Unit4SavingtheAmazonTogetherWarmupTellyourclassmates5thingsthatyouknowaboutAmazonanddescribethemindetail.

Video:amazonrainforestIntrotoAmazonrainforest TheAmazonrainforest(French:Forêtamazonienne),alsoknowninEnglishasAmazoniaortheAmazonJungle,isamoistbroadleaf（闊葉林）forestthatcoversmostoftheAmazonbasinofSouthAmerica. Thisbasinencompasses7,000,000squarekilometres(2,700,000

sq

mi),ofwhich5,500,000squarekilometres(2,100,000

sq

mi)arecoveredbytherainforest. Thisregionincludesterritorybelongingtoninenations.ThemajorityoftheforestiscontainedwithinBrazil,with60%oftherainforest,followedbyPeruwith13%,Colombiawith10%,andwithminoramountsinVenezuela(委內(nèi)瑞拉),Ecuador,Bolivia,Guyana(圭亞那),Suriname(蘇里南)andFrenchGuiana(法屬圭亞那).HistoryVideo:thebrutalhistoryofexploringtheAmazon Natural TherainforestlikelyformedduringtheEocene(始新世)era.ItappearedfollowingaglobalreductionoftropicaltemperatureswhentheAtlanticOceanhadwidenedsufficientlytoprovideawarm,moist(潮濕的)climatetotheAmazonbasin.Therainforesthasbeeninexistenceforatleast55millionyears.SaharaDesertdustwindblowntotheAmazon Morethan56%ofthedustfertilizingtheAmazonrainforestcomesfromNorthernChadintheSaharadesert.Thedustcontainsphosphorus(磷),importantforplantgrowth.TheyearlySaharadustreplacestheequivalentamountofphosphoruswashedawayyearlyinAmazonsoilfromrainsandfloods.Upto50milliontonsofSaharadustperyearareblownacrosstheAtlanticOcean.HumanactivityBasedonarchaeologicalevidencefromanexcavation(發(fā)掘)atCavernadaPedraPintada,humaninhabitantsfirstsettledintheAmazonregionatleast11,200yearsago.Subsequentdevelopmentledtolate-prehistoricsettlementsalongtheperiphery(外緣，邊緣)oftheforestbyAD1250,whichinduced(引起)alterationsintheforestcover.Biodiversity Wettropicalforestsarethemostspecies-richbiome（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）,andtropicalforestsintheAmericasareconsistentlymorespeciesrichthanthewetforestsinAfricaandAsia.AsthelargesttractoftropicalrainforestintheAmericas,theAmazonianrainforestshaveunparalleledbiodiversity.OneintenknownspeciesintheworldlivesintheAmazonrainforest.Thisconstitutesthelargestcollectionoflivingplantsandanimalspeciesintheworld.DeforestationDeforestationistheconversionofforestedareastonon-forestedareas.ThemainsourcesofdeforestationintheAmazonarehumansettlementanddevelopmentoftheland.ThesoilsintheAmazonareproductiveforjustashortperiodoftime,sofarmersareconstantlymovingtonewareasandclearingmoreland.Thesefarmingpracticesledtodeforestationandcausedextensiveenvironmentaldamage.DeforestationInthe1970sconstructionbeganontheTrans-Amazonianhighway.ThishighwayrepresentedamajorthreattotheAmazonrainforest.DeforestationBetween1991and2000,thetotalareaofforestlostintheAmazonrosefrom415,000to587,000squarekilometres(160,000to227,000

sq

mi),withmostofthelostforestbecomingpasture（草地，牧場(chǎng)）forcattle.IllegalminingVideo:GoldLuresIllegalMinerstoPeru'sRainforestsChevron:cleanupEcuadorWhiledrillingforoilinEcuador'sAmazonrainforestregion,Texaco–whichmergedwithChevronin2001–operatedwithoutconcernfortheenvironmentorlocalresidents.Thecompanydeliberatelydumpedbillionsofgallonsoftoxicwastewaterintoriversandstreams,spilledmillionsofgallonsofcrudeoil,andabandonedhazardouswasteinhundredsofunlinedopen-airpitslitteredthroughouttheregion.Theresultiswidespreaddevastationoftherainforestecosystemandlocalindigenouscommunities,andoneoftheworstenvironmentaldisastersinhistory.Video:TheTrueStoryofChevron'sEcuadorDisasterB.BackgroundinfoAmazonRegionProtectedAreasProgram

