ZhengxiangWeiPh.D.inPhilosophyProfessorTsinghuaUniversityweizhx@/參考書目11、中國(guó)哲學(xué)史（上下冊(cè)）馮友蘭著，華東師范大學(xué)出版社2011年版2、中國(guó)哲學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史，馮友蘭著，趙復(fù)三譯生活.讀書.新知三聯(lián)書店2009年版、CompanyLogo參考書目23、AHistoryofChinesePhilosophy,Vol.1&2,by

Yu-lanFung

(Author)

,

DerkBodde(Translator)，PrincetonUniversityPress(August1,1983)4、AShortHistoryofChinesePhilosophy

byYu-lanFung

(Author),

DerkBodde

(Editor)CompanyLogoContentsIntroductionOneHundredSchoolsComfucius,MenciusLaoTzu,ChuangTzuXunTzu,MoTzu,HanFei6.ThesoledominatingpositionofConfucianism7.TungChung-shu8.Neo-Taoism9/10.Buddhism(1)(2)11.Neo-Confucianism12.MarxisminChina13.

IslamandChristianityinChina(TBD)CompanyLogo123

誰？Who?學(xué)術(shù)地位？Academicstatus?追尋幸福？

Afterhappiness?CompanyLogo追尋幸福？

Afterhappiness?董仲舒的幸福觀回顧

(ReviewofTungChung-shu’sViewsonHappiness)學(xué)術(shù)地位？Academicstatus?誰？Who?3.1陰陽家的宇宙構(gòu)架？3.2董仲舒的構(gòu)架？3.2.1人副天數(shù)?3.2.2災(zāi)異?3.2.3性與情?3.2.4道德與倫理?3.2.5王以治之?3.2.6三統(tǒng)?3.2.7影響如何?1231.1生活于？1.2來自？1.3生活經(jīng)歷？1.4主要作品？1.1Lived?1.2Fromwhere?1.3Lifeexperience?1.4Mainworks?3.1Thecosmologicalsystemof

theYin-yangschool?3.2ThesystemofTungChung-shu?3.2.1Thecorrelationofmanwithnumericalcategories

ofHeaven?3.2.2Visitationsandprodigies?3.2.3Natureandfeelings?3.2.4Moralityandethics?3.2.5Theinstruction?3.2.6Thethreesequences?3.2.7Howinfluential?EndingCompanyLogoTungChung-shu(179-104B.C.?),livedforabout75yearsold,wastheleaderoftheliteratiintheFormerHanperiod,andwasconsideredasanerudite(ascholarofwidelearning).董仲舒為西漢群儒之首，被稱為博士。享年約75歲。

CompanyLogo出生于廣川，現(xiàn)在的河北省境內(nèi)，具體地點(diǎn)有爭(zhēng)論。HewasanativeofGuangChuan，nowinHebeiProvince.Thespecificspotisundetermined.CompanyLogoInhisyouth,hedevotedhimselftotheSpringandAutumnAnnals.Heexpoundedhisteachingsfrombehindacurtain.Foraboutthreeyearshedidnotevenlookintohisgarden.Inhisconduct,bearing,andmanner,therewasnothingthatdidnotconformtopropriety.Hisabilitieswerethoseofaministerofkings.Hehadeverbeenanofficial,buthehadneverheldapositionofmuchpoliticalimportance.少治《春秋》。后下帷講誦，蓋三年不窺園，進(jìn)退容止，非禮不行，有王佐之才，曾為官，但不曾任過重要的官職。

