書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-九江職業(yè)技術學院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓練(共50題)1.單選題

Britain’shopeofagoldmedalintheOlympicGamessuffered（）yesterday,whenHunterfailedtoqualifyduringpreliminarysession.

問題1選項

A.asevereset-back

B.sharpset-back

C.asevereblown-up

D.sharpblown-up

【答案】A

【解析】set-back阻礙，停止，為名詞，前面需加冠詞a，排除選項B；blown-up放大的，膨脹的，為形容詞，不用冠詞a修飾，排除選項C。句意：當Hunter在預賽中未能晉級，英國在奧運會上奪冠的希望昨日遭遇嚴重挫折。選項A更符合語境。

2.單選題

Noonecanbeagreatthinkerwhodoesnotrealizethatasathinkeritisherfirstdutytofollowherintellecttowhateverconclusionsitmaylead.

Therehavebeenandmayagainbegreatindividualthinkersinageneralatmosphereofmentalslavery.Butthereneverhasbeen,noreverwillbe,inthatatmosphereanintellectuallyactivepeople.Wherethereisatacitconventionthatprinciplesarenottobedisputed,wherethediscussionofthegreatestquestionswhichcanoccupyhumanityisconsideredtobeclosed,wecannothopetofindthatgenerallyhighscaleofmentalactivitywhichhasmadesomeperiodsofhistorysoremarkable.Neverwhencontroversyavoidedthesubjectswhicharelargeandimportantenoughtokindleenthusiasmwasthemindofapeoplestirredupfromitsfoundationsandtheimpulsegivenwhichraisedevenpersonsofthemostordinaryintellecttosomethingofthedignityofthinkingbeings.

Shewhoknowsonlyherownsideofthecaseknowslittleofthat.Herreasonsmaybegood,andnoonemayhavebeenabletorefutethem.Butifsheisequallyunabletorefutethereasonsoftheoppositeside,ifshedoesnotsomuchasknowwhattheyare,shehasnogroundforpreferringeitheropinion.Therationalpositionforherwouldbesuspensionofjudgment,andunlessshecontentsherselfwiththat,sheiseitherledbyauthority,oradopts,likethegeneralityoftheworld,thesidetowhichshefeelsthemostinclination.Norisitenoughthatsheshouldheartheargumentsofadversariesfromherownteachers,presentedastheystatethem,andaccompaniedbywhattheyofferasrefutations.Thatisnotthewaytodojusticetothearguments,orbringthemintorealcontactwithherownmind.Shemustbeabletohearthemfrompersonswhoactuallybelievethem,whodefendtheminearnest,anddotheirveryutmostforthem.Shemustknowthemintheirmostplausibleandpersuasiveform:shemustfeelthewholeforceofthedifficultywhichthetrueviewofthesubjecthastoencounteranddisposeof;elseshewillneverreallypossessherselfoftheportionoftruthwhichmeetsandremovesthatdifficulty.Ninety-nineinahundredofwhatarecallededucatedpersonsareinthiscondition;evenofthosewhocanarguefluentlyfortheiropinions.Theirconclusionmaybetrue,butitmightbefalseforanythingtheyknow:theyhaveneverthrownthemselvesintothementalpositionofthosewhothinkdifferentlyfromthemandconsideredwhatsuchpersonsmayhavetosay;andconsequentlytheydonot,inanypropersenseoftheword,knowthedoctrineswhichtheythemselvesprofess.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,itisalwaysadvisableto（）.

32.Accordingtotheauthor,inagreatperiodsuchastheRenaissancewemayexpecttofind（）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

4.Accordingtotheauthor,thepersonwho-holdsorthodoxbeliefswithoutexaminationmaybedescribedinallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPTas（）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?

問題1選項

A.beacquaintedwiththeargumentsfavoringthepointofviewwithwhichonedisagrees

B.adoptthepointofviewtowhichonefeelsthemostinclination

C.haveopinionswhichcannotberefuted

D.suspendheterodoxspeculationinfavorofdoctrinaireapproaches

問題2選項

A.acceptanceoftruth

B.controversyoverprinciples

C.inordinateenthusiasm

D.adreadofheterodoxspeculation

問題3選項

A.Mosteducatedpeoplestudybothsidesofaquestion.

B.Themajorityofthosewhoargueeloquentlytrulyknowonlyonesideofanissue.

