Unit7 BritishEducationSystem英國(guó)的教育體制)一、本單元重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容ThepurposeoftheBritisheducationsystem ()Therelationshipbetweeneducationandsocialclass (教育與社會(huì)等級(jí)之間的關(guān)系)Theinfluenceofthechurchonschooling (教會(huì)對(duì)于學(xué)校教育的影響)The1944EducationAct (1944年的教育法)Comprehensiveschool {<英>()綜合中學(xué)}Grammarschool (文法學(xué)校)TheNationalCurriculum ()publicschool {(英國(guó)的)}GCSE GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation (中學(xué)畢業(yè)證書)GCE-A GeneralCertificateofEducation---Advanced (高級(jí)水平測(cè)試結(jié)業(yè)證書)GNVQs GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications (國(guó)家專業(yè)資格證書)OldUniversities (古老的大學(xué))OpenUniversity ()二、本單元重、難點(diǎn)輔導(dǎo)thepurposeoftheBritisheducationsystem“ThethreeR’s”(“reading,’ritingand’rithmetic”)—toprovidechildrenwithliteracyandtheotherbasicskillstheywillneedtobecomeactivemembersofsocietyandalsotosocialisechildren,teachingthemrulesandvaluesneededtobecomegoodcitizens,toparticipateinthecommunity,antocontributetotheeconomicprosperityofanadvancedindustrialeconomy.教授學(xué)生3R課程(即讀、寫、算)，為學(xué)生積極參與社會(huì)提供所需的基本知識(shí)和基本技能，會(huì)，為一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)的工業(yè)化國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮作貢獻(xiàn)。therelationshipbetweeneducationandsocialclassclassinequalitycanbeerasedorcontinuedaccordingtoeducationalpolic（教育政策可以鏟除到你的社會(huì)地位）theschooltieisaclearmarkerofsocialclass校服的領(lǐng)帶是社會(huì)階級(jí)的一個(gè)明顯標(biāo)志thefamousboys’publicschool(()andWinchester（溫切斯特公學(xué)，位于英格蘭南部）the“right”universities:Oxford牛津)andCambridge(劍橋)(nicknamed:Oxbridge)theinfluenceofthechurchonschoolingHistorically,educationwasvoluntaryandmanyoftheschoolsthatexistedweresetupbychurches.TheinfluenceoftheChurchonschoolingisstillstrong:religiouseducationwastheonlysubjectwhichthestateinsistedallschoolsteachtheirpupils.Dailyprayersandsinginghymnsisstillaregularpartofschoollife.Changes:Christianityisnolongertheonlyreligionofficiallyrecognized.Somestate-fundedschoolshaveIslamicreligionastheircreed.*In1989,thegovernmentintroducedaNationalCurriculum(全國(guó)教學(xué)大綱).Ithasreintroducedcompetitionbetweenschools.The1944EducationActThe1944EducationActmadeentrytosecondaryschoolsanduniversities“meritocratic”.Childrenwouldbeadmittedtoschoolsnotbecausetheywereofcertainsocialclassorbecausetheirparentspossessedacertainamountofmoney,butbecauseoftheabilitiestheydisplayed.Allchildrenweregiventherighttoafreesecondaryeducationandthemainconcernwastomakemorechildrenhadaccesstoagoodeducation.1944年教育法的頒布使中學(xué)和大學(xué)都錄取才智和能力出眾的學(xué)生。二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，英國(guó)進(jìn)行了教育改革，1944年頒布了教育法。新的教育法強(qiáng)調(diào)平等就學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì)，無論家庭受中學(xué)教育，主要是為了讓更多的孩子有機(jī)會(huì)接受良好的教育。thepresenteducationsystem*stateschools&private/independentschools(inUK,calledpublicschools公學(xué)，指私立中學(xué)) Independentschools:arecommonlycalledpublicschoolswhichreceivetheirfundingthroughtheprivate.sectorandtuitionrates,withsomegovernmentassistance.Independentschoolsarenotpartofnationaleducationsystem,butthequalityofinstructionandstandardsaremaintainedthroughvisitsfromHerMajesty’sInspectorsofSchools(學(xué)校檢查).Theseschoolsarerestrictedtothestudentswhoseparentsarecomparativelyrich.獨(dú)立學(xué)校經(jīng)常被稱之為“公學(xué)”,1).pre-primaryschooling(uptoage5)nurseryschools(托兒所)，daycare(托兒所的日托),orplaygroups*fromagesof5(4inNorthernIreland)to16,educationiscompulsoryprimaryschooling(5-11, 6years)---mainlystatesector,co-educational/mixedschoolssecondaryschooling(11--around19, 7years)①comprehensiveschools(①90%;②admitchildrenwithoutreferencetotheiracademicabilitiesandprovideageneraleducation,teachingstudents everythingfromacademiclikeliteraturetomorepracticalsubjectslikecooking)綜合性中學(xué)是當(dāng)今英國(guó)最普遍的中學(xué)。這樣的中學(xué)在招收學(xué)生時(shí)不考慮學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)能力，提供普通教育，向?qū)W生傳授學(xué)術(shù)課程（如文學(xué)）到實(shí)用課程（如烹飪）等廣泛的知識(shí)。②grammarschools(a).selectchildrenattheage11throughanexaminationcalled“the11-plus”,inwhichthosewhogetthehighestmarksgotogrammarschools;b).layemphasisonadvancedacademicsubjectsratherthanthemoregeneralcurriculumofthecomprehensivesandexpectmanyoftheirpupilstogoontouniversities;c).thegrammarschool/non-grammarschooldivisionisstillcommoninNorthernIreland,butthroughouttherestofGreatBritaingrammarschoolarebecomingincreasinglyrare)文法學(xué)校是英國(guó)的一種中學(xué)。文法學(xué)校通過“11-plus”考試來選拔學(xué)生。一般是11歲的孩子*after5yearsofsecondaryschooling,ataboutage16,exceptScottishstudents,thestudentssittheirGCSEexams(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation)中學(xué)畢業(yè)證書考試thentheycan:①quitschool;②orpreparetosituniversityentranceexams;Thosewhohopetoattenduniversitycarryontheiracademicstudyinthe6thformforafurther2yearsandthensitA-levelsexams(GeneralCertificateofEducation-Advanced結(jié)業(yè)證書)③orconcentrateonvocationaltrainingGNVQs(GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications國(guó)家專業(yè)資格證書):thevocationalequivalentofA-levelshighereducation①onlyoneprivatelyfundeduniversity:theUniversityofBuckingham②oldestuniversities:England—Oxford(12thC.)andCambridge(13thC.)Scotland:StAndrews,Glasgow,EdinburghandAberdeen(阿伯丁)from14thand15thcenturies③polytechnics(多科性理工學(xué)院)④OpenUniversityTheOpenUniversitywasfoundedinBritaininthe1960’sforpeoplewhomightnotgettheopportunityforhighereducationforeconomicandsocialreasons.It’sopentoeverybodyanddoesnotdemandthesameformaleducationalqualificationsastheotheruniversities.UniversitycoursesarefollowedthroughTV,radio,correspondence,videoandanetworkofstudycenters.AttheendoftheirstudiesattheOpenUniversity,successfulstudentsa