Lecture9TimeandSpace第1頁(yè)Cross-culturalquestions:Answerthefollowingquestionsaboutyourowncultureandthendiscussinterculturalsimilaritiesanddifferences.1.

Isthewesternconceptoftimedifferentfromthatinourcountry?MightabusinesspersonfromtheUSencounteranydifferences?(considerpromptness,schedules,signingofcontracts,etc.)2.

Arethereobjects,procedures,orcustomswhicharesymbolicofourculture’suseoftime?Explain

第2頁(yè)Cross-culturalquestions

3.

Howdoestechnologyinfluencetheuseoftime?Howdoesitaffectpersonal,social,andprofessionallives?4.

Howissenseofprivacyobtainedinourculture?Whatdoyoudowhenyouwanttobealone(athome,atwork,orelsewhere)?5.Hasthedesignofyourcitybeeninfluencedbynon-nativestylesofarchitecture?Ifso,how?6.

Whattypesofarchitecturearebestsuitedtotheenvironmentandgeographyofourcountry?

第3頁(yè)TimeWhentravelerslackanawarenessofhowtimeisregulatedinaforeigncountry,theycanexpecttofeelsomewhatdisoriented.Sincemostpeopletaketimeforgranted,theeffectsofvalues,customs,andsocialetiquetteontheuseoftimeareseldomexamined.第4頁(yè)TimeAculturethatvaluesachievementandprogresswilldiscouragepeoplefrom“wasting”time.Highlyefficientbusinesspeoplefromtheseculturesmayfeelfrustratedinacountrywhereworkproceedsataslowpace.Inreligioussocieties,customsspecifytimesoftheday,week,oryearforprayerandreligiouscelebrations.第5頁(yè)TimeIfanindividualtriestomakeanappointmentduringasacredholiday,heorshecouldunknowinglyoffendareligiousperson.Socialetiquettedeterminesappropriatetimesforvisits,meetings,andevenphonecalls.Arrivingtwohourslateforanappointmentmaybeacceptableinoneculture,whereasinanother,keepingsomeonewaitingfifteenminutesmaybeconsideredrude.

第6頁(yè)P(yáng)romptnessPromptnessisimportantinwesternbusiness,academic,andsocialsettings.Theimportanceofpunctualityistaughttoyoungchildreninschool.Tardyslipsandtheuseofbellssignaltothechildthatpunctualityandtimeitselfaretoberespected.

第7頁(yè)P(yáng)romptness

Peoplewhokeepappointmentsareconsidereddependable.Ifpeoplearelatetojobinterviews,appointments,orclasses,theyareoftenviewedasunreliableandirresponsible.Inthebusinessworld,“timeismoney”andcompaniesmayfinetheirexecutivesfortardinesstobusinessmeetings.第8頁(yè)P(yáng)romptness

Ofcourse,itisnotalwayspossibletobepunctual.Socialandbusinessetiquettealsoprovidesrulesforlatearrivals.Callingonthetelephoneifoneisgoingtobemorethanafewminuteslateforscheduledappointmentisconsideredpoliteandisoftenexpected.Keepingadateorafriendwaitingbeyondtentotwentyminutesisconsideredrude.Ontheotherhand,arrivingthirtyminuteslatetosomepartiesisacceptable.第9頁(yè)P(yáng)romptness

Respectingdeadlinesisalsoimportantinacademicandprofessionalcircles.Itisexpectedthatdeadlinesforclassassignmentsorbusinessreportswillbemet.Studentswhohandinassignmentslatemaybesurprisedtofindthattheprofessorwilllowertheirgradesorevenrefusetogradetheirwork.Whetheritisaquestionofarrivingontimeorofmeetingadeadline,peopleareculturallyconditionedtoregulatetime.

第10頁(yè)DivisionofTimeTimeistangible(real,concrete).Onecan“gaintime,”“spendtime,”“wastetime,”‘savetime,”oreven“killtime”.CommonquestionsinAmericanEnglishrevealthisconcretequalityasthoughtimewereapossession.“Doyouhaveanytime?”Thetreatmentoftimeasapossessioninfluencesthewaytimeiscarefullydivided.

第11頁(yè)DivisionofTimeGenerally,Americansaretaughttodoonethingatatimeandmaybeuncomfortablewhenanactivityisinterrupted.Inbusinessesthecarefulschedulingoftimeandtheseparationofactivitiesarecommonpractices.Appointmentcalendarsareprintedwith15-,30-,and60-minutetimeslots.A2:30-3:00interviewmayendintimeforabriefbreakbeforea3:15-4:00meeting.第12頁(yè)DivisionofTimeTheideathat“thereisatimeandplaceforeverything”extendstowesternsociallife.Visitorswho“dropby”withoutpriornoticemayinterrupttheirhost’spersonaltime.Thus,callingfriendsonthetelephonebeforevisitingthemisgenerallypreferredtovisitors’“droppingby”.Toaccommodateotherpeople’sschedules,Americansmakebusinessplansandsocialengagementsseveraldaysorweeksinadvance.