C.Indebatableissues,weshouldrelyontheopinionsoftheexpertsforguidance.

D.Heterodoxspeculationwillleadtomanyunnecessaryerrorsofthinking.

問題4選項

A.enslavedbytradition

B.lessthanfollyrational

C.havingaclosedmind

D.determinedoncontroversy

問題5選項

A.Atrulygreatthinkermakesnomistakes.

B.Therefutationofacceptedideascanbestbeprovidedbyone’sownteachers.

C.Periodsofintellectualachievementareperiodsofunorthodoxreflection

D.excessivecontroversypreventsclearthinking.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.判斷推理題。由第三段“Thatisnotthewaytodojusticetothearguments,orbringthemintorealcontactwithherownmind.Shemustbeabletohearthemfrompersonswhoactuallybelievethem,whodefendtheminearnest,anddotheirveryutmostforthem.Shemustknowthemintheirmostplausibleandpersuasiveform:shemustfeelthewholeforceofthedifficultywhichthetrueviewofthesubjecthastoencounteranddisposeof;elseshewillneverreallypossessherselfoftheportionoftruthwhichmeetsandremovesthatdifficulty.這不是公正對待這些論點的方法，也不是讓它們與她自己的思想真正接觸的方法。她必須能夠聽到那些真正相信這些論點的人的聲音，那些真誠地為這些論點辯護的人的聲音，那些竭盡全力為這些論點辯護的人的聲音。她必須以最似是而非、最具說服力的形式來認識這些問題:她必須感受到對問題的真實看法所必須面對和處理的困難的全部力量;否則，她將永遠無法真正掌握真理的那一部分，從而克服并消除那個困難。據(jù)此可知作者認為如果一個人只知道自己的觀點而不關心對立觀點，不傾聽對立觀點的聲音，那么就很難獲得真理?！弊髡哂昧巳齻€must表明正確的做法是什么，從中我們了解到正確做法就是要熟悉那些你不贊成的觀點。故A項正確。

2.判斷推理題。由第二段“Therehavebeenandmayagainbegreatindividualthinkersinageneralatmosphereofmentalslavery…Wherethereisatacitconventionthatprinciplesarenottobedisputed,wherethediscussionofthegreatestquestionswhichcanoccupyhumanityisconsideredtobeclosed,wecannothopetofindthatgenerallyhighscaleofmentalactivitywhichhasmadesomeperiodsofhistorysoremarkable.在精神奴役的普遍氛圍中，曾經(jīng)有，而且可能會再次出現(xiàn)偉大的個人思想家。但是，在那種氣氛中，從來沒有，也永遠不會有一個思想活躍的民族。在那里有一種不成文的慣例，即原則是不容置疑的，對那些可以占據(jù)人類的最偉大的問題的討論被認為是封閉的，我們就不能指望發(fā)現(xiàn)使某些歷史時期如此非凡的普遍的大規(guī)模精神活動?！蔽乃噺团d是屬于思想活動的頂峰，必然會討論原則問題。所以B項正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。由第三段最后部分“Ninety-nineinahundredofwhatarecallededucatedpersonsareinthiscondition;evenofthosewhocanarguefluentlyfortheiropinions.Theirconclusionmaybetrue,butitmightbefalseforanythingtheyknow:theyhaveneverthrownthemselvesintothementalpositionofthosewhothinkdifferentlyfromthemandconsideredwhatsuchpersonsmayhavetosay;andconsequentlytheydonot,inanypropersenseoftheword,knowthedoctrineswhichtheythemselvesprofess.百分之九十九的所謂受過教育的人處于這種狀態(tài);甚至那些能夠流利地為自己的觀點辯護的人。他們的結論可能是正確的，但也可能他們所知道的一切都是錯誤的。他們從未把自己置于與他們想法不同的人的心理位置上，也從未考慮過這些人可能會說些什么;所以結果是他們不知道他們自己所信奉的教條的真正的意義。”由此可知A項與之相反，B項與之相符，故B項正確。CD兩項文中沒有提及。

4.判斷推理題。題干問那些持有未經(jīng)檢驗的正統(tǒng)信仰的人沒有以下哪項特征。A項：為傳統(tǒng)所奴役；B項：不怎么理智；C項：頭腦閉塞；D項：對辯論是堅決的。一般來說，持有未經(jīng)檢驗的正統(tǒng)信仰的人不會獨立思考，更不會懷疑他所信仰的東西。故ABC三項都是這種人的特點。

