4LinguisticDifferencebetweenEnglish-ChineseSummaryWhatIsLanguageTransfer?

Transferistheinfluenceresultingfromthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetargetlanguageandanyotherlanguagethathasbeenpreviouslyacquired.Odlin(1989:27)

遷移是由于目標(biāo)語(yǔ)與已經(jīng)習(xí)得的語(yǔ)言之間的相似和差異而產(chǎn)生的影響。

TwoTypesofTransferNegativeTransfer (負(fù)遷移)Errorsarisefromanalogy.

類(lèi)推會(huì)產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤。PositiveTransfer

（正遷移）

Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.

分析能減少錯(cuò)誤。

KeenawarenessofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagescanfacilitateFLlearning.

對(duì)兩種語(yǔ)言相似與相異點(diǎn)的敏銳意識(shí)能促進(jìn)外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)。NegativeTransfer(負(fù)遷移):Interference(干擾)

Causes:analogicaluseofone’spriorknowledgeofthemothertongue母語(yǔ)先知結(jié)構(gòu)的類(lèi)推運(yùn)用scantyknowledgeofdifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages對(duì)兩種語(yǔ)言的差異所知甚少u(mài)nconsciousfallingbackonthemothertonguespeechhabit不自覺(jué)地回歸母語(yǔ)的言語(yǔ)習(xí)慣ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

1.Thewriterlikeswritingatlight(night).

Phonologicaltransfer(語(yǔ)音遷移)

Thesound/n/doesnotexistinsomeChinesedialectsand/l/servesasasubstitute. 在有些中國(guó)方言（如南京方言）中沒(méi)有/n/這個(gè)輔音，而用/l/來(lái)替代。

ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

2.Heonlyeattwomealaday.

Morphologicaltransfer（詞形遷移）

NeithernounsnorverbshaveinflectionsinChinese.

在漢語(yǔ)中，名詞和動(dòng)詞都沒(méi)有形態(tài)變化。

ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

3.Shanghaiissaidtohavethirteenmillion

population.

Collocationtransfer

(搭配遷移)Thenounrenkou,

the

Chineseequivalentof‘population’,canhaveanumericalpre-modifier.

Population的漢語(yǔ)對(duì)應(yīng)詞“人口”在漢語(yǔ)中可以用前置數(shù)詞來(lái)修飾。

ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

4.Hesuggestedmetoacceptthisoffer.

Syntacticaltransfer(句型遷移)Theverbjianyi,theChineseequivalentof‘suggest’,canbeusedinVOCpatterninChinese. Suggest的漢語(yǔ)對(duì)應(yīng)詞“建議”在漢語(yǔ)中可以用“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)。ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

5.--YourEnglishiswonderful.--No,no.MyEnglishisstillpoor.

Pragmatictransfer(語(yǔ)用遷移)

ThenegativereplytoacomplimentisconsideredinChineseasmodestandcourteous. 對(duì)贊揚(yáng)的否定回答在漢語(yǔ)中被視為謙虛有禮貌。TwoTypesofTransferNegativeTransfer

(負(fù)遷移)Errorsarisefromanalogy.

類(lèi)推會(huì)產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤。PositiveTransfer

（正遷移）

Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.

分析能減少錯(cuò)誤。Wecouldturnnegativetransfer(interference)intopositive(facilitation)bymakinganalysisondifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagesandarousethelearner’sawarenessofavoidingorreducingerrorsfromanalogy.我們可以通過(guò)分析兩種語(yǔ)言的差異，提高學(xué)生避免或減少類(lèi)推錯(cuò)誤的意識(shí)，把負(fù)遷移（干擾）轉(zhuǎn)化為正遷移（促進(jìn)）。

PartTwoAContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChinese英漢語(yǔ)對(duì)比研究Lackinginflectioninthestrictsense 缺少?lài)?yán)格意義的形態(tài)變化老師們、同學(xué)們我的爸爸、你的媽媽認(rèn)真的態(tài)度、 認(rèn)真地學(xué)習(xí)Retainingsomeinflections保留一些形態(tài)變化v.（動(dòng)詞）:tense,aspect,voice,moodn.（名詞）:number,case,genderpron.（代詞）:person,gender,case,numberadj.（形容詞）:degreead.（副詞）