CompanyLogo他是位多產(chǎn)的作者，但是他的多數(shù)著作已經(jīng)失傳，現(xiàn)存的主要著作是《春秋繁露》。Hewasaprolificwriter,butmuchofwhathewrotehasbeenlost.HismajorsurvivingworkistheCh’un-ch’iuFan-luorLuxuriantDewoftheSpringandAutumnAnnals.CompanyLogo在思想上，他的影響是巨大的。他提出的“罷黜百家,獨(dú)尊儒術(shù)”為漢武帝劉徹采納,并設(shè)五經(jīng)博士，立太學(xué)，由博士授五經(jīng)，即：《詩》、《書》、《禮》、《易》、《春秋》。他首次采用陰陽家的學(xué)說解釋儒家學(xué)說，提出了天人感應(yīng)的觀念。為今文經(jīng)學(xué)的領(lǐng)袖。儒家自此成為中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)的正統(tǒng)思想，孔子由師進(jìn)為王。CompanyLogoIdeologically,hisinfluencewasenormous.Hissuggestionthat“Confucianismshouldbeexclusivelyrespected,whileotherschoolsshouldbebanned”wasadoptedbytheWuEmperorofHannamedLiuChe，whoestablishedthefirstgovernmentalcollegenamedTaiXueinChinaanderuditescholarswhounderstoodtheFiveClassicstaughtatthecollege.TheFiveClassicsaretheBookofOdes,theBookofHistory,theBookofPropriety,theBookofChange,andtheCh’unCh’iu.Forthefirsttime,headoptedthedoctrineoftheSchoolofYin-yangtoexplainConfuciandoctrineandputforththeideaofthecorrelationbetweenHeavenandman.HewastheleaderoftheNewTextSchool.ConfucianismhadbecometheorthodoxtheoryoftraditionalChinasincethen,andConfuciusbecameakinginsteadofateacher.CompanyLogoWayofpursuinghappiness:ManisasgreatasHeavenandEarth.

幸福之路

◎與天地參（叁）

CompanyLogoDifferentpersonsenjoysdifferentsortsofhappinessaccordingtotheorderofHeaven.Manisloftierthanbirdsandbeasts;sageisloftierthananaverageperson;anaveragepersonisloftierthanapersonwiththenatureofasmallbamboobasket;andakinggetshispowerfromHeaventoinstructaveragepeoplewithvirtues.Theyangisloftierthantheyin,sopeopleshouldbehaveaccordingtothe“threebonds”,namely,therulerrulesthesubject,thefathertheson,andthehusbandthewife.人按天的秩序而享有不同層次的幸福。人貴于禽獸，中民之性之人貴于斗筲之性之人，圣人之性之人貴于中民之性之人，王接天命以教化中民，中民可為教為圣人。陽貴陰卑，因此人應(yīng)依三綱行事：君為臣綱，父為子綱，夫?yàn)槠蘧V。CompanyLogo陰陽家的宇宙構(gòu)架?ThecosmologicalsystemoftheYin-Yangschool?

3.1CompanyLogoThecosmologicalsystemoftheYin-yangschoolisbasedoncorrelationsmadeamongtheFiveElements,thefourseasons,theten“heavenlystems”,thetwelve“earthlybranches”,thetwelvemonths,thefourcompasspoints(plusthecenterasafifthdirection),thefivenotesofthescale,thetwelvepitchpipes,thefivecolors,andvariousothernumericalcategories,whentheyinandyangoperateamongthevariouscategories.TsouYenwasconsideredasitsfounder.

陰陽家的宇宙構(gòu)架以五行、四時(shí)、天干、地支、十二月、四方、五音、十二律、五色、數(shù)目等相配，陰陽流行于其中為基礎(chǔ)來構(gòu)成。陰陽家的創(chuàng)始人是鄒衍。CompanyLogoGenerallyspeaking,thedifferencesbetweentheYin-yangschoolandTaoismare:HeaveinTaoismisamaterialone,whileitmaybeacognitiveandconsciousoneintheYin-yangschool;andTaoismtriestogetridofregulations,whiletheYin-yangschooltriestoestablishregulations.TheYin-yangschoolwasmoreinfluentialindesigningroyalpalacesandgardens,whileTaoismwasmoreinfluentialindesigningfolkgardens.陰陽家的學(xué)說與道家學(xué)說的區(qū)別主要在于：道家的天是自然的天，而陰陽家的天可以是有認(rèn)知能力和有意識(shí)的天；道家去規(guī)則，陰陽家立規(guī)則。陰陽家對(duì)皇家園林影響比較大，而道家對(duì)民間園林的影響比較大。CompanyLogo五行相生相克?MutualproductionandovercomingoftheFiveElements?