5.判斷推理題。A項“一個真正的思想家不犯錯誤”；B項“對公認觀點的駁斥最好由自己的老師來提供?！盋項“智力成就的時期是非正統(tǒng)思考的時期”；D項“過度的辯論會制止清晰的思考?！庇傻诙慰芍獨v史上思想活動的頂峰時期如文藝復興時期，各大學派互相辯論，使思想摩擦出火花，使文藝復興成為文化運動的頂峰。故C項“智力成就的時期是非正統(tǒng)思考的時期”正確。

3.單選題

Thefinancialproblemofthiscompanyisfurther（）bytheriseininterestrates.

問題1選項

A.increased

B.strengthened

C.reinforced

D.aggravated

【答案】D

【解析】increase增加；strengthen加強；reinforce増強，加固；aggravate惡化，加劇。句意：利率的上升使這家公司的財務問題進一步惡化。選項D符合句意。

4.單選題

Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,linkingbosses’paytovariousperformancemeasures,andgivingbossesshareoptionssothattheyhavethesamelong-terminterestsastheirshareholders.

ThesereformshavebeenwidelyadoptedbyAmerica’slargercompanies,andsurveyssuggestthatmanymorecompaniesarethinkingoffollowingtheir,lead.Buthavetheydoneanygood?ThreepaperspresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAcademyofManagementinBostonthisweeksuggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.

Startwiththoseindependentboards.Onthefaceofit,dismissingtheboss’sfriendsfromtheboardandreplacingthemwithoutsiderslooksaperfectwaytomakeseniormanagersmoreaccountable.ButthatisnottheconclusionofastudybyProfessorJamesWestphal.Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.

Alltoooften,theseseductionssucceed.Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.Suchcompaniesdiversifytheirbusiness,increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformances.

Toassesstheimpactofperformance-relatedpay,Mr.Westphalaskedthebossesof103companieswithsalesofover1billiondollarswhatmeasurementswereusedtodeterminetheirpay.Themeasurementsvariedwidely,rangingfromsalestoearningspershare.Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverallsuccess.

InShort,bossesarequicktoturneveryimaginablesystemofcorporategovernmenttotheiradvantage—whichisprobablywhytheyarethepeoplewhoareputinchargeofthings.Hereisaparadoxforthemanagementtheorists:anybosswhocannotbeatasystemdesignedtokeephimundercontrolisprobablynotworthhaving.

25.Thephrase“featheringtheirownnests”inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto____.

26.Whatisthepurposeofthelargecompaniesinrecruitingoutsidersandputtingthemontheboardofdirectors?

27.WhatdoesProfessorJamesWestphal’sstudysuggests?

28.Theword“seduction”(Para.4)probablymeans____.

29.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

30.Howdoestheauthorfeelabouttheeffortstocontrolseniorexecutives?

問題1選項

A.sacrificethemselves

B.decoratetheirhomes

C.usetheirpositionforpersonalgains

D.investalotofmoney

問題2選項

A.Todiversifythebusinessofthecorporation.

B.Toenhancethecooperationbetweentheseniormanagersandtheboarddirectors.

C.Tointroduceeffectivereformsinbusinessmanagement.

D.Toprotecttheinterestsoftheshareholders.

問題3選項

A.boardroomreformshavefailedtoachievethedesiredresult

B.outsideboarddirectorstendtobemoreindependent

C.withaboardroomfullofoutsiders,seniormanagersworkmoreconscientiously

D.cooperationbetweenseniormanagersandboarddirectorssufferedfromthereforms

問題4選項

A.effortstoconquer

B.attemptstowinover

C.endeavorstoincreaseprofits

D.exertionstounderstand

問題5選項

A.Corporateexecutivesingeneralareworththehighpaytheyreceive.

B.Theincomeofcorporateexecutivesisproportionaltothegrowthofcorporateprofits.

C.Corporateexecutivestendtotakeadvantageoftheirpositiontoenrichthemselves.

D.Theperformanceofcorporateexecutivesaffectstheirowninterestsmorethanthoseoftheshareholders.

