SomeRamanAdvantagesHerearesomereasonswhysomeonewouldprefertouseRamanSpectroscopy.?Non-destructivetosamples(minimalsampleprep)?Highertemperaturestudiespossible(don’tcareaboutIRradiation)?Easilyexaminelowwavenumberregion:100cm-1readilyachieved.?Bettermicroscopy;usingvisiblelightsocanfocusmoretightly.?Easysampleprep:waterisanexcellentsolventforRaman.Canprobesamplethroughtransparentcontainers(glassorplasticbag).WatchforFluorescenceSpectrumofanthracene.A:usingAr+laserat514.5nm.B:usingNd:YAGlaserat1064nm.Wanttouseshortwavelengthbecausescatteringdependson4thpoweroffrequency.…BUT…Wanttouselongwavelengthtominimizechanceofinducingfluorescence.SelectionRuleforRamanScatteringMustbechangeinpolarizabilityNon-PolargroupssuchasC-S,S-S,C=C,CC(triplebond),N=Nandheavyatoms(I,Br,Hg)strongscatterersSymmetricstretchingvibrationsaremuchstrongerscatterersthanasymmetricstretchingvibrations對稱中心分子CO2，CS2等，選律不相容。無對稱中心分子（例如SO2等），三種振動既是紅外活性振動，又是拉曼活性振動。選律1234拉曼活性紅外活性紅外活性振動自由度：3N-4=4拉曼光譜—源于極化率變化紅外光譜—源于偶極矩變化PolarizationEffectsPolarizationofCCl4

PolarizationofCHCl3

Raman位移

對不同物質(zhì)：不同；

對同一物質(zhì)：與入射光頻率無關(guān)；表征分子振-轉(zhuǎn)能級的特征物理量；定性與結(jié)構(gòu)分析的依據(jù)；

Raman散射的產(chǎn)生：光電場E中，分子產(chǎn)生誘導(dǎo)偶極距=E

分子極化率；由拉曼光譜可以獲得有機(jī)化合物的各種結(jié)構(gòu)信息：2）紅外光譜中，由CN，C=S，S-H伸縮振動產(chǎn)生的譜帶一般較弱或強(qiáng)度可變，而在拉曼光譜中則是強(qiáng)譜帶。3）環(huán)狀化合物的對稱呼吸振動常常是最強(qiáng)的拉曼譜帶。1）同種分子的非極性鍵S-S，C=C，N=N，CC產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)拉曼譜帶，隨單鍵雙鍵三鍵譜帶強(qiáng)度增加。拉曼光譜與有機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)4）在拉曼光譜中，X=Y=Z，C=N=C，O=C=O-這類鍵的對稱伸縮振動是強(qiáng)譜帶，反這類鍵的對稱伸縮振動是弱譜帶。紅外光譜與此相反。5）C-C伸縮振動在拉曼光譜中是強(qiáng)譜帶。6）醇和烷烴的拉曼光譜是相似的：I.C-O鍵與C-C鍵的力常數(shù)或鍵的強(qiáng)度沒有很大差別。II.羥基和甲基的質(zhì)量僅相差2單位。III.與C-H和N-H譜帶比較，O-H拉曼譜帶較弱。Vibrationalmodesofmethane(CCl4)Infraredinactive,RamanactivevibrationsInfraredactive,Ramaninactivevibrations314cm-1776cm-1463cm-1219cm-1InfraredandRamanSpectrumofCCl4776cm-1314cm-1463cm-1219cm-1InfraredspectrumRamanspectrum2941，2927cm-1

ASCH22854cm-1

SCH21029cm-1

（C-C）803cm-1環(huán)呼吸

1444，1267cm-1

CH23060cm-1r-H)1600,1587cm-1c=c)苯環(huán)1000cm-1環(huán)呼吸787cm-1環(huán)變形1039,1022cm-1單取代RamanSpectroscopyRelativelysimpleandnon-destructivestructureanalysistechniqueofcarbonmaterialsPowerfultoolforthestructuralcharacterizationofdiamondoramorphouscarbonmaterials.DLCDiamondNSOMRamanImagingSpectrumofpotassiumtitanylphosphate.FromHansHallenatNCSU.Squaresare5x5μmsquareofthismaterialdopedwithRb.Anear-fieldscanningmicroscopewasusedandtheRamansignalwasusedtokeythesubstrateresponse.ChemicalMappingFocuslasertosmallspot.TunespectrometertoparticularRamantransitionpeak.Rasterscanthesampleunderthelaserbeam,recordintensitychanges.Resultantmapcorrelateswithsubstance.Acquireanentirespectrumateverypoint,thenchoosethefeaturewithwhichtokeytheimage.MotorizedstagefromRenishawforchemicalmapping.Thisisadrugtablet.Theyellowcorrespondstotheactiveingredient.Particlesareinthe10’sofμmrange.ChemicalImagingNowdefocusthelaser(notasmallspotbutrather“baths”thesampleinlaserradiation).Passtheemittedradiationthroughanarrowbandpassfilter,adjustedtoaparticularwavelength,chosentobeacertainRam