Throughitsgeographicscopeandfinancialobjectives,theAmazonRegionProtectedAreas(ARPA)programredefineslarge-scaleconservation. Theprogram,setupbyarangeofstakeholdersthatincludeWWF(WorldWildlifeFund),aimstocreateandsupportasystemofwell-managedprotectedareasandsustainablenaturalresourcemanagementreservesovera10-yearperiod.Video:ARPAB.Backgroundinfo2.TumucumaqueNationalPark It’ssituatedinnorthwesternBrazilinsidetheAmazonRainforeststateofAmapá.ItisborderedtothenorthbyFrenchGuianaandSuriname.B.Backgroundinfo2.TumucumaqueNationalPark

B.Backgroundinfo

3.Amazon

river

TheAmazonRiver(US/??m?z?n/orUK/??m?z?n/;SpanishandPortuguese:Amazonas)inSouthAmericaisthelargestriverbydischargeofwaterintheworld,andthesecondinlength.

TheriverenterstheAtlanticOceaninnorth-easternBrazilin

abroadestuary(河口).Becauseofitsvastdimensions,itissometimescalled"TheRiverSea".C.TextstudyTheamazonrainforestispopulatedbymillionsofdifferenttypesofinsects,plants,animals,andbirds,manyofwhichareexoticandrare(para2).

Exotic:usualandinteresting,usuallybecausesthcomesfromorisrelatedtoadistantcountry.(常因來自遙遠(yuǎn)的他國而顯得)奇異的。 e.g.Consumersareincreasinglyinterestedintheauthenticallyexotictastes.消費(fèi)者對(duì)于真正的異國風(fēng)味越來越情有獨(dú)鐘。2.ThethreatssurroundingtheAmazonregionareconsiderableenoughtoclassifythesituationasacrisis(para3).Considerable:adj.greatinamountordegree.相當(dāng)多的，相當(dāng)大的。 e.g.considerableexpense相當(dāng)可觀的費(fèi)用

toaconsiderableextentordegree很大程度上

thedamagewasconsiderable毀壞相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重Considerate:adj.someonewhoisconsideratepaysattentiontotheneeds,wishes,orfeelingsofotherpeople.體貼的，周到的 e.g.

tobeconsideratetowards[somebody]/of[somebody's]feelings體諒某人/某人的感情3.Thewholesale(大規(guī)模的)clearingandexploitationoflandforsettlementandindustry,includingmining,hasmadethesituationcritical(para3).Exploitv./Exploitationn.:開發(fā)，開采，利用，剝削。 e.g.Theislandersenduredcenturiesofexploitation.

那個(gè)島上的居民忍受了數(shù)個(gè)世紀(jì)的剝削。Explorev./Explorationn.:探索，探測(cè)，探險(xiǎn)。

e.g.

toexploreforoil/gas勘探石油/天然氣

togo(out)exploring去探險(xiǎn)

toexplorewaysandmeansofdoingsth尋找做某事的方式方法4.Itcomesintheformofanexpeditionteamofscientistsandotherconservationexperts.(para4)Expedition:遠(yuǎn)征，探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)。 e.g.anexpeditionto/into...去…的探險(xiǎn)

togoonanexpedition去探險(xiǎn)

ahunting/climbingexpedition去狩獵/登山5.Theparkisenormous–about3.8millionhectaresinsize…(para6)Hectare:公頃。

Acre:

英畝.1squaremile平方英里=640acres英畝6.TheBraziliangovernmentestablishedthenewnationalparkasalegalentityandallocatedfundsforitsadministration.(para7)Entity:anentityissththatexistsseparatelyfromotherthingsandhasaclearidentityofitsown.實(shí)體 e.g.

asingle/separate/political/legalentity

單獨(dú)的/獨(dú)立的/政治/法人實(shí)體Identity：身份7.Itsborderswillhavetobepatrolledregularlytoensurethatminersandotherpeopledon’tillegallycrossovertheborderintotheprotectedparkarea...(para8)Patrol:makeregulartripsaroundanareaoralongaborderlinetoguardagainsttroubleorcrime.巡邏 e.g.

tocarryout/makeapatrol去巡邏 thesoldiersonpatrol巡邏的士兵 apatrolvehicle巡邏車 apolicepatrol警察巡邏隊(duì)8.Thisprogram,createdandrunbyapanelofconservationexperts,...(para9)Panel:專門小組；控制面板，儀表板；鑲板，嵌板 e.g.

apanelofexperts專家組 onourpaneltonightwehave...今晚出席座談會(huì)的有… aninstrument/displaypanel儀表/顯示盤

glass/woodenpanel玻璃板/木壁板9.MarettiisjoinedbyChristophJaster,aBraziliangovernmentpartwarden,andJawapukuWayapi,amemberofoneoftheindigenouspeoplelivingonlandsneighboringthepark.(para10)Warden:管理員；監(jiān)獄長 e.g.

awildlife/parkwarden野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)巡視員/公園管理員Indigenous：本土的，土著的，當(dāng)?shù)氐?e.g.

thecountry’sindigenouspopulation該國的本土人口10.The

expedition’smissionhereistwofold.(para11)Twofold:有兩部分的；兩倍的；兩倍地 e.g.