問題6選項

A.doubtful

B.optimistic

C.positive

D.approving

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:C

第6題:A

【解析】25.詞匯推測題。

1）句中前后信息銜接：根據(jù)題干“第1段中的詞組‘feathertheirownnest’的意思最接近于”，可定位到第1段第1句Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.（在過去的十年里，美國公司一直在努力尋找方法，以阻止高級管理人員以犧牲股東利益為代價____。）由此可知，feathertheirownnest是企業(yè)高級經(jīng)理人的行為，并且這種行為是以犧牲股東利益為代價的。另外，該詞組字面的意思是“用羽毛裝飾他們的巢”。

2）上下文語義銜接：后文Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,linkingbosses’paytovariousperformancemeasures,andgivingbossesshareoptionssothattheyhavethesamelong-terminterestsastheirshareholders.（最受歡迎的三項改革是招募更多外部董事，使董事會更加獨立、將老板們的薪酬與各種績效指標掛鉤和給老板們股票期權，這樣他們就和股東們有同樣的長期利益。）由此可知，后文講的是針對1）中的問題，采取的應對措施，這些應對措施都是限制或規(guī)范企業(yè)高級管理者行為的。

3）篇章主旨：本文的主題是企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理的改革，B選項“裝飾他們家”與主題無關，排除。

4）搭配用法：本題無需參考

綜上所訴，企業(yè)高級管理者的行為：feathertheirownnest“用羽毛裝飾他們的巢”，犧牲了企業(yè)股東的利益，并且給自己帶來了好處，C選項“利用職位謀取私利”最符合語境。A選項“犧牲自己”，表述錯誤，他們犧牲的是股東的利益，而不是他們自己的利益；D選項“投資很多錢”，沒有依據(jù)，屬于無中生有。因此，本題最佳選項為C。

26.推理判斷題。

1）句中線索：根據(jù)題干“大企業(yè)把外來者招進董事會的目的是什么”，可定位到第1段第2句Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,…（最受歡迎的三項改革是招募更多外部董事，使董事會更加獨立……）由此可知，企業(yè)這么做是企業(yè)改革的措施之一，并且這項措施是為了“使董事會更加獨立”，因此B選項“加強高級管理人員與董事會之間的合作”表述錯誤，該選項的“合作”與原文的“獨立”相矛盾，屬于反向干擾，排除。

2）上下文線索：本文第1段第1句Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.（在過去的十年里，美國公司一直在努力尋找方法，阻止高級管理人員以犧牲股東利益為代價謀取私利。）由此可知，為了“阻止高級管理人員以犧牲股東利益為代價謀取私利”，美國的企業(yè)采取了改革措施，那么改革的目的應該是為了限制高級管理人員的權力，以保護股東的利益，D選項“保護股東利益”，表述符合原文；C選項“對企業(yè)管理進行有效改革”，表述也正確，但是，對企業(yè)管理進行改革的目的也是為了保護股東的利益，D選項表述更好。A選項“使公司業(yè)務多樣化”，沒有依據(jù)，屬于無中生有，排除。因此，本題最佳選項為D。

27.事實細節(jié)題。

1）精準定位：根據(jù)題干“JamesWestphal教授的研究表明”，可定位到文章第3-5段，這3段詳細介紹了JamesWestphal教授的研究結果。

第3段最后一句Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.（相反，他發(fā)現(xiàn)，董事會里滿是外部人士的老板們會花很多時間與外部人士建立聯(lián)盟，做個人恩情，并且通常會取悅外部人士。）由此可知，董事會里的外部董事與老板們建立了同盟，B選項“外部董事往往更獨立”表述錯誤，該選項屬于反向干擾，排除；老板們會花大部分的時間精力取悅外部董事，而不是認真工作，C選項“在董事會里擠滿了外部人員的情況下，高級經(jīng)理們工作起來會更加認真”，表述錯誤，該選項屬于反向干擾，排除；改革使高層管理人員與董事會之間建立了同盟，反而加強了兩者之間的合作，D選項“高層管理人員和董事會之間的合作受到了改革的影響”，表述錯誤，該選項屬于反向干擾，排除。

A選項“董事會改革未能達到預期效果”，可定位到原文第2段最后兩句Threepaperspresentedat…thisweeksuggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.（本周在……上發(fā)表的三篇論文給出的答案是否定的。就像通常的董事會修修補補一樣，結果與預期不同。）由此可知，研究表明改革沒有達到預期效果，該選項表述符合原文。

