Unit3英漢對(duì)比與翻譯（二）英漢句法現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比2.句法現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比A:Peoplearealwaystalkingabout“theproblemofyouth”.Ifthereisone—whichItakeleavetodoubt—thenitisolderpeoplewhocreateit,nottheyoungthemselves.Letusgetdowntofundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterallhumanbeings—peoplejustliketheirelders.Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone:theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:andmaybethatiswheretherubits.人們總是在談?wù)摗扒嗄耆藛?wèn)題”。如果真有這么一個(gè)問(wèn)題——對(duì)這一點(diǎn)我要不揣冒昧地表示懷疑——那也是年長(zhǎng)者早出來(lái)的，而不是青年人自己造成的。讓我們認(rèn)真考慮一下問(wèn)題的根本吧，而且我們要承認(rèn)青年人畢竟是人——跟他們長(zhǎng)輩一樣的人。青年人和老年人之間只有一點(diǎn)不同，那就是青年人的光輝未來(lái)在他們前頭，而老年人的輝煌已經(jīng)留在他們身后，或許這就是問(wèn)題之所在。B.HethatlovesglasswithoutG,TakesawayLandthatishe.

(GlasswithoutGislass,meaninga“youngwoman”.IftheListakenawayfrom“l(fā)ass”,whatremainsisan“ass”,referringtoadonkeyorastupidperson.Thus,itmeans“Hewholoveswomenisastupidperson”.(孫利民,2005:74)在翻譯實(shí)踐中，我們通常把句子作為操作處理的基本單位。英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)及句法既有相似之處，更有明顯的區(qū)別。（傅曉玲等，2004：58）1）時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)比：英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)有十六種，與漢語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)相比要復(fù)雜得多，漢語(yǔ)一般沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如：IwillgotoBeijingtomorrowafternoon.(我明天下午去北京)Jackusedtobeagovernmentofficial,butheisinprisonnow.(杰克從前是個(gè)政府官員，現(xiàn)在是犯人。）2）句子結(jié)構(gòu)A）Thetwocountries—withallthetalkofwarmerrelations—arespyingoneachotherasavidlyasattheheightofthecoldwar.(盡管兩國(guó)高唱關(guān)系改善，但雙方仍像在冷戰(zhàn)期間一樣互相偵察對(duì)方）B）Thequestioniswhetherhecanunderstandwhatshesaidaboutherposition.(問(wèn)題是他能不能理解她的立場(chǎng)）C）Hardlyhadhegothome,itbegantoraincatsanddogs.(他一回到家，天就下起了瓢潑大雨。）D）LittledidIthenknowthemeaningofwarandwhatitwasinreality.(inverted)當(dāng)時(shí)我確實(shí)還不太懂戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的意義以及戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)實(shí)際上是怎么回事。E）Bythetimeheenteredcollege,hehadbeenexposedtoEnglishfor6years.上大學(xué)前，他學(xué)英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)有六年時(shí)間了。英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)句子中語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用頻率存在一定的差異。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在英語(yǔ)中的使用比率相對(duì)與漢語(yǔ)而言要多。Nothingwasgainedbyalltheovercaution.所有這些謹(jǐn)小慎微，到頭來(lái)一無(wú)所得。Imusthavebeencheatedagain.我準(zhǔn)是又上當(dāng)了。ToprotectthewhalefromthecoldoftheArcticseas,naturehasprovideditwithathickcoveringoffatcalledblubber.Whenthewhaleiskilled,theblubberisstrippedoffandboileddown,eitheronboardshiporonshore.大自然為保護(hù)鯨，使它不致在北冰洋受凍，便讓它長(zhǎng)了一曾厚厚的脂肪，叫做鯨脂。鯨殺死后，把鯨脂剝下來(lái)熬油，這項(xiàng)工作有的在船上進(jìn)行，有的在岸上進(jìn)行。3）復(fù)合句順序（短語(yǔ)順序）翻譯下列句子，注意排列順序的差異：

Rocketresearchhasconfirmedastrangefactwhichhadalreadybeensuspectedthereisa“hightemperaturebelt”intheatmosphere,withitscentreroughlythirtymilesabovetheground.人們?cè)缇蛻岩?，大氣層中有一個(gè)“高溫帶”，其中心在距地面約30英里的高空。利用火箭進(jìn)行研究后，這一奇異的事實(shí)已得到證實(shí)。A.時(shí)間順序Inanycase,itwasthemostindependentandself-reliantfamilieswhowerethefirsttopushwestwardtotheAppalachianMountains,thensouthwardalongthemountainvalleys,thenintothegreatCentralBasinandfinallywestwardbeyondtheRockies.無(wú)論如何，他們都非常獨(dú)立，不靠別人只靠自己。他們先往西走，到達(dá)阿巴拉契亞山脈，后順著山谷往南走，進(jìn)入中央大盆地，后又向西越過(guò)了落磯山脈。Theywenttoseeafilmaftertheyvisitedtheiroldfriends.Aftertheyvisitedtheiroldfriendsthere,theywenttoseeafilm.Itwasat9:00,September1st,1889,thatthemeetingwasheldinasecreteplace.B）空間順序Arablelandsarefewandlimited;withbutslightexceptionstheprospectisabroadrichmassofgrassandtrees,mantling覆蓋minorhillsanddales山谷

withinthemajor.SuchisthevaleofBlackmore.(TessoftheD’Urbeverills,Hardy)長(zhǎng)莊稼的地塊數(shù)不多，面積有限，全副景物，除了很小的例外，是大山抱小山，大谷套小谷，而在那些小山小谷上蓋著一片綿連、茂盛的草和樹(shù)。布蕾谷就是這種樣子。（張谷若翻譯）Hardy讓人先看到的是草和樹(shù)，再是小山和小谷再是大山和大谷；而以上譯文根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣作了適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整。C)邏輯順序英語(yǔ)——因可前可后，漢語(yǔ)——先因后果；