Thecaseagainstistwofold:tooriskyandtooexpensive.

反對(duì)理由有兩點(diǎn)：太冒險(xiǎn)而且太昂貴。

atwofoldincreaseincrime犯罪案件增加了一倍

aninvestmentwhichincreasedtwofold翻了一番的投資

Heroriginalinvestmenthasincreasedtwofold.她原先的投資已經(jīng)增加到兩倍。11.Therearenoroadsinthisremoteareaofthepark,andfewairstrips,...(para14)Airstrip:

alongthinkstretchofroadforlandingaircraft飛機(jī)跑道Aircraft：飛機(jī)，飛行器12.Atcertainpointsalongtheway,theteammuststop,getoutandattachropestothesidesoftheirboatswothattheycanpullthemoverrockyorfast-flowingareas.(para14)Attachto:依附，附屬。 e.g.

Theyattachtoaserver,thenjoinoneormorechannels. 它們連接到服務(wù)器，然后加入一個(gè)或多個(gè)信道。Pullover:把…開到路邊；靠岸 e.g.

HenoticedamanbehindhiminablueFordgesticulating（用姿勢(shì)示意）topullover.他注意到后面一輛藍(lán)色福特車?yán)锏囊粋€(gè)男人示意他靠邊停車。Pullover：套衫 e.g.

Hisfianceeknittedhimapullover.

他的未婚妻為他織了一件套頭毛衣.13.Inthepast,thedangerouscurrentsandmajesticwaterfallsinthisregion...(para15)Current:

水、電、氣流；趨勢(shì) e.g.

togoordriftwiththecurrent隨大溜

togoagainstthecurrent逆潮流而動(dòng)

acurrentofopinion意見傾向13.Inthepast,thedangerouscurrentsandmajesticwaterfallsinthisregion...(para15)Majesty:UsingmajestyinexpressionssuchasYourMajestyorHer/HisMajestywhenaddressingorreferringtoakingaqueen.威嚴(yán)，最高權(quán)威；陛下；壯麗，雄偉 e.g.

HisMajestyrequestsyourpresenceintheroyalchambers.國王陛下要求你在皇室受召見。 e.g.

themajestyofthemainlandmountains.大陸山岳的壯美。14.Astheteampaddlesfurtheruptheriver,...(para15)Paddle:n.劃槳v.用槳?jiǎng)?e.g.

Wemightbeabletopushourselvesacrosswiththepaddle.我們或許可以自己劃槳過去。 e.g.

paddle

the

canoe劃獨(dú)木舟15.Theydecidetoconstructapulleysystemusingropesandwheels...(para16)Pulley:adeviceusedtoliftorlowerheavyobjects滑輪 e.g.

Thestonewasliftedbymeansofaropeandpulley.這塊大石是用繩子和滑輪給吊起來的。16.Whileitisthequickestmethodformininggold,thehydraulicminingthatisfrequentlyusedintheregionisparticularlydangerousforalllivingthings.(para19)hydraulic:液壓的 e.g.

Theboathasnofewerthanfivehydraulicpumps.這艘船下有不下五個(gè)液壓泵。17.Inhydraulicmining,wateriscarriedtotheminingsiteviacanalswhereitiscollectedforusedbytheminers.(para19)Canal:水道，水渠，運(yùn)河；道 e.g.

TheGrandUnionCanal大聯(lián)盟運(yùn)河

thealimentarycanal消化道17.Transportable

pumpsarethenusedtospraythewateroutofahoseathighpressure.(para19)Transportable:可運(yùn)輸?shù)?e.g.

transportablereactor可運(yùn)輸反應(yīng)堆Portable:手提的，輕便的 e.g.

alittleportabletelevision一臺(tái)便攜式小電視機(jī)Pump：泵，抽水機(jī)Plump：豐滿的，圓胖的Bump：腫塊，突起物Spray：n.噴霧，噴霧器；v.噴射 e.g.pepperspray胡椒噴霧器，防狼噴霧Hose：n.軟管，水管;v.用水管沖洗，用水管澆灌 e.g.

hoseourgarden澆灌我們的花園18.Duetothescaleofproductionandspeedofextraction...(para20)Extraction:n.萃取，取出；血統(tǒng)，出身 e.g.

adentalextraction拔牙

British/Frenchetc.byextraction英裔/法裔等19.Iterodesthesoil,...(para20)Erode:腐蝕，侵蝕；削弱；降低 e.g.