第13頁(yè)DivisionofTimeAsindividualsinaculture,weallhaveanintuitiveunderstandingabouthowtimeisregulated.Usuallywedonotthinkabouttheconceptoftimeuntilweinteractwithotherswhohaveadifferenttimeorientation.第14頁(yè)DivisionofTimeAlthoughindividualsfromanytwoculturesmayviewtimesimilarly,weoftensensethatinanotherculture,lifeseemstoproceedateitheraslowerorfasterpace.Knowinghowtimeisregulated,divided,andperceivedcanprovedvaluableinsightsintoindividualsandtheircultures.

第15頁(yè)LinesandcirclesWesternculture–timeaslines,whichgoesawayandneverreturnsChineseculture---timeascircles,whichgoesaroundandneverends第16頁(yè)西方文化旳線式時(shí)間觀Weburndaylight.-Shakespeare

Nohandcanmaketheclockstrikeformethehoursthatarepassed.-Byron

Allthetreasuresofearthcannotbringbackonelastmoment.-French第17頁(yè)線式時(shí)間觀DavidNorris

Howyouspendyourtimeismoreimportantthanhowyouspendyourmoney.Moneymistakescanbecorrected,buttimeisgoneforever..

HoraceMann

Lost,yesterday,somewherebetweensunriseandsunset,twogoldenhours,eachsetwithsixtydiamondminutes.Norewardisoffered,fortheyaregoneforever.

JimBishop

Itisdifficulttoliveinthepresent,ridiculoustoliveinthefuture,andimpossibletoliveinthepast.Nothingisasfarawayasoneminuteago.第18頁(yè)線式時(shí)間觀時(shí)間好比一條直線，使一種線形旳單向持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。線式旳時(shí)間觀是西方人總覺得時(shí)間一去不復(fù)返，因而有著強(qiáng)烈旳緊缺意識(shí)。這種意識(shí)使西方人但凡向前看，一切著眼于將來(lái)，他們旳注意力也重要用于將來(lái)事情旳規(guī)劃與實(shí)現(xiàn)。第19頁(yè)中國(guó)文化旳環(huán)式時(shí)間觀“日月光華，旦復(fù)旦兮，春與秋其代序”（屈原《離騷》），代序即時(shí)序環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)替代。中國(guó)人雖然也嘆息“歲月不待人”，但晝夜更迭，季節(jié)交替旳環(huán)式時(shí)間觀是中國(guó)人總體上有時(shí)間富余感，做事慢慢來(lái)是一種重要傾向。人們相信是失去旳東西尚有時(shí)間補(bǔ)救。第20頁(yè)中國(guó)文化旳環(huán)式時(shí)間觀人們對(duì)“時(shí)過(guò)境遷”有所心理準(zhǔn)備，并慢慢等待“時(shí)來(lái)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)”。辭別語(yǔ)和勸慰語(yǔ)種幾乎都是“慢”字當(dāng)頭?！奥撸?，慢慢商量，慢慢看，慢慢欣賞”等。沉著悠閑構(gòu)成了中國(guó)農(nóng)耕文化旳一大特點(diǎn)。人們修身養(yǎng)性，重在回往日旳言行。“吾日三省五身”（《論語(yǔ)˙學(xué)而》），旨在反省自己過(guò)去與否有“不忠、不信、不習(xí)”旳過(guò)錯(cuò)。第21頁(yè)中西文化時(shí)間觀如果說(shuō)線式時(shí)間觀向前看，重求知，有助于鼓勵(lì)開拓創(chuàng)新，環(huán)式時(shí)間觀則向后看，重修身，有助于增進(jìn)穩(wěn)定守序。第22頁(yè)SpaceArchitecturalDifference

Whenwetravelabroadweareimmediatelyimpressedbythemanywaysbuildings,homes,andcitiesaredesigned.Thedivisionandorganizationofspacelendcharacteranduniquenesstovillages,townsandcities.Yet,architecturaldifferencesmayalsocauseconfusionordiscomfortforthetraveler.

第23頁(yè)ArchitecturalDifferenceTheseparationofspaceinsidehomesmayalsovaryfromculturetoculture.Inmostwesternhomesthelayoutofroomsrevealstheseparatenessandlabelingaspaceaccordingtofunction–bedroom,livingroom,diningroom,playroom,andsoon.Thissystemisinsharpcontrasttoothercultureswhereoneroominahousemayserveseveralfunctions.InJapan,homeswithslidingwallscanchangealargeroomintotwosmallroomssothatalivingroomcanalsoserveasabedroom

第24頁(yè)P(yáng)rivacyandtheUseofSpaceArchitecturaldesigninfluenceshowprivacyisachievedaswellashowsocialcontactismadeinpublicplaces.Theconceptofprivacyisnotuniquetoaparticularculturebutwhatitmeansisculturallydetermined.