3.1.1CompanyLogo五行:木、火、土、金、水TheFiveElements:Wood,Fire,Earth，Metal,Water.CompanyLogo五行與其他?

TheFiveElementsandothers?

3.1.2CompanyLogo五行

theFiveElements木wood火fire土earth金metal水water五方

thefivedirections東east南south中央

center西west北north五季

thefiveseasons春spring夏summer長(zhǎng)夏thethirdmonthofsummer秋autumn冬winter五気

thefiveethers風(fēng)windy暑hot濕moist燥dry寒cold五色thefivecolors青green赤red黃yellow白white黒blackCompanyLogo五音是指宮、商、角、徵（讀zhǐ音）、羽即:CDEGA或doremisolla其中沒有fati這兩個(gè)半音。五音逆行，始于金傳于火，火傳于木，木傳于水。[五音不全]

Thefivenotesofthescaledenotekung,shang,chiao,chih,yuorCDEGAordoremisolla.Faandtiwerenotincluded.Thefivesnotesactreversely,startingfrommetal,passingtofire,firetowood,woodtowater.(cannotsingthefivenotes)CompanyLogo十二律thetwelvepitch-pipes孟thefirstmonth仲thesecondmonth季thethirdmonth春spring太簇（cu)t’ai-ts’ou夾鐘chia-chung姑洗

(xiǎn)ku-hsien夏summer中呂

chung-lu蕤（ruí）賓jui-pin林鐘

lin-chung秋autumn夷則

yi-tse南呂

nan-lu無射(yi)

wu-yi冬winter應(yīng)鐘

ying-chung黃鐘

huang-chung大呂

ta-luCompanyLogo五行thefiveelements

木wood火

fire土earth金metal水water數(shù)numbers8eight7seven5five9nine6sixCompanyLogo甲chia乙yi丙ping丁ting戊wu己(ｊǐ)chi庚keng辛

hsin壬(rén)jen癸(guǐ)

kuei天干HeavenlystemsCompanyLogo子tzu丑ch’ou寅yin卯mao辰(ｈéｎ)ch’en巳(sì)Ssu午wu未wei申shen酉(yǒu)yu戌xūhsu亥hai地支EarthlybranchesCompanyLogo東二月木春甲乙卯角夾鐘青八eastFeb.woodSpringchiayimaochiaochia-chunggreeneight南五月火夏丙丁戊徵蕤賓赤七southMayfireSummerpingtingwuchihjui-pinredseven西八月金秋庚辛酉商南呂白九westAug.metalAutumnkeng-hsinyushangnan-luwhitenine

北11月水冬壬癸子羽黃鐘黑六northNov.waterWinterjenkueitzuyuhuang-chungblacksix中土戊己宮黃五centerearthwuchikungyellowfive十二月丑大呂Dec.ch’outa-lu一月寅太簇

Jan.yint’ai-ts’ou三月辰姑洗

Marchch’enku-hsien四月巳中呂

Aprilssuchung-lu六月未林鐘

Juneweilin-chung七月申夷則

Julyshenyi-tse九月戌無射

Sept.hsuwu-yi十月亥應(yīng)鐘

Oct.haiying-chungCompanyLogo董仲舒的構(gòu)架?

ThesystemofTungChung-shu?

3.2CompanyLogo人副天數(shù)?

ThecorrelationofmanwiththenumericalcategoriesofHeaven?

