授人以漁

北京外國語大學(xué)中國外語教育研究中心

王文斌

2014年7月長沙

I.授人以漁

授人以魚,不如授人以漁——《老子》英語：1.Itisbettertoteachonetheskilloffishingthantoofferhimfish.2.Giveamanafish,andyouhavefedhimfortoday.Teachamantofish,andyouhavefedhimforalifetime.主旨：（1）Toteachastudenthowtofishismuchmoreimportantthantogivehimfish.

（2）Toteach“how”ismuchmoreimportantthantoteach“what”.

1.唐代韓愈《師說》：“古人學(xué)者必有師，師者，

所以傳道授業(yè)解惑也。”傳道：傳授道理授業(yè)：教授學(xué)業(yè)解惑：解釋疑難2.傳道授業(yè)解惑新解道：方法、辦法、技術(shù)，如門道、醫(yī)道、生財有道等?；螅盒囊刹欢?；對方法感到疑惑。如智者不惑。

惑常緣于不得要領(lǐng)。業(yè)：學(xué)習(xí)的功課。如學(xué)業(yè)、畢業(yè)、業(yè)精于勤等。

教師的要責(zé)：傳學(xué)業(yè)之法，授學(xué)業(yè)之精，解學(xué)業(yè)

之惑。

II.為人師者，傳道乎？解惑乎？

III．外語教師的學(xué)業(yè)功力

教與學(xué)的關(guān)鍵，就是要“教要領(lǐng)”、“學(xué)要領(lǐng)”；專業(yè)的教與學(xué)同樣需要“教專業(yè)要領(lǐng)”、“學(xué)專業(yè)要領(lǐng)”，而“得專業(yè)要領(lǐng)”就是“得專業(yè)能力”。教外語，主要還是要教語言。在此主要談?wù)劷處熢谡Z言方面的功力，涉及9個方面：1.音系知識co-：col-

com-con-cor-col-:

以“l(fā)”為首字母的詞或詞根時，“co-”遂變成“col-”，如

“collocate”等com-:

以“m”、“b”或“p”為首字母的詞或詞根，這一前綴遂變?yōu)?/p>

“com-”，如“community”、“combine”和“compete”等。con-:粘附于以“n”、“c”、“d”、“f”、“g”、“j”、“q”、

“s”、“t”或“v”為首字母的詞或詞根，那么就變?yōu)椤癱on-”，

如“connect”、“concours”、“condense”、“confirm”、

“congenial”、“conjoin”、“conquest”、“consolidate”、

“context”和“conversation”等；cor-:粘附于以“r”為首字母的詞或詞根，那就變?yōu)椤癱or-”，如

“correlation”等；co-:

在以其他任何字母為首字母的詞或詞根前，這一前綴保持“co-”這

一形式，如“cooperate”和“co-author”等。1.音系知識

“U”字母的添加:fable+ous →fabulous（極好的）

scruple+ous→scrupulous（有顧忌的）angle+ar →angular（有角的）

triangle+ar →triangular（三角的）particle+ar →particular（特定的）

spectacle+ar →spectacular（壯觀的）

與語音相關(guān)的漢譯英（漢語的雙音化）：長江：theYangtzeRiver,theChangjiangRiver國名：泰國、英國、越南、瑞典縣名：保定市：易縣、雄縣；邯鄲市：涉縣、邱縣、魏縣；滄

州市：滄縣、青縣、獻(xiàn)縣

2.詞匯知識

（1）及物動詞+-abletrain → trainableaccept →acceptableoperate →separate →educate →eradicate →differentiate→

2.詞匯知識

單調(diào)的：monotonous：mono-tone-ous荒謬的：nonsensical：non-sense-ical自傳作家：autobiographer：auto-bio-graph-er自行車：bicycle獨輪車：monocycle三輪車：tricycle

3.詞義知識

仰臥：臉朝上tolieonone’sback俯臥：臉朝下tolieonone’sstomach側(cè)臥：以身體一側(cè)躺著tolieonone’sside電話：tele+phone（遠(yuǎn)聲）；彩虹：rain+bow（雨弓）Story：

（1）Thewarhasbecomethemostimportantstoryofthisgeneration.（事件）

（2）Somereporterswhowerenotincludedinthesessionbrokethestory.（內(nèi)情）

（3）He’llbeveryhappyifthatstoryholdsup.（說法）

（4）AyoungmancametoScotti’sofficewithastory.

（案情）3.詞義知識反義詞：

贏敗英國隊打贏了美國隊。英國隊打敗了美國隊。4.句法知識(1)JohnthinksthatWilliampraiseshimself.(2)小李認(rèn)為小張表揚了自己。(3)JohnwantsWilliamtorespecthimself.(4)小李要小張尊重自己。

wantto=wanna?(5)Theywanttogo.→Theywannago.(6)Whodoyouwanttobeat?Whodoyouwannabeat?(7)Whodoyouwanttogo?*Whodoyouwannago?