Thestormwashedawaybuildingsandroadsanderodedbeaches.暴風(fēng)雨沖走了建筑物和道路，侵蝕了沙灘。

Hiscriticssayhisfumblingontheissueofreformhaserodedhisauthority.他的批評(píng)者們說他在改革問題上的拙劣做法已經(jīng)削弱了他的權(quán)威。

Competitioninthefinancialmarketplacehaserodedprofits.金融市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)降低了利潤。20.PreventinggoldmininginthedelicateandvaluableenvironmentoftheAmazonrainforestisahighpriorityonalmosteveryone’sagenda.(para21)Ontheagenda:在議事日程上 e.g.

What’sthenextitemontheagenda?議程表上的下一項(xiàng)是什么？21.TheARPAprogramistryingtoestablishinnovativepartnershipswiththeindigenouspeoples...(para21)Innovation是創(chuàng)新的意思，而invention是發(fā)明。所以innovation一般是對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)明出來的東西進(jìn)行改良、改進(jìn)。 e.g.Thetouchscreendashboardisthelatestinnovationinthisnewmodelfourwheeldrive.（觸摸式儀表屏是這新款四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車的最新創(chuàng)意。）而一項(xiàng)發(fā)明（aninvention）則是以前從來沒有看見過的方式或產(chǎn)品。 e.g.ThomasEdisonwasoneoftheworld'sgreatestinventors.Hisinventionsincludethephonograph,themotionpicturecameraandtheelectriclightbulb.（湯瑪斯·愛迪生是世界最偉大的發(fā)明家之一。他的發(fā)明涵蓋留聲機(jī)、電影攝像機(jī)和電燈泡。）22.Whileplansareintheworksforimplementingprogramstostopillegalmining...(para22)Implement:v.實(shí)施，執(zhí)行/n.工具 e.g.

Thegovernmentpromisedtoimplementanewsystemtocontrolfinancialloaninstitutions.政府許諾要實(shí)施新的制度來控制金融貸款機(jī)構(gòu)。 afarm/household/gardeningimplement農(nóng)具/家庭用具/園藝工具 asetofimplements一套工具23.…afactthatunderlinesjusthowcrucialpatrollingtherainforestareasactuallyis.(para24)Theminerhighlightsthefactthat…(para25)Underline,highlight:強(qiáng)調(diào) e.g.

Thisreportunderlinedhisconcern.這個(gè)報(bào)告強(qiáng)調(diào)了他的擔(dān)憂。

Thishighlighttheplightofthehomeless.這個(gè)突出描寫了無家可歸者的苦境。highlights24....,mininggoldwithasamlldredge,andsurvivingbyfarming,hyunting,andfishingintherainforest.(para28)

Dredge:n.挖泥船，疏浚機(jī)/v.清淤 e.g.

Policehavespentweeksdredgingthelakebuthavenotfoundhisbody.警察已經(jīng)花了幾周時(shí)間在湖里打撈，但是仍未發(fā)現(xiàn)他的尸體。

25....,butthere’snowayaroundtherules,oristhere...?(para29)

There’snowayaround…:…是不可避免的,沒辦法的 e.g.

There'snowayI'magreeingtothat!

這件事我決不同意! There'snowayaroundthisone.這沒什么可說的。 Thereisnowayaroundthefactthat+從句：這是一個(gè)不爭(zhēng)的事實(shí)……26....andthebasicparametersformonitoringitestablished.(para33)

Parameter:參數(shù)，界限 e.g.

someoftheparametersthatdeterminethetasteofawine.一些決定葡萄酒味道的參數(shù)。

DReadingcomprehension

Whatisthemainpurposeofthediscussioninparas1and2?A.ToprovidebackgroundinfoabouttheAmazon.B.Tointroducewhat’suniqueaboutthecountryofBrazil.C.Toofferdetailsaboutnumberousspeciesofplantsandbirds.D.ToexplainwhatscientistsdonotknowabouttheAmazon.DReadingcomprehension

2.Inpara3,theword“critical”isclosestinthemeaningto____.A.floralB.rationalC.possiblydisastrousD.abstractDReadingcomprehension

3.WhatopinionisexpressedbyJawapukuWayapiinpara12?A.Hethinkstherearesomebenefitstomining.B.Hethinkstribesshouldcooperatewiththegovernment’sefforts.C.Hedoesnotthinkthattheauthoritiesarebeingstraightforward.D.Hethinksminerwillobligetheprogram’srequests.DRead