PeopleintheEnglish-speakingcountriestendtoachieveprivacybyphysicallyseparatingthemselvesfromothers.第25頁(yè)P(yáng)rivacyandtheUseofSpace

Theexpression“goodfencesmakegoodneighbors”indicatesapreferenceforprivacyfromneighbors’homes.Ifafamilycanaffordit,eachchildhashisorherownbedroom.

Insomecultureswhenindividualsdesireprivacy,itisacceptableforthemsimplytowithdrawintothemselves.Thatis,theydonotneedtoremovethemselvesphysicallyfromagroupinordertoachieveprivacy.

第26頁(yè)P(yáng)rivacyandtheUseofSpace

Youngchildrenlearntherule“knockbeforeyouenter”whichteachesthentorespectothers’privacy.Parents,too,oftenfollowthisrulepriortoenteringtheirchildren’srooms.Whenabedroomdooriscloseditmaybeasigntootherssaying,“Ineedprivacy,””I’mangry,”or“Donotdisturb…I’mbusy.”ForAmericans,thephysicaldivisionofspaceandtheuseofarchitecturalfeaturespermitasenseofprivacy.

第27頁(yè)CulturalNotesTime

1.

Fordoctors’anddentists’appointmentsitisimportanttocall24to48hoursbeforeascheduledappointmentifyouhavetocancel.Insomecases,youwillbechargedifyoudonotappearforanappointment.

第28頁(yè)Time2.

Whenyouhaveahotelreservation,itisagoodideatoask,“BywhattimedoIhavetoarrive?”Ifyouarrivelaterthanthespecifiedtime,thehotelpersonnelmaycancelyourreservationunlessyoucallaheadoftimetotellthemthatyou’llbelate.Ifyouhavetocancelyourreservation,callinadvancetonotifythehotel.

第29頁(yè)Time3.

“Time-saving”devicesandmethodsareverypopularintheEnglish-speakingcountries.Theyincludepush-buttonTVs,instantcoffee,TVdinners,microwaveovens,drive-inbanking,andfast-foodrestaurants.第30頁(yè)Space1.

Atveryformaldinnerpartiesyoumayfindaplacecardwithyournameonitnexttotheplatewhereyouaresupposedtosit.Otherwisethehost/hostessmaytellyouwheretosit.Theremaybenofixedplacesatadinnertable.Inthiscase,eachpersonsitswhereverheorshewouldlike.Oftenthemotherorthefathersitsattheheadofthetable.

第31頁(yè)Space2.

Oftenwhenyouareinvitedintoawesterner'shomethehostorhostesswillgiveyoua“tour”ofthehouse.Onereasonforthisistomakeyoufeelmorecomfortablesothatyouwillfell“athome”.Also,Americansenjoyshowingofftheimprovementsthey’vemadeintheirhomes.

第32頁(yè)Space3.

Thewayspaceisusedinfluencespeople’sattitudesandrelationships.Forexample,howpeopleareseatedaroundatableaffectsconversation.Whositsnexttowhomandwholooksatwhominfluencethesocialinteraction.Evenhistoricalandpoliticaleventsmaybeaffectedbytheuseofspace.第33頁(yè)SpaceIn1968,duringtheVietnamWar,internationalpeacetalkswereheldinParis,France.Aseriousproblemfacingtheplannersofthesemeetingswastheseatingarrangementoftherepresentatives.Eachgovernment’sstatusandneedshadtobeconsidered.Ittookeightmonthstoreachanagreementontheshapeofthetable.Inthemeantime,thewarcontinued.

第34頁(yè)MultipleChoiceQuestionnaireThefollowingquestionsareintendedtostimulatecross-culturaldiscussionandtohelpyoubecomefamiliarwithwesterncustomsandresponses.Onthemultiplechoicequestionstrytoguesswhatawesternerwoulddo.Morethanoneanswermaybecorrect.第35頁(yè)MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire1.

Ifyouwereinvitedtoanotherfamily’shousefordinnerhowmuchlaterafterthescheduledtimewouldyouarrive?

Inourcountry_______________.

intheEnglish-speakingcountries:

A.

15minuteslater.

B.

30minuteslater.

C.

1hourlater.

D.

2hourslaterormore.

第36頁(yè)MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire

2.

Howlongdoesapartyatwhichdinnerisservedusuallylast?

Inourcountry__________________.

intheEnglish-speakingcountries:

A.

1to2hours

B.

3to4hours

C.

5to6hours

D.

7to8hours

第37頁(yè)MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire

3.

Ifyouwerehavingapartyforthestudentsinyourclass,howmanydaysinadvancewouldyouinvitethem?

Inourcountry___________________.

intheEnglish-speakingcountries:

A.

Thedayoftheparty.

B.

Onedayinadvance.

C.

Severaldaysinadvance.

D.

Threeorfourweeksinadvance.

第38頁(yè)MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire

4.

Howwouldahostindicatetoguestthatitwastimetoleave?

Inourcountry___________________.

intheEnglish-speakingcountries:

A.

Thehostwouldstartyawning.

B.

Thehostworldann