NowtourismhasgrowninimportancetosuchanextentthatmanyThirdWorldcountriescannotbalancetheirfinancialbudgetaccountswithouttheirconsiderableearningsfromtourism.現(xiàn)在，旅游業(yè)越來(lái)越重要，如果少了這一塊巨額收入，第三世界國(guó)家就無(wú)法平衡其財(cái)政預(yù)算。條件句中，英語(yǔ)的條件可前可后，漢語(yǔ)，先條件，再結(jié)果Ifthesystemisusedintheproperwaytotrainumpires,wecanlookatthisandseeifthere’ssomekindofflaw.如果我們合理地運(yùn)用該系統(tǒng)來(lái)培訓(xùn)裁判員，就能通過(guò)該系統(tǒng)發(fā)現(xiàn)存在的缺陷。表目的與行動(dòng)的復(fù)合句ToprovetheirpointtheyscaledupachickentothesizeofTyrannosaurusrexandfoundthegiantchickenprobablywouldnothavebeenabletostand.為了證明自己的觀點(diǎn)，他們按比例把一只雞放大到暴龍族恐龍大小，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)這只巨雞可能站都站不住。表結(jié)果與理由Theconsiderablecreditthatisduetohimisnotforhavinginventedamethodwhichothershadpioneered.他之所以大受贊揚(yáng)，并不是因?yàn)樗谇叭碎_(kāi)創(chuàng)的戰(zhàn)術(shù)方面有新的建樹(shù)。4）倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)(oftenseeninEnglishbutrareinChinese)(here,there,now,then,out,up;be,come,go,exist,live,follow)1)Hereistheverypassportthatyouhavelost.這正是你所丟失的那本護(hù)照。2)Therestandsagreattempleonthetopofthatmountain.那座山的山頂上有一座巨大的寺廟。3)Upwenttherocketintothespaceinaninstant.頃刻間，“嗖”的一聲，火箭飛向太空。4)Thencamethedaywehadbeenlookingforwardto.我們期盼的這一天終于到來(lái)了！only5)Onlywhenoneisilldoesherealizethevalueofhealth.只有當(dāng)一個(gè)人生病時(shí)，才會(huì)意識(shí)到健康的價(jià)值。6)NotonlywasJackLondonawell-knownnovelist,but(hewas)alsoapoet.杰克·倫敦不僅是著名的小說(shuō)家，還是一位詩(shī)人。否定意義的副詞或副詞短語(yǔ)（never,seldom,hardly,scarcely,nowhere,innocase,undernoconditions,notintheleast,innoway,bynomeans,onnoaccount）7)NeverinmylifehaveIheardofsuchastrangething!我這輩子都沒(méi)聽(tīng)到過(guò)這么離奇的事情?。ɡ项^子老婆子的口頭禪）8)InnocasewillChinabethefirsttousenuclearweapons.中國(guó)決不第一個(gè)使用核武器！9)Onnoaccountsarevisitorsallowedtofeedtheanimals.游客不得給動(dòng)物喂食。

so…that...10)Sofastdidhewalkthatnoneofuswashisequal.他走路非?？?，誰(shuí)都不是他的對(duì)手。11)Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim.他看起來(lái)滑稽可笑，大家都盯著他瞧。虛擬條件句如省略if12)Hadyouworkedharder,youwouldhavesucceeded.要再努力一把，就會(huì)成功了。13)Wereitnotforyou,Iwouldfail.如果沒(méi)有你，我會(huì)失敗的。hardly…when…;nosooner…than14)HardlyhadIarrivedwhenIhadanewproblemtocopewith.我剛到就碰到一個(gè)新問(wèn)題需要處理。15)Nosoonerwasshebackathomethansherealizedhermistake.她一回家，就意識(shí)到自己犯了個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)放句首16)Onthefloorwerepilesofoldbooksandnewspaper.地板上堆放著舊書(shū)和報(bào)紙。17)Onahillinfrontofourschoolstoodagreatshoppingmall.我們學(xué)校前面的小山上有一個(gè)規(guī)模很大的購(gòu)物中心。18)Suchwastheforceofexplosionthatallthewindowswerebroken.爆炸的威力如此之大，所有的窗戶(hù)都震破了。19)Youngassheis,shehasseenmuchoftheworld.她年紀(jì)輕輕，可見(jiàn)過(guò)不少世面。Beforecollege,theonlypeopleIhadeverknownwhowereinterestedinartormusicorliterature,theonlyoneswhoreadbooks,theonlyoneswhoeverseemedtoenjoyasenseofeaseandgracewerethemotheranddaughters.Likethemenfolk,theyfrettedaboutmoney,theyscrimpedandmade-do.exerciseButwhenthepaystoppedcomingin,theywerenottheoneswhohadfailed.Nordidtheyhavetogotowar,