3.2.1CompanyLogoTungChung-shuthinkstheuniverseisformedbyHeaven,Earth,theyinandyang,andwood,fire,earth,metalandwater,andman.TheOriginisthegreatbeginningofallthings.Wood,fire,metal,andwatereachpresideoveroneofthefourseasons,whileearth,occupyingthecentralposition,givesassistancetoallofthem.Thealternationofgrowthanddecayasoneseasonpassesintoanotherresultsinayearlycycleofchange.Thisalternation,furthermore,iscausedbytheoperationsoftheyinandyang.董仲舒認(rèn)為自然由天、地、陰、陽、木、火、土、金、水、人這十者組成。萬物始于元。木、火、金、水各主四時(shí)之一氣，土居中以策應(yīng)之，四時(shí)之氣的盛衰因陰陽使然。CompanyLogo董仲舒認(rèn)為天與人為同類，從其生理上也能見之。天地之精，所以生物者，莫貴于人。人受命乎天也，故超然有以倚。物旁折取天之陰陽以生活耳，而人爛然有其文理。此見人之絕于物而參天地。人內(nèi)有五臟(心、肝、脾、肺、腎），副五行數(shù)也。CompanyLogoTungChung-shuthinksthatHeavenisthesameinkindwithmanisalsoevidentinthefieldofhumanphysiology.Ofthecreaturesbornfromtherefinedessence(ching)ofHeavenandEarth,noneismorenoblethanman.ManreceivestheDecree(ming)ofHeaven,andthereforeisloftierthanothercreatures.OthercreaturesderivetheirlifefromHeaven’syinandyanginarecumbentposition,whereasmanbrilliantlybearsitsmarkings.Hereinmaybeseenman’sdistinctionfromothercreaturesandhowheistobeequatedwithHeavenandEarth.Within(thebody)therearethefivevisceras（Heart,liver,spleen,lungs,andkidneys),whichcorrespondinnumbertotheFiveElements.CompanyLogo災(zāi)異與天人感應(yīng)?

ThevisitationandprodigiesandtheinteractionbetweenmanandHeaven?

3.2.2CompanyLogo因?yàn)樘烊酥g緊密相關(guān)，若人之行為有不當(dāng)，則陰陽之氣受感應(yīng)而有非常的現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)，此現(xiàn)象則為災(zāi)異。天地之物，有不常之變者謂之異。小者謂之異，災(zāi)常先至而異乃隨之。災(zāi)者，天之譴也；異者，天之威也。CompanyLogoSinceanintimaterelationshipexistsbetweenHeavenandman,theoccurrenceofunharmoniousandabnormaleventsinthehumanworldinevitablystirstheyinandyangofHeaventomanifestcorrespondingabnormalphenomenainthenaturalworld.Suchphenomenaarevariouslyknownas“visitations”and“prodigies”.WhenthingsinHeavenandearthundergoabnormalchanges,therearecalled“prodigies”;lesseronesarecalled“visitations”.Visitationsalwaysappearfirstandarethenfollowedbyprodigies.VisitationsarethereprimandsofHeaven;prodigiesareitswarnings.CompanyLogo性與情的關(guān)系？Therelationbetweennatureandfeelings?3.2.3CompanyLogo董仲舒認(rèn)為就心理而言，人有性情二者與天之陰陽相當(dāng)。性表現(xiàn)于外為仁，情表現(xiàn)于外為貪。人之質(zhì)中有性有情，故有仁有貪，故未可謂其為善。善如米，性如禾。禾雖出米，而禾未可謂米也。以性禁情為教。此論蓋就孔孟荀之說而融之合之。CompanyLogoTungChung-shuthinksthathumanpsychologyembracestwoaspects:thatofman’snature(hsing)andthatofhisfeelingsandemotions(ch’ing),whichareequatedwiththeyangandyinrespectively.Theoutwardmanifestationofman’snatureistobefoundinthevirtueofloveorjen,andthatofhisfeelingsinthequalityofcovetousnessort’an.Withinman’s“basicstuff”,thereexistnatureandfeelings,whichcanresultinjenandcovetousness,soitcannotbesaidtobeoriginallygood.Goodnessislikeakernelofgrain;thenatureislikethegrowingstalkofthatgrain.Thoughthestalkproducesthekernel,itcannotitselfbecalledakernel.Instruction(chiao)meanstheprocessofrestrainingthefeelingsbymeansofthenature.ThetheoryseemstobeanattempttoharmonizethoseofConfucius,Mencius,andHsunTzu.CompanyLogo個(gè)人道德與社會(huì)倫理?