2）綜合理解：本文第2段總述研究表明改革沒有達到預期效果，第3-5段展開詳細介紹研究結論，所以A選項“董事會改革未能達到預期效果”表述正確。因此，本題最佳選項為A。

28.詞匯推測題。

1）句中前后信息銜接：根據(jù)題干“‘seduction’這個詞的意思可能是”可定位到原文第4段第1句Alltoooften,theseseductionssucceed.（這些____往往會成功。）

2）上下文語義銜接：

根據(jù)上文第3段最后一句Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.（相反，他發(fā)現(xiàn)，董事會里滿是外部人士的老板們會花很多時間與外部人士建立聯(lián)盟，做個人恩情，并且通常會取悅外部人士。）可知，theseseductions指的應該是老板們?yōu)榱巳偼獠慷露龅膫€人恩情，為了跟他們建立聯(lián)盟花的很多時間和精力。

根據(jù)后文第4段第2句Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.（Westphal發(fā)現(xiàn)，在很大程度上，“獨立”董事會采取的策略可能更有利于高管而不是股東。）可知，“成功”指的是企業(yè)高管們的行為成功地讓董事會做出有利于高管自己的決策。

3）篇章主旨：本文的主題是企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理的改革，A選項“為了征服的努力”、D選項“為了理解付出的努力”與本文主旨無關，排除。

4）搭配用法：本題無需參考。

綜上所述，B選項“為了贏得支持的嘗試”表述最符合原文；C選項“為了增加利潤的努力”表述錯誤，企業(yè)高管們的目的僅僅是為了自己的利益，而不是增加整個企業(yè)的利潤，該選項屬于偷換概念，排除。因此，本題最佳選項為B。

29.事實細節(jié)題。

1）精準定位：題干“下列表述正確的是？”

A選項“一般來說，公司主管們的高薪是值得的”，可定位到原文第4段最后兩句Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.Suchcompaniesdiversifytheirbusiness,increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformances.（Westphal發(fā)現(xiàn)，在很大程度上，“獨立”董事會采取的策略可能更有利于高管而不是股東。這類公司將業(yè)務多元化，增加高管薪酬，并削弱薪酬與業(yè)績之間的聯(lián)系。）由此可知，董事會被高管們收買，而做出有利于高管們利益的決策，增加高管的薪酬，所以選項表述是錯誤的，該選項屬于反向干擾。

B選項“公司高管的收入與公司利潤的增長成正比”，可定位到第5段最后一句Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverallsuccess.（但研究人員的重大發(fā)現(xiàn)是，老板們關注影響自己收入的指標，忽視或淡化其他影響公司整體成功的因素。）由此可知，高管們更關注自身的利益，而忽視公司整體的利益，那么高管的收入和公司利潤成正比就沒有依據(jù)，該選項表述錯誤，屬于無中生有。

C選項“公司高管們往往利用他們的職位來使自己富有”，可定位到原文第1段第1句Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.（在過去的十年里，美國公司一直在努力尋找方法，阻止高級管理人員以犧牲股東利益為代價謀取私利。）由此可知，選項表述正確。

D選項“公司高管的業(yè)績對其自身利益的影響大于對股東利益的影響”，可定位到第5段最后一句Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverallsuccess.（但研究人員的重大發(fā)現(xiàn)是，老板們關注影響自己收入的指標，忽視或淡化其他影響公司整體成功的因素。）原文是說高管們更關注績效評估體系中影響自己體系的指標，忽視影響公司整體利益的指標，但是選項說的卻是高管們的業(yè)績的不同影響，屬于偷換概念，排除。

2）綜合理解：題干要求選擇表述正確的選項，A、B、D選項均表述錯誤，只有C選項正確，因此，本題最佳選項為C。

30.觀點態(tài)度題。

1）精準定位：根據(jù)題干“作者如何看待限制高級管理人員的努力”，可定位到原文第2段最后3句Buthavetheydoneanygood?Threepapers…suggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.（但是他們產(chǎn)生了好的結果嗎？……三篇論文表明，答案是否定的。就像通常的董事會修修補補一樣，結果與預期不同。）

2）綜合理解：由此可知，對于企業(yè)進行的限制高級管理人員的改革，作者的態(tài)度的否定的，消極的，A選項“懷疑的，靠不住的”符合原文。B選項“樂觀的”、C選項“肯定的”、D選項“滿意的”，三個選項的情感基調(diào)與原文不符，排除。因此，本題最佳選項為A。