:degreeChineseEnglish病來(lái)如山倒，病去如抽絲。Sicknesscomeslikeanavalanche,butgoeslikereelingsilk.Thepositionwillnotbegivenupsolongaswearestillliving.人在陣地在。人無(wú)遠(yuǎn)慮，必有近憂(yōu)。他人老心不老。Althoughhehasagedphysically,heremainsyoungatheart.Ifonehasnolong-termconsiderations,hewillfindtroubleathisdoorstep.我來(lái)他已去。HehadleftwhenIarrived.(Condition條件)(Contrast,Opposition對(duì)照、轉(zhuǎn)折)(TimeOrder時(shí)間先后)(Concession讓步)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseMeaning-focusedwithemphasisonimplicitcoherence(隱性連貫)Paratactic語(yǔ)義型語(yǔ)言(以意統(tǒng)形)EnglishForm-focusedwithemphasisonexplicitcohesion（顯性聯(lián)接）Hypotactic形態(tài)型語(yǔ)言(以形馭意)Chinese:left-extending,

heavy-headedlikealion

樹(shù)一棵樹(shù)一棵大樹(shù)一棵枝繁葉茂的大樹(shù)校園里一棵枝繁葉茂的大樹(shù)海事大學(xué)校園里一棵枝繁葉茂的大樹(shù)臨港新城海事大學(xué)校園里一棵枝繁葉茂的大樹(shù)

……English:right-extending

heavy-tailedlikeapeacockThisisthecat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtherat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemalt.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehouse.ThisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehousethatwasbuiltbyJack.…ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseChinese:left-extending,

heavy-headedlikealion獅子型語(yǔ)言EnglishEnglish:right-extending

heavy-tailedlikeapeacock孔雀型語(yǔ)言我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么樣？那你就試試吧！試試？哼，你等著瞧！等著瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。誰(shuí)逃了？來(lái)呀，你揍啊！“Icanlickyou.”“No,youcan’t.”“Yes,Ican.”“No,youcan’t.”“Ican.”“youcan’t.”“Can!”“Can’t!”英語(yǔ)（視點(diǎn)固定)--漢語(yǔ)(視點(diǎn)游移）cancancancancan’tcan’tcan’tcan’t揍敢試瞧怕逃ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesemovingpointofsight（視點(diǎn)流動(dòng)）Englishfixedpointofsight（視點(diǎn)固定）Chinese:bamboo-likesentencestructure（竹式結(jié)構(gòu)）從前這里有一個(gè)漁村，村里住著十戶(hù)人家，這十戶(hù)人家全靠打魚(yú)、種地為生，生活艱苦，但很安寧。開(kāi)始家人是不讓父親抽煙的，得了絕癥后，想開(kāi)了，抽吧，揀好的買(mǎi)，想抽就抽。Thechunksofasentenceseemtobeconnectedandyetseparated,likesectionsofabamboolinkedbythejointsandyetrelativelyindependentandself-contained.English:tree-likesentencestructure

（樹(shù)式結(jié)構(gòu)）

Asanationofgiftedpeoplewhocompriseaboutone-fourthofthetotalpopulationoftheearth,

Chinaplaysinworldaffairsarolethatcanonlygrowmoreimportantintheyearsahead. --JimmyCarter

Branchesandsub-branches:AdverbialsandattributesTrunkline:S+V+(O)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesebamboo-likesentencestructure（竹式結(jié)構(gòu)）

withdifferentsectionslinkedandyetseparatedEnglishtree-likesentencestructure

（樹(shù)式結(jié)構(gòu)）withdifferentpartsconnectedlikebranchesandsub-branchestothetrunklineContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyfixedlikebamboo-making（制竹）

（語(yǔ)序相對(duì)固定）EnglishOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyflexiblelikeblock-building（積木）（語(yǔ)序相對(duì)靈活）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseMeaning-focusedwithemphasisonimplicitcoherence(隱性連貫)Paratactic語(yǔ)義型語(yǔ)言(以意統(tǒng)形)EnglishForm-focusedwithemphasisonexplicitcohesion（顯性聯(lián)接）Hypotactic形態(tài)型語(yǔ)言(以形馭意)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseChinese:left-extending,

heavy-headedlikealion獅子型語(yǔ)言EnglishEnglish:right-extending

heavy-tailedlikeapeacock孔雀型語(yǔ)言ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesemovingpointofsight（視點(diǎn)流動(dòng)）Englishfixedpointofsight（視點(diǎn)固定）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesebamboo-likesentencestructure（竹式結(jié)構(gòu)）

withdifferentsectionslinkedandyetseparatedEnglishtree-likesentencestructure

（樹(shù)式結(jié)構(gòu)）withdifferentpartsconnectedlikebranchesandsub-branchestothetrunklineContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyfixedlikebamboo-making（制竹）

