Chapter11MotivationIntroductiontoPsychologyPekingUniversity人們?yōu)槭裁匆ū臉O）？一月17,20233艾滋病與預(yù)防措施認(rèn)識(shí)問題不知道危害性研究表明：艾滋病知識(shí)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)行為沒有關(guān)系動(dòng)機(jī)問題取悅對(duì)方表明信任追求快感：Stein等人(1994)一月17,20234有些學(xué)生為什么學(xué)不好？理由一：能力問題反應(yīng)的快慢理由二：認(rèn)識(shí)問題不知道理由三：動(dòng)機(jī)問題想不想學(xué)MotivationThewordmotivationderivesfromtheLatintomove(movere)andreferstothemovingforcethatenergizesbehavior.

FunctionsofmotivationalconceptsToaccountforbehavioralvariabilityTorelatebiologytobehaviorToinferprivatestatesfrompublicactsToassignresponsibilityforactionsToexplainperseverancedespiteadversityOutlinesMotivationandRelatedConceptsPerspectivesonMotivationEatingSexualMotivationPsychosocialmotivesSomeConcludingThoughts1Motivation&RelatedConceptsTwocomponentsDirectionStrengthRelatedConceptsInstinct 本能Needs&Drives 需要或驅(qū)力Inducement 誘因2PerspectivesonMotivation2.1EvolutionaryPerspectiveInstinctsDarwin(1859)McDougall(1908)InclusiveFitnessPsychologicalmechanisms(familiarity/affection)Chemicalmechanisms(pheromones)Simmons(1990):CricketstudyPowerandLoveHomeostasisFeedbackSetpoint信息素（外激素）停留時(shí)間2.2PsychodynamicPerspectiveDrivessex/aggressionneedforrelatednesstoothersneedforself-esteemwishes/fearsConscious/unconscious(explicit/implicit)ThematicApperceptionTest,TATMurray(1943);McClellandetal(1989)Earlytoilettraining(McClelland&Pilon,1983)2.3BehavioristPerspectiveOperantconditioningRewarded/punisheddrivesIncentive--externalDrive-reductiontheoriesHull(1943,1952)Primary/secondarydrivesIncentive----anexternalstimulusorrewardArousaltheoryYerkes-DodsonLaw:optimumlevel2.4CognitivePerspectiveGoalsExpectancy-valuetheoriesGoal-settingtheorydiscrepancycontinuingfeedbackself-efficacysethighenoughgoalcommitmenttothegoal2.5AHierarchyofNeedsAbrahamMaslow(1962,1970)Maslow’shierarchyofneedsDeficiency/GrowthneedsAlderfer(1972,1989):ERGtheoryExistenceRelatednessGrowthSelf-actualizationEsteemLoveorBelongingnessSafetyPhysiological2.6ApplyingonlifeEvolutionary:braveryPsychodynamic:MultiplemotivesBehaviorist:punishingCognitive:expectancyMaslow:falsesenseofsafety,pursuehigherlevelneeds3EatingMetabolismReferringtotheprocessesbywhichthebodytransformsfoodintoenergyformovingmuscles,maintainingbodyheat,operatingthenervoussystem,andbuildingandmaintainingorgantissue.TwophasesAbsorptivephaseFastingphase3.1HungerandSatietyThesubjectiveexperienceofhungerCannon&Washburn(1912):emptystomachTheglucostatictheoryofhungerThompson&Campbell(1977):glucoselevelCampfieldetal(1985):injectingglucosedelaysfeedingbehaviorHomeostaticMechanismsLateral/VentralmedialHypothalamus(on/off)3.1HungerandSatietyExternalcuesandEatingBehaviorpalatabilityDeCastro&Brewer(1992):presenceofotherpeople(75%)3.2ObesityCulturalconceptionsofweightandobesityRand&Kuldau(1990):whitewomenworriedHarrisetal(1991):