5.單選題

Wehaveknownforalongtimethattheorganizationofanyparticularsocietyisinfluencedbythedefinitionofthesexesandthedistinctiondrawnbetweenthem.Butwehaverealizedonlyrecentlythattheidentityofeachsexisnotsoeasytopindown,andthatdefinitionsevolveinaccordancewithdif-ferenttypesofcultureknowntous,thatis,scientificdiscoveriesandideologicalrevolutions.Ourna-tureisnotconsideredasimmutable,eithersociallyorbiologically.Asweapproachthebeginningofthe21stcentury,thesubstantialprogressmadeinbiologyandgeneticsisradicallychallengingtheroles,responsibilitiesandspecificcharacteristicsattributedtoeachsex,andyet,scarcelytwentyyearsago,thesewerethoughttobe“beyonddispute”.

Wecansafelysay，withafewminorexceptions,thatthedefinitionofthesexesandtheirrespec-tivefunctionsremainedunchangedintheWestfromthebeginningofthe19thcenturytothe1960s.Theroledistinction,raisedinsomecasestothestatusofuncompromisingdualismonastronglyhier-archicalmodel,lastedthroughoutthisperiod,appealingforitsjustificationtonature,religionandcustomsallegedtohaveexistedsincethedawnoftime.Thewomanborechildrenandtookcareofthehome.Themansetouttoconquertheworldandwasresponsibleforthesurvivalofhisfamily,bysat-isfyingtheirneedsinpeacetimeandgoingtowarwhennecessary.

Theentireworldorderrestedonthedivergenceofthesexes.Anyoverlappingorconfusionbe-tweentheroleswasseenasathreattothetime-honoredorderofthings.Itwasfelttobeagainstna-ture,adeviationfromthenorm.

Sexrolesweredeterminedaccordingtothe“place”appropriatetoeach.Women’splacewas,firstandforemost,inthehome.Theoutsideworld,i.e.workshops,factoriesandbusinessfirms,be-longedtomen.Thissex-baseddivisionoftheworld(privateandpublic)gaverisetoastrictdichoto-mybetweentheattitudes,whichconferredoneachitsspecialidentity.Thewoman,sequesteredathome,“cared,nurturedandconserved?Todothis,shehadnoneedtobedaring,ambitious,toughorcompetitive.Theman,ontheotherhand,competingwithhisfellowmen,wascaughtupev-erydayinthestruggleforsurvival,andhencedevelopedthosecharacteristicswhichwerethoughtnat-uralinaman.

Today,manywomengoouttowork,andtheirreasonsfordoingsohavechangedconsiderably.Besidesthetraditionalfinancialincentives,wefindambitionandpersonalfulfillmentmotivatingthoseinthemostfavorablecircumstances,andthewishtohaveasociallifeandtogetoutoftheirdomesticisolationinfluencingothers.Aboveall，forallwomen,workisinvariablyconnectedwiththedesireforindependence.

1.Itisonlyinrecentyearsthatwehaverecognizedthat（）

2.Fromparagraph1wecaninferthatitisnowpossibleforwomentoembarkonacareer

because（）

3.TheauthorbelievesthatsexdiscriminationintheWestbeforethe1960swas（）

4.Accordingtothefourthparagraph,theauthorseemstothinkthat（）

5.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisthemostimportantreasonforwomentogotowork?

問題1選項

A.thereisalmostnocluetotheidentityofbothsexes

B.theroledistinctionbetweendifferentsexesisconspicuous

C.thedifferentdefinitionsofsexesbearsonthedevelopmentofculture

D.theprogressofcivilizationgreatlyinfluencestheroledefinitionsofsexes

問題2選項

A.thechangeinsexrolesisoutofthequestion

B.women’slibhasbeengoingonformanyyears

C.ideasabouttherolesofwomenhavebeenchanging

D.theexpansionofsciencesscarcelyremoldsthewomen’sroles

問題3選項

A.preferable

B.prevalent

C.presumable

D.precedent

問題4選項

A.femalepassivityisnatural

B.menandwomenarephysicallyidentical

C.menareborncompetitiveandaggressive

D.somedifferentsexidentityisacquired

問題5選項

A.Wishtoclaimtheirrightsandfreedom.

B.Ambitionandself-fulfillment.

C.Financialincentives.