（語(yǔ)序相對(duì)固定）EnglishOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyflexiblelikeblock-building（積木）（語(yǔ)序相對(duì)靈活）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseAstonishmentandevenhorroroppressedhim.Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.Thesightofthebigtreealwaysremindsmeofmychildhood.他感到驚訝甚至恐懼。我興奮得什么話(huà)都說(shuō)不出來(lái)。我一看到那棵大樹(shù)就想起了童年的情景。Difference1English:Impersonal(物稱(chēng))Chinese:Personal(人稱(chēng))ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseTheyarepaidforthis.Thedifficultieshavebeenovercome,andtheproblemsolved.TabletennisisplayedalloverChina.Whyshouldalltheseunpleasantjobsbepushedontome?他們拿錢(qián)就是干這事的。困難克服了，問(wèn)題也解決了。打乒乓球風(fēng)靡中國(guó)。為什么總要把這些麻煩事推給我？Difference2English:Passive(被動(dòng))Chinese:Active(主動(dòng))ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseSheisthebesthaterI’veeverknown.Thereisacryingneedforanewremedy.Itwasonlymycapacityforhardworkthatsavedmefromearlydismissal.我所認(rèn)識(shí)的人中數(shù)她最會(huì)記仇?，F(xiàn)在急需想出新法子來(lái)補(bǔ)救。要不是我能干重活，早就給辭退了。Difference3English:Static(靜態(tài))Chinese:Dynamic(動(dòng)態(tài))ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese2.Theimageoftherollingwatercarryingthemanandhiscarawayinaninstantisstillimprintedonmymind.頃刻之間，滾滾的濁水連人帶車(chē)一古腦兒都給沖走了。這情景，直到現(xiàn)在還印在我的腦海里。Difference4English:Complex(繁復(fù))Chinese:Simple(簡(jiǎn)明)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseHewasimpressedbyDengXiaoping’sflexibility.Theireccentricityoftenmakesyoufrown.Westeppedontothemysteriouslandwithcautionanduneasiness.他對(duì)鄧小平的靈活態(tài)度印象深刻。他們的古怪行為常常令人皺眉。我們懷著謹(jǐn)慎和不安的心情踏上了那片神秘的國(guó)土。Difference5English:Abstract(抽象）Chinese:Concrete（具體）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseIfyoudon’tcompare,you’reinthedark,butthemomentyoudo,yougetashock.2.AsTomhasfailedtocomeduetohissuddenillness,wehavetoaskyoutotakehisplace.不比不知道，一比嚇一跳。（比較：如果不比，你就不知道，一旦比了，你會(huì)嚇一跳。）湯姆突然病了，沒(méi)能來(lái)，我們只好請(qǐng)你頂他。（比較：因?yàn)闇吠蝗徊×?，所以他沒(méi)能來(lái)，因而我們只好請(qǐng)你頂他。）Difference6English:Hypotactic(形合)Chinese:Paratactic(意合)Explicitcohesion

（顯性聯(lián)接）Implicitcoherence

（隱性連貫）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseHeisasmart,eloquent,uprightandwell-informedlawyer.2.Shewasanintelligent,attractiveandsomewhattemperamentaldaughterofawell-to-dodoctor.他是一位律師，腦子靈，口才好，為人正直，見(jiàn)多識(shí)廣。他是一位律師，聰明、善辯、正直，而且有見(jiàn)識(shí)。她聰明、漂亮、愛(ài)耍點(diǎn)小脾氣，是一個(gè)家道小康的醫(yī)生的女兒。Difference7English:plainandChinese:rhythmicandfactualsymmetrical

（講平實(shí)）（重韻律）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseTheonlookerseesmostofthegame.

旁觀者看比賽更清楚。（當(dāng)局者迷，旁觀者清。）2.Incalamity,oneseesthe