4.句法知識(8)動詞FIND的句法行為：(8.1)find+NP(8.2)find+thatclause(8.3)find+NP+(tobe)+NP(8.4)find+NP+(tobe)+AP(8.5)find+NP+(tobe)+PP(8.6)find+NP+(tobe)+pastparticiple(8.7)find+NP+(tobe)+presentparticiple4.句法知識（9）praisesb.forsth.類似的動詞有：blame,criticize,scold,reproach,thank,punish,reprimand,excuse,forgive,reward，等（10）begratefulthankful)tosb.forsth.

（11）besymbolicofsth.beindicativeofbesuggestiveofbeemblematicofberepresentativeof

（1a）Theyloadedhayontothetruck.（1b）Theyloadedthetruckwithhay.（1a)的同義替換：Theyputaloadofhayontothecart.Aloadofhaywasputontothecart.Thecartwasputontoaloadofhay.

（1b）的同義替換： Theyfilledthecartwithhay. Thecartwasfilledwithhay. Thecartwasloadedwithhay.5.句法語義5.句法語義（2）ItaughtEnglishtoWilliam.ItaughtWilliamEnglish.(closer,moredirect.)（3）Ifoundthatthechairwascomfortable.Ifoundthechaircomfortable.(closer,moredirect.)

(4)DRINKHedrankhimselfsleepy.5.句法語義(5)KICKThehorsekicked.Thehorsekickedtheball.Thehorsekickedtheballintothebasket.Thehorsekickedmetheball.Thehorsekickedhiswayoutoftheplayground.(6)LAUGHWelaughedheroutoftheclassroom.(7)TICKTheclocktickedthebabyawake.5.句法語義

（8）HIT,BREAK

(8a)Johnhitthebottle.

(8b)Johnbrokethebottle.

(8c)Thebottlehit.

(8d)Thebottlebroke.

(8e)Johnhitmeonthenose.

(8f)Johnbrokemeonthenose

HIT:strike,punch,pat

BREAK:crash,smash,shatter

6.文體知識（1a）Hisbelovedfatherhasjoinedtheheavenlychoir.（1b）Hisdearfatherhaspassedaway.（1c）Hisfatherhasdied.（1d）Hisoldmanhaskickedthebucket.

(2a)Thenatureofhisstatementwasnotinaccordancewiththefacts.(2b)Hisstatementwasnottrue.(2c)Thefactsdisprovedhisstatement.

6.文體知識(3a)Idesiretoexploreyourfeelingsconcerningthelecture.(3b)I’dliketohaveyourideasaboutthetalk.(3c)Whatdoyouthinkofthetalk?Howdoyoulikethetalk?

6.文體知識(4a)Expectorationisforbidden.(4b)Pleasedonotspit.

(5a)Havingfinishedhishomework,hewenthome.(5b)Whenhefinishedhishomework,hewenthome.7.句型轉(zhuǎn)換

Isawacarmovingrapidly.(1)Isawtherapidmovementofacar.(2)WhatIsawwastherapidmovementofacar.(3)TherapidmovementofacarwaswhatIsaw.(4)ItwasacarthatIsawmovingrapidly.(5)Isawthemovementofacarwasrapid.(6)Isawacarmoveswithrapidity.(7)ItwastherapidityofthemovementofacarthatIsaw.(8)WhatIsawwastherapidityofthemovementofacar.(9)ItwasIwhosawtherapidmovementofacar.(10)Therapidityofthemovementofacarwasseenbyme.7.句型轉(zhuǎn)換(11)Therapidmovementofacarwasseenbyme.(12)ThethingthatIsawwasacarmovingrapidly.(13)AcarthatIsawwasmovingrapidly.(14)AcarthatIsawwasinarapidmovement.(15)AcarthatIsawwasmovingwithrapidity.(16)ThemovementofacarthatIsawwasrapid.(17)Isawthewayacarmovedwasrapid.(18)Thewaythatacarmovedrapidlywasseenbyme.(19)Acarmovingrapidlywasseenbyme.(20)Acarseenbymewasmovingrapidly.(21)Acarseenbymewasinarapidmovement.8.英漢互譯

8.英漢互譯

8.英漢互譯8.英漢互譯（1）憑本券用餐，隔日作廢。Withthislistmeals,thenextdaycanceled.(Thecouponisrequiredwhentakingmeal.Itexpiresifitisnotusedtoday.)（2）老弱病殘孕專座。Specialforoldsickweakorpregnant.（3）請講普通話PleaseMandarin（4）禁止下水、戲水Forbidwatertolaunch,playwith.（5）請帶好自己的物品，到室外整理。Pleasetakeyourbelongingsoutsideforpackup.

8.英漢互譯

漢語句子喜短不喜長。（1）我們的干部基本上是好的，或者是比較好的。*Ourgovernmentofficersarebasicallygood,orbetter.（2）你不能這樣做，老師看見會說的。Youcan’tdoitthisway.Ourteacherwillblameyouifheseesit.