blackfemalesmoresatisfied;menmoreconcernedabouttheirdates.Garneretal(1980):Playboy,10%downinratioStereotypesabouttheobese(Milleretal,1991)對(duì)肥胖女性的評(píng)價(jià)（社交技能、魅力）低這種刻板印象從幼兒園就開始了WeightandObesityIdealWeight男性理想體重（kg）＝身高－110女性理想體重＝身高－105WeightIndex體重(kg)/身高平方(m)M>24,F>25WeightandHealthCardiovasculardiseaseHypertensionSomeformsofDiabetesBiologyandObesityStunkardetal(1986):weightofadopteesBrooketal(1975)MZ0.72-0.83DZ0.34-0.49Whyaresomepeopleobese?ThenumberandsizeoffatcellsSet-pointtheoryGarrow&Warwich(1978)changingmetabolismlevel(foodconsumptionorbodyweight)EnvironmentalfactorsandObesitySocioeconomicstatusDietExercisePsychologicalfactorsLowself-esteemAnxiety/depressionMotivationalprocesses(15%ofdietersinsist)節(jié)食？方法嚴(yán)格限制食物熱量低碳水化合物食物單一食物行為矯正鍛煉效果定點(diǎn)限制體重反彈個(gè)人化節(jié)食計(jì)劃適當(dāng)?shù)哪繕?biāo)節(jié)食并鍛煉EatingDisordersAnorexianervosabrighttalentedperfectionistfeelingincontrolBulimia暴飲暴食、抑郁、失控感4SexualMotivationUniversaldrive/VariationinitsexpressionDrivenbyfantasiesaswellasbyhormonesAlfredKinseyetal(1948,1953)4.1ThesexualresponsecycleSexualresponsecycleExcitementPlateauOrgasmResolutionSubjectiveexperienceoforgasmVance&Wagner(1976):nogenderdiff.4.2NatureandNurtureinSexualMotivationGeneticallyprogrammed/stereotypedmatingritualsBiologyandSexualMotivationOrganizationaleffectsAdrenogenitalsyndromeAndrogeninsensitivitysyndromeActivationaleffectsBancroft(1984):acastratedmanCultureandSexualBehavior4.3SexualOrientationSexualOrientationDirectionofaperson’senduringsexualattractionHomosexuality=sinfulCommonamongeducatedmeninancientGreece.Westernsociety:2-7%men/1%womenAPAclassifieditasadisorderuntil1973Homosexualityisasexualpreference?Whyhomosexuality?PredictorsMarkedbehavioralcharacteristicsoftheoppositesexinchildhood(Green,1987)Samefindinginfemales(Whitam&Mathy,1991)EnvironmentalfactorBiologicalfactor注射一種物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致黃體酮分泌(Gladueetal1984)同性戀男人下丘腦前部某神經(jīng)核團(tuán)和女人的一樣小(LeVay,1991)孕期應(yīng)激；基因差別。4.4SexualDysfunctionsQuitecommonInhibitedorgasminwomenPrematureejaculationinmenCausesPhysiologicalfactorsalcoholuse,fatigue,hypertension,kidneydiseasePsychologicalfactorsanxiety,difficultyinarelationship5PsychosocialMotivesPsychosocialmotivesRelatednessAttachmentmotivationaffiliationAgencyachievementpowerself-esteemautonomymastery5.1NeedsforRelatednessAttachmentmotivationIntimacyself-disclosure,warmth,andmutualcaringAffiliationinteractionwithfriendsoracquaintancesSocialrelationshipsandhealthBrownetal(1975):lowdepressionHouseetal(1988):beingillanddieearlier5.2AchievementandotheragencymotivesDesiringtobecompetentandeffectiveKaganetal(1978):withoutparent’srewardingin2yr.AchievementTodowell,tosucceed,andtoavoidfailureTochoosemoderatelydifficulttasks(Atkinson,1977)Tendtoworkmorepersistently(Atkinson,1977)Parenting,Culture,andAchi