TheAmericanTranscendentalistsformedaclubcalled_________.theTranscendentalClub______wasregardedasthefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticism.WashingtonAtnineteen___________publishedinhisbrother’snewspaper,his"JonathanOldstyle"satiresofNewYorklife.InWashingtonIrving’swork___________appearedthefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.TheSketchBookThefirstimportantAmericannovelistwas____________.JamesFenimoreCooperJamesFenimoreCooper’snovel___________wasarousingtaleaboutespionageagainsttheBritishduringtheRevolutionaryWar.TheSpyThebestofJamesFenimoreCooper'ssearomanceswas_____________.ThePilot"ToaWaterfowl"isperhapsthepeakof_______________’swork;ithasbeencalledbyaneminentEnglishcritic“themostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage.”WilliamCullenBryant__________wasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoetintheworldliterature.EdgarAllanPoe’spoem____________isperhapsthebestexampleofonomatopoeiaintheEnglishlanguage.TheBellsEdgarAllanPoe'spoem____________waspublishedin1845asthetitlepoemofacollection.TheRavenFromHenryDavidThoreau’sConcordjailexperience,camehisfamousessay______.CivilDisobedienceBythe1830sWashingtonIrvingwasjudgedthenation'sgreatestwriter,aloftypositionhelatersharedwithJamesFenimoreCooperandWilliamCullenBryant.Intheearlynineteenthcentury,theattitudeofAmericanwriterswasshapedbytheirNewWorldenvironmentandanarrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditionofEurope.Asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematical.ThefoundationofAmericannationalliteraturewaslaidbytheearlyAmericanromanticists.Atmid-19thcentury,aculturalreawakeningbroughta"floweringofNewEngland".Romanticwritersinthe19thcenturyplacedincreasingvalueonthefreeexpressionofemotionanddisplayedincreasingattentiontothepsychicstatesoftheircharacters.Withavastgroupofsupportingcharacters,virtuousorvillainous,JamesFenimoreCoopermadetheAmericaconsciousofhispast,andmadetheEuropeanconsciousofAmerica.NootherAmericanpoeteversurpassedEdgarAllanPoe’sabilityintheuseofEnglishasamediumofpuremusicalandrhythmicbeauty.TheFalloftheHouseofUsherisoneofEdgarAllanPoe'sshortstories.RalphWaldoEmersonwasrecognizedastheleaderoftranscendentalistmovement,butheneverappliedtheterm"Transcendentalist"tohimselfortohisbeliefsandideas.In1836,RalphWaldoEmersonpublishedhisfirstbook,Nature,whichmetwithamildreception.RalphWaldoEmerson'sprosestylewassometimesashighlyindividualashispoetry.TheharshrhythmsandstrikingimagesofRalphWaldoEmerson’spoetryappealtomanymodernreadersasartfultechniques.HenryWadsworthLongfellow’swritingsbelongtothemilderaspectsoftheRomanticMovement.Americanromanticismwasinawayderivative:AmericanromanticwritingwassomeofthemmodeledonEnglishandEuropeanworks.RalphWaldoEmerson’saestheticsbroughtaboutarevolutioninAmericanliteratureingeneralandinAmericanpoetryinparticular.HenryDavidThoreauwasanactiveTranscendentalist.

Hewasbynomeansan"escapist"orarecluse,butwasintenselyinvolvedinthelifeofhisday.TheScarletLetterissetintheseventeenthcentury.ItisanelaborationofafactwhichtheauthortookoutofthelifeofthePuritanpast.2.

Transcendentalismtooktheirideasfrom___________.A.

theromanticliteratureinEuropeB.

neo-PlatonismC.

GermanidealisticphilosophyD.

therevelationsoforientalmysticismABCD8.

Transcendentalistsrecognized__________asthe"highestpowerofthesoul.”A.intuition

10.TranscendentalismappealedtothosewhodisdainedtheharshGodofthePuritanancestors,anditappealedtothosewhoscornedthepaledeityofNewEnglandA.Transcendentalism

B.

HumanismC.

Naturalism

D.

UnitarianismD13.ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature,evidentin_________.A.

JamesFenimoreCooper'sLeatherstockingTalesB.

HenryDavidThoreau’sWaldenC.

MarkTwain’sHuckleberryFinnD.

NathanielHawthorne'sTheScarletLetterABC14.