D.Desireforasociallife.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞“inrecentyearsthatwehaverecognized”定位至第一段：Butwehaverealizedonlyrecentlythattheidentityofeachsexisnotsoeasytopindown,andthatdefinitionsevolveinaccordancewithdifferenttypesofcultureknowntous,thatis,scientificdiscoveriesandideologicalrevolutions（但直到最近，我們才意識到，每一種性別的身份并不容易被確定下來，而且定義是根據(jù)我們所知的不同類型的文化，即科學發(fā)現(xiàn)和意識形態(tài)革命而演變的）。因此，D項正確。

2.細節(jié)題。定位至第一段：Asweapproachthebeginningofthe21stcentury,thesubstantialprogressmadeinbiologyandgeneticsisradicallychallengingtheroles,responsibilitiesandspecificcharacteristicsattributedtoeachsex,andyet,scarcelytwentyyearsago,thesewerethoughttobe“beyonddispute”（在接近21世紀初的時候，生物學和遺傳學取得的實質(zhì)性進展正在從根本上挑戰(zhàn)每一性別所扮演的角色、責任和特定特征，然而，就在20年前，這些被認為是“無可爭議的”）。因此，C項（關于婦女角色的觀念一直在改變）正確。

3.語義題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞“sexdiscriminationintheWestbeforethe1960s”定位至第二段：...lastedthroughoutthisperiod,appealingforitsjustificationtonature,religionandcustomsallegedtohaveexistedsincethedawnoftime.Thewomanborechildrenandtookcareofthehome，因此這種性別差異一直以來都存在。Preferable略勝一籌的；prevalent普遍存在的；presumable可推測的；precedent在先的。因此，B項正確。

4.細節(jié)題。定位至第四段，作者認為性別分工及性格形成并不是自然而然的事情。因此，D項（一些性別身份的不同是后天獲得的）正確。

5.細節(jié)題。定位至最后一段：Aboveall,forallwomen,workisinvariablyconnectedwiththedesireforindependence（對于所有女性來說，工作是想要獨立）。因此，A項（希望獲得權力和自由）概括全面。

6.不定項選擇題

ManypeopleinvestinthestockmarkethopingtofindthenextMicrosoftandDell.However,know（1）personalexperiencehowdifficultthisreallyis.Formorethanayear,Iwas（2）hundredsandsometimesthousandsofdollarsadayinvestingthemarket.Itseemedsoeasy.Idreamedof（3）myjobattheendoftheyear,ofbuyingasmallapartmentinParis,oftravelingaroundtheworld.Butthesedreams（4）toasuddenanddramaticendwhenastockI（5）,Texascellularphonewholesaler,fellbymorethan75percent（6）aoneyearperiod.Onthe（7）day,itplungedbymorethan$15ashare.Therewasrumorthecompanywas（8）salesfigures.ThatwaswhenIlearnedhowquicklyWallStreet（9）companiesthatmisrepresentthe（10）.Ina（11）,Isoldallmystockinthecompany,paving（12）margindebtwithcaseadvancesfrommy（13）card.BecauseIownedsomayshares,I（14）asmallfortune,halfofitfrommoneyIborrowedfromthebrokeragecompany.Onemonth,Iama（15）,thenextaloser.Thisonebiglosswasmyfirstlessoninthemarket.

Myfatherwasstockbroker,aswasmygrandfather（16）him.(Infact,hefoundedoneofChicago’searliestbrokeragefirms.)Butlikesomanythinginlife,wedon’tlearnanythinguntilwe（17）itforourselves.Theonlywaytoreallyunderstandtheinner（18）ofthestockmarketistoinvestyourownhard-earnedmoney.Whenallyourstocksaredoing（19）andyoufeellikeawinner,youlearnverylittle.It’swhenallyourstocksarelosingandeveryoneisquestioningyourstock-picking（20）thatyoufindoutifyouhavewhatittakestoinvestinthemarket.

問題1選項

A.at

B.in

C.from

D.by

問題2選項

A.making

B.spending

C.selling

D.buying

問題3選項

A.losing

B.retiring

C.getting

D.quitting

問題4選項

A.turned

B.came

C.went

D.seemed

問題5選項

A.owned

B.owed

C.rented

D.sold

問題6選項

A.over

B.by

C.from

D.with

問題7選項

A.busy

B.slow

C.worst

D.fast

問題8選項

A.cheating

B.exaggerating

C.announcing/