Personalmoralityandsocialethics?3.2.4CompanyLogoInallthingstheremustbecorrelates,inwhichtheremustbeupperandlower.Inthecorrelatesoftheyinandyang,theyangisdominating,whiletheyinisassisting.Therefore,therearecorrespondingthreebonds,namely,therulerrulesthesubject,thefathertheson,thehusbandthewife,whichcorrespondtothreevirtues,thatis,loyalty,filialpiety,andchastity.凡物必有合，合必有上下。陰陽之合，陽主陰輔，故有君臣、父子、夫妻之三綱，對(duì)應(yīng)有忠、孝、貞節(jié)之德。CompanyLogo王以治之?

Theinstructionofkingship?3.2.5CompanyLogo人之性未能全善，故需王以治之。王承天意以治。王字中的三畫為天地人也，而連其中者，通其道也。人主之喜怒哀樂、慶賞刑罰，應(yīng)以四時(shí)為法。慶副暖而當(dāng)春，賞副暑而當(dāng)夏，罰副清而當(dāng)秋，刑副寒而當(dāng)冬。設(shè)官之職，均應(yīng)法天之?dāng)?shù)。應(yīng)均貧富，因大富則驕，大貧則憂，憂則為盜，驕則為暴。CompanyLogoItisbecausemen’snaturesarenotwhollygoodinthemselves,thattheinstructionofkingshipisnecessary.Theking,followingHeaven’spurpose,acceptsashischargethetaskofgivingcompletenesstothepeople’snature.Thecharacterkingareformedbythreehorizontallineswhichareconnectedbyaverticalstroke.ThethreelinesmeanHeaven,Earth,andMan,whilethestrokemeansthepersonwhoknowstheprinciples.Theruler’sjoy,anger,grief,andpleasure,andhisbeneficence,rewards,punishments,andexecutions,shouldbemodeledonthefourseasons.Withhisbeneficenceheduplicateswarmthandaccordswithspring,withhisconferringofrewards,heduplicatesheatandaccordswithsummer,withhispunishmentsheduplicatescoolnessandaccordswithautumn,andwithhisexecutionsheduplicatescoldnessandaccordswithwinter.CompanyLogoTheestablishmentoftheofficialhierarchycannotbemadehaphazardly,butmustbecarefullymodeledonHeaven’snumericalcategories.Therulershouldequalizerichesandpoverty,sincewherethereisgreatwealththereisarrogance,whilewherethereisgreatpovertythereisanxiety.Anxietyleadstobrigandage,andarrogancetooppression.設(shè)官之職，均應(yīng)法天之?dāng)?shù)。人主應(yīng)均貧富，因大富則驕，大貧則憂，憂則為盜，驕則為暴。CompanyLogo三統(tǒng)與紅?

Threesequencesandredcolor?

3.2.6CompanyLogo歷史的變化亦隨天道之規(guī)律。道之大原出于天，天不變，道亦不變。歷史按三統(tǒng)或稱三正周而復(fù)始地循環(huán)變化。三統(tǒng)為黑統(tǒng)、白統(tǒng)、赤統(tǒng)。就實(shí)際的歷史而言，夏為黑統(tǒng)，以寅月(一月）為正月，色尚黑。商為白統(tǒng)，以丑月（十二月）為正月，色尚白。周為赤統(tǒng)，以子月（十一月）為正月，色尚赤。儒家崇周，故崇赤。CompanyLogoAsimilarrelationshiplinksthecourseofhumanhistorywiththelawsofHeaven.ThegreatsourceofrightprinciplesderivesfromHeaven;Heavendoesnotchange,nordotheseprinciples.Historycontinuinglycyclesaccordingtothe“ThreeSequences”,sometimesalsoknownasthe“ThreeBeginnings”,consistedofblackness,whitenessandredness.Equatedwithactualhistory,thedynastyofHsiaconstitutedtheBlackSequence;itsyearbeganwiththeyinorthefirstm