Apreoccupationwiththedemonicandthemysteryofevilmarkedtheworksof_________,andahostoflesserwriters.A.NathanielHawthorne

B.

EdgarAllanPoeC.

HermanMelville

D.

MarkTwainABC16.InthenineteenthcenturyAmerica,Romanticsoftensharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics.Choosesuchcharacteristicsfromthefollowing.A.

moralenthusiasmB.

faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperceptionC.

adorationforthenaturalworldD.

presumptionaboutthecorrosiveeffectofhumansocietyABCD17.

ChooseWashingtonIrving'sworksfromthefollowing.A.TheSketchBook

B.BracebridgeHallC.TalesofaTraveller

D.AHistoryofNewYorkABCD18.

InJamesFenimoreCooper'snovels,closeafterNattyBumppoinromanticappeal,comethetwonobleredmen.Choosethemfromthefollowing.A.theMohicanChiefChingachgook

B.UncasC.TomJones

D.KublaKhanABIn1817,thestatelypoemcalledThanatopsisintroducedthebestpoet___________toappearinAmericauptothattime.A.EdwardTaylor

B.PhilipFreneauC.WilliamCullenBryant

D.EdgarAllanPoeCToaWaterfowlThanatopsis

21.

Fromthefollowing,choosethepoemswrittenbyEdgarAllanPoe.

A.ToHelen

B.TheRavenC.AnnabelLee

D.TheBellsABCD23.

EdgarAllanPoe'sfirstcollectionofshortstoriesis___________.D.

TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque24.

Fromthefollowing,choosethecharacteristicsofRalphWaldoEmerson'spoetry.A.beinghighlyindividual

B.harshrhythmsC.lackofformandpolish

D.strikingimagesABCD25.

WhichbookisnotwrittenbyRalphWaldoEmerson?A.RepresentativeMen

B.EnglishTraitsC.Nature

D.TheRhodoraD26.

WhichessayisnotwrittenbyRalphWaldoEmerson?

A.OfStudies

B.Self-RelianceC.TheAmericanScholar

D.TheDivinityA30.NathanielHawthorne'sabilitytocreatevividandsymbolicimagesthatembodygreatmoralquestionsalsoappearsstronglyinhisshortstories.Choosehisshortstoriesfromthefollowing.A.

YoungGoodmanBrown

B.TheGreatStoneFaceC.The

AmbitiousGuest

ABCDD.EthanBrandE.ThePearl32.

HermanMelvillecalledhisfriendNathanielHawthorne_____________inAmericanliterature.A.

thelargestbrainwiththelargestheart34.__________wasaromanticizedaccountofHermanMelville'sstayamongthePolynesians.ThesuccessofthebooksoonmadeMelvillewellknownasthe"manwholivedamongcannibals".Typee37.

IntheearlynineteenthcenturyAmericanmoralvalueswereessentiallyPuritan.Nothinghasleftadeeperimprintonthecharacterofthepeopleasawholethandid__________.A.Puritanism

"TheuniverseiscomposedofNatureandthesoul...Spiritispresenteverywhere".ThisisthevoiceofthebookNaturewrittenbyEmerson,whichpushedAmericanRomanticismintoanewphase,thephaseofNewEngland______Transcendentalism43.

WhichisgenerallyregardedastheBibleofNewEnglandTranscendentalism?

A.Nature

45._________isanappallingfictionalversionofNathanielHawthorne'sbeliefthat"thewrongdoingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones"andthatevilwillcomeoutofevilthoughitmaytakemanygenerationstohappen.

A.TheMarbleFaun

B.TheHouseofSevenGablesC.TheBlithedaleRomance

D.