（3）Ifyoudon’tdoit,I’lldoit.

如果你不做，那么我做。

你不做我做。

（4）道路是屈折的，前途是光明的。

（5）你早到等我，我早到等你。(4)Herfaceburntwithshame.

她的臉因羞愧而發(fā)燒。

她羞得臉上發(fā)燒。8.英漢互譯(5a)他很高興地玩兒。(5b)Heisplayingveryhappily.(6a)他玩兒得很高興。(6b)Heisveryhappyfromplaying.

8.英漢互譯(7)Pricesaresubjecttovariationwithoutnotice.

價格若有變動，不再另行通知。(8)Shegazedruefullyinthemirrorforhergrayinghair.

她凝視著鏡子中自己日漸花白的頭發(fā)，不禁感慨萬千。(9)他激動得兩眼閃光。 Hiseyesshonewithexcitement.(10)從山頂俯瞰，城市美麗的景色盡收眼底。 Thetopofthemountainoffersabeautifulpanoramaofthecity.(11)他好逞強，所以人緣不好。Hemadehimselfunpopularbybeingpushy.9.認(rèn)知語言學(xué)知識

概念隱喻（conceptualmetaphor）EMOTIONISFIRE/HEAT(1)Hewasonfirewithemotion.(2)Theywerehotwithemotion.(3)Theeventskindledseveralemotionsinhim.(4)Iamburningwithemotion.

ANARGUMENTISAJOURNEY(1)Wehavesetouttoprovethatbatsarebirds.(2)Whenwegettothenextpoint,weshallseethatphilosophyisdead.(3)Sofar,we’veseenthatnocurrenttheorieswillwork.(4)Wewillgooninastep-by-stepway.(5)Ourgoalistoshowthatcognitivelinguisticsiseffectiveinanalyzinglanguages.(6)Thisobservationpointsthewaytoanelegantsolution.(7)Wehavearrivedatadisturbingconclusion.9.認(rèn)知語言學(xué)知識ANARGUMENTISACONTAINER（1）Yourargumentdoesn’thavemuchcontent.（2）Thatargumenthasholesinit.（3）Youdon’thavemuchofanargument,buthisobjectionshaveevenlesssubstance.（4）I’mtiredofyouremptyarguments.（5）Yourargumentwon’tholdwater.

9.認(rèn)知語言學(xué)知識IDEASAREFOOD（1）Whathesaidleftabadtasteinmymouth.（2）Allthispaperhasinitarerawfacts,half-bakedideas,andwarmed-overtheories.（3）Therearetoomanyfactshereformetodigestthemall.（4）Ijustcan’tswallowthatclaim.（5）Thatargumentsmellsfishy.（6）Letmestewoverthatforawhile.（7）Nowthere’satheoryyoucanreallysinkyourteethinto.（8）Weneedtoletthatideapercolateforawhile.（9）That’sfoodforthought.（10）He’savoraciousreader.（11）Wedon’tneedtospoon-feedourstudents.（12）Hedevouredthebook.（13）Let’sletthatideasimmeronthebackburnerforawhile.（14）Thisisthemeatypartofthepaper.Letthatideajellforawhile.

（15）Thatideahasbeenfermentingforyears.9.認(rèn)知語言學(xué)知識IDEASAREPEOPLE（1）Thetheoryofrelativitygavebirthtoanenormousnumberofideasinphysics.（2）Heisthefatherofmodernbiology.（3）Whosebrainchildwasthat?（4）Lookatwhathisideashavespawned.（5）ThoseideasdiedoffintheMiddleAges.（6）Hisideaswillliveonforever.（7）Cognitivepsychologyisstillinitsinfancy.（8）That’sanideathatoughttoberesurrected.（9）Where’dyoudigupthatidea?（10）Hebreathednewlifeintothatidea.

9.認(rèn)知語言學(xué)知識IDEASAREPLANTS（1）Hisideashavefinallycometofruition.（2）Thatideadiedonthevine.（3）That’sabuddingtheory.（4）Itwilltakeyearsforthatideatocometofullflower.（5）Heviewschemistryasamereoffshootofphysics.（6）Mathematicshasmanybranches.（7）Thatseedsofhisgreatideaswereplantedinhisyouth.（8）Shehasafertileimagination.（9）Here’sanideathatI’dliketoplantinyourmind.（10）Hehasabarrenmind.9.認(rèn)知語言學(xué)知識IDEASAREFASHIONS（1）Thatideawentoutofstyleyearsago.（2）Ihearsociobiologyisinthesedays.（3）MarxismiscurrentlyfashionableinwesternEurope.（4）Thatideaisoldhat!（5）That’sanoutdatedidea.（6）WhatarethenewtrendsinEnglishcriticism?（7）Old-fashionednotionshavenoplaceintoday’ssociety.（8）Hekeepsup-to-datebyre