YoungGoodmanBrownBOnceuponamidnightdreary,whileipondered,weakandweary,Overmanyaquaintandcuriousvolumeofforgottenlore,WhileInodded,nearlynapping,suddenlytherecameatapping,Asofsomeonegentlyrapping,rappingatmychamberdoor."Tissomevisitor,"Imuttered,"tappingatmychamberdoor—Onlythis,andnothingmore."Ah,distinctlyIrememberitwasinthebleakDecember,Andeachseparatedyingemberwroughtitsghostuponthefloor.EagerlyIwishedthemorrow;—vainlyIhadtriedtoborrowFrommybookssurceaseofsorrow-sorrowforthelost.EdgarAllanPoeTheRavenDescribethemoodofthispoem:Asenseofmelancholyoverthedeathofabelovedbeautifulyoungwomanpervadesthewholepoem,theportrayalofayoungmangrievingforhislostLeno-re,hisgriefturnedtomadnessunderthesteadyone-wordrepetitionofthetalkingbird.Work3:NutureAstheleadingNewEnglandTranscendentalist,EmersoneffectedamostarticulatesynthesisoftheTranscendentalistviews.Onemajorelementofhisphilosophyifhisfirmbeliefinthetranscendenceofthe"Oversoul".Hisemphasisonthespiritrunsthroughvirtuallyallhiswritings."Philosophicallyconsidered,"hestatesinNature,whichisgenerallyregardedastheBibleofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,"theuniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul."Heseestheworldasphenomenal,andemphasizestheneedforidealism,foridealismseestheworldinGod."Itbeholdsthewholecircleofpersonsandthings,ofactionsandevents,ofcountryandreligion,asonevastpicturewhichGodpaintsontheeternityforthecontemplationofthesoul."Heregardsnatureasthepurest,andthemostsanctifyingmoralinfluenceonman,andadvocatedadirectintuitionofaspiritualandimmanentGodinnature.Inthisconnection,Emerson'semotionalexperiencesareexemplaryinmorewaysthanone.Aloneinthewoodsoneday,forinstance,heexperiencedamomentof"ecstasy"whichherecordsthusinhisNature:Standingonthebareground,myheadbathedbytheblitheairandupliftedintoinfinitespace,allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteyeball;Iamnothing;Iseeall;thecurrentsoftheUniversalBeingcirculatethroughme;IampartorparticleofGod.Nowthisisamomentof"conversion"whenonefeelscompletelymergedwiththeoutsideworld,whenonehascompletelysunkintonatureandbecomeonewithit,andwhenthesoulhasgonebeyondthephysicallimitsofthebodytosharetheomniscienceoftheOversoul.Inaword,thesoulhascompletelytranscendedthelimitsofindividualityandbeomepartoftheOversoul.Emersonseesspiritpervadingeverywhere,notonlyinthesoulofman,butbehindnature,throughoutnature.Theworldproceeds,asheobserves,fromthesamesourceasthebodyofman."TheUniversalBeing"isinpointoffacttheOversoulthatheneverstoppedtalkingaboutfortherestofhislife.Emerson'sdoctrineoftheOversoulisgraphicallyillustratedinsuchfamousstatements;"EachmindlivesintheGrandmind,""Thereinonemindcommontoallindividualmen,"and"Manisconsciousofauniversalsoulwithinorbehindhisindividuallife."Inhisopinion,manismadeintheimageofGodandisjustalittlelessthanHim.ThisisasmuchastosaythatthespiritualandimmanentGodisoperativeinthesoulofman,andthatmanisdivine.Thedivinityofmanbecame,incidentally,afavoritesubjectinhislecturesandessays.Thisnaturallyledtoanother,equallysignificant,Transcendentalistthesis,thattheindividual,notthecrowd,isthemostimportantofall.Ifmandependsuponhimself,cultivateshimself,andbringsoutthedivineinhimself,hecanhoptobecomebetterandevenperfect.ThisiswhatEmersonmeansbythe"infinitudeoftheprivatesman."Hetriedtoconvincepeoplethatthepossibilitiesformantodevelopandimprovehimselfareinfinite.Menshouldandcouldbeself-reliant.Eachmanshouldfeeltheworldashis,andtheworldexistsforhimalone.Heshoulddeterminehisownexistence.Everyoneshouldunderstandthathemakeshimselfbymakinghisworld,andthathemakestheworldbymakinghimself."Knowthenthattheworldexistsforyou"hesays."Buildthereforeyourownworld.""Trustthyself!"and"Makethyself!"Trustyourowndiscretionandtheworldisyours.Thus,asHenryNashSmithventurestosuggest,"Emerson'smessagewaseventually(touseatelegraphicabbreviation)self-reliance."Emerson'seyewasonmanashecouldbeorcouldbecome;hewasinthemainoptimisticabouthumanperfectibility.Theregenerationoftheindividualleadstotheregenerationofsociety.Hencehisfamousremark,"Iaskfortheindividuals,notthenation."Emerson'sself-reliancewasanexpression,onaveryhighlevel,ofthebuoyantspiritofhistime,thehopethatmancanbecomethebestpersonhecouldhopetobe.Emerson'sTranscendentalism